chapter 21 ideological conflict and national unification, 1815-1871 the west encounters and...

CHAPTER 21Ideological Conflict and National Unification,

1815-1871

The WestEncounters and Transformations

Levack/Muir/Veldman/Maas

Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

Chapter 21: Ideological Conflict and National Unification, 1815-1871

Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. New Ideologies in the Early Nineteenth Century

II. Ideological Encounters in Europe, 1815-1848

III. The Revolutions of 1848

IV. National Unification in Europe and America, 1848-1871

V. Ideology, Empire and the Balance of Power




A. Liberalism

Constitutional rights

Franchise

Free trade

laissez-faire

John Locke

Ricardo (1772-1823)

Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1819

Constitutions of Napoleonic period



(B. Conservatism)

Socialism

Social reform

Universal male suffrage

Utopians

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

New Lanark

Later

Louis Blanc (1811-1882)

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Das Kapital (1867-1894)

Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)

Marx and Engels

The Communist Manifesto, 1848

François-Noël Babeuf (1760-1797)


B. Conservatism

Edmund Burke (1729-1797)

Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790

Maintain traditional order

Monarchy

religious justification

Louis de Bonald (1754-1840)

Joseph de Maistre (1754-1821)

Concert of Europe

Prussia, Russia, Austria

Christian mission




C. Nationalism

Challenges

minorities

Allied with liberalism

Friedrich List (1780-1846)

D. Culture and Ideology

Scientific Rationalism

Positivism

August Comte (1798-1857)

Romanticism

Literature

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)

"Rime of the Ancient Mariner"

Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832)

Mary Shelley

Frankenstein, 1818

Victor Hugo (1802-1885)

The Hunchback of Notre Dame, 1831

Les Misérables, 1862

Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)

(D. Culture and Ideology)

Music

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

Ode to Joy

Franz Schubert (1797-1828)

Richard Wagner (1813-1883)

Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)

Peter Tchaikovsky (1840-1893)

Sturm und Drang

Johan Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803)

nationalism

Goethe

Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805)

Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849)

Polish nationalism

Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855)

The Books of the Polish Nation, 1832




A. Liberal Revolts of 1820 in Spain and Portugal

Spain

Ferdinand VII (1809-1833)

abdicated, 1909

restored, 1814

Joseph Bonaparte

Liberal constitution

1820, Liberals take over

defeated

Isabella II (1833-1868)

Portugal

John (1816-1826)Constitutional monarchy

Maria II (1826-1853)




B. Greece

Prince Alexander Ypsilantis (1792-1828)

Revolt against Ottomans, 1821

George Lord Byron (1788-1824)

Percy Shelley (1792-1863)

Eugène Delacroix (1798-1863)

The Massacre at Chios, 1824

Concert of Europe

supports Greeks

Navarino, 1827

Egyptian fleet destroyed

Independence, 1833

Otto I (1833-1862)

C. Russia

Nicholas I (1825-1855)

Decembrists

suppressed




D. 1830 Revolts

France

Ultraroyalists, 1815-1828

"White Terror", Bourbons

Charles X (1824-1830)

Economic crisis, 1829

July Ordinances

turn back clock

Demonstrations in Paris

barricades

Louis-Phillippe I (1830-1848)

Belgium

Congress of Vienna

Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic joined

William I, Dutch

Belgian nationalists protest

1830, Liberals and Clericals join forces

Demonstrations

Independence recognized

(D. 1830 Revolts)

Poland

Congress of Vienna

Kingdom of Poland

Tsar Alexander I (1815-1825)

Nicholas (1825)

Polish troops to Paris,1830

Revolt, 1830

Crushed




E. Britain

Whigs v. Tories

Great Reform Bill, 1832

Lord Grety

Emancipation of Catholics, nonconformists, 1828-1829

Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847)

MP, 1830

Corn Law of 1815

imports limited

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, 1837

Robert Owen

London Workingman's Association, 1837

People's Charter

"Chartists"




A. France

Economic problems

New National Assembly, 1848

Demonstrations in Paris

Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (1808-1873)

B. Germany

Carlsbad Decrees, 1819

suppression of radicalism

Berlin

barricades, revolts

Frederick William IV

Calls assembly

Universal male suffrage

New constitution

Frankfurt Parliament, 1848

Declaration of the Basic Rights of the German People, 1848

Constitution, 1849

Dead end




C. Austria

Ferdinand I (1835-1848)

Constitutional assembly

D. Hungary

Nationalism

Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894

E. Czechs

Pan-Slav Congress, Prague, 1848

F. Italy

Revolutions, 1848

Milan, Lombardy

Giuseppe Mazzini

Carbonari

Young Italy, 1831

Charles Albert, Piedmont-Sardinia

leader, 1848




A. Italian Unification

Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1861)

Count Camillio di Cavour (1810-1861)

Prime Minister

Diplomacy

France, Piedmont defeat Austria, 1859

Napoleon III, Treaty of Turin, 1860

unification of most of Italy

Kingdom of Two Sicilies

Francis II, Bourbon

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)

Red Shirts

Sicily, 1860

Victor Emmanuel of Italy (1861-1878)




B. German Unification

National Union

Count Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

Prime Minister, 1862

Austro-Prussian War, 1866

North German Confederation

22 states

Reichstag

Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871

Alsace-Lorraine

German Empire established

William I




C. Unification in the United States

1787, Constitution

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)

D. Eastern Europe

Ethnic minorities

Habsburg Empire

20 ethnic groups

Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary

concession to nationalism

Ausgleich, 1867

Ferenc Deák (1803-1876)



V. Ideology, Empire and the Balance of Power

A. Britain the United States and the Monroe Doctrine

James Monroe (1817-1825)

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

Balance of power, Western Hemisphere

B. The Crimean War, 1853-1856

Russia occupies Moldavia, Wallachia

Ottomans declare war

Britain declares war

Russia defeated

Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881)

Liberal reforms

C. The German Empire and the Paris Commune, 1870-1871

Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871

Sedan, 1870

Napoleon III captured, exiled

National Assembly

forced to declare beginning of Third Republic, 1870

Adolphe Thiers (1797-1877)

Armistice with Bismarck

Elected president by Assembly

chapter 21 ideological conflict and national unification, 1815-1871 the west encounters and...

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