CHAPTER 10The Medieval West in Crisis

The WestEncounters and Transformations

Levack/Muir/Veldman/Maas

Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

Chapter 10: The Medieval West in Crisis

Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. A Time of Death

II. A Cold Wind from the East

III. Economic Depression and Social Unrest

IV. An Age of Warfare

V. A Troubled Church and the Demand for Religious Comfort

VI. The Culture of Loss

Chapter 10: The Medieval West in Crisis

Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

1306-1307, Baltic freezes

1314, rains

Caspian rises, floods

1316, rains continue

I. A Time of Death

Agricultural crisis

lands depleted

"Little Ice Age"

Famine, 1310-1320

A. The Black Death

1348, Italy

Mortality

20-90%

Response

no solution

Chapter 10: The Medieval West in Crisis

Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. A Cold Wind from the East

A. Mongol Invasions

Transformation, 1206-1258

Genghis Khan (c.1162-1227)

Mongol Peace

Marco Polo

1275, court of Great Khan

1260, defeated by Mamluks

weakening

Tamerlane (1369-1405)

Chapter 10: The Medieval West in Crisis

Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. A Cold Wind from the East

B. Ottoman Turks

Osman I (1281-1326)

ghazis

Byzantine Empire

Michael VIII Paleologus (1260-1282)

recaptures Constantinople

1389, Battle of Kosovo

defeat Serbs

Mehmed II, The Conqueror (1451-1481)

1451-1453, Siege of Constantinople

Chapter 10: The Medieval West in Crisis

Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

III. Economic Depression and Social Unrest

A. Collapse of International Trade

Tamerlane

Mamluks

trade made more difficult

Siena

1298, run on bank

Florence

1346, crash

B. Rebellions from Below

Guilds

merchant, craft

Ciompi

Florence

1378, rebel

Others: Ghent, Bruges

1380, Paris, Rouen

Maillotins

1358, Jacquerie

1381, English Peasants Revolt

Poll Tax

Richard (1377-1399)

Chapter 10: The Medieval West in Crisis

Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

IV. An Age of Warfare

A. Monarchies

Royal jurisdiction

Edward II (1307-1327)

civil war

Philip IV, the Fair (1285-1314)

Estates General, 1302

B. The Hundred Years' War, 1337-1453

Succession crisis

Charles IV, d. 1328

Edward III (1327-1377)

Philip VI, Valois (1328-1350)

1340, Sluys

English victories

1346, Crécy

1356, Poitiers

1415, Agincourt

Henry V, 1413-1422

Chapter 10: The Medieval West in Crisis

Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

IV. An Age of Warfare

B. The Hundred Years' War, 1337-1453

1420, death of Henry V

Henry VI, minor

Dauphin, Charles (VII)

son of Charles VI

1429, English control Paris, Rheims

Seige of Orléans

Jeanne d'Arc (c.1412-1431)

Dauphin crowned Charles VII (1429-1461)

Wars of the Roses, 1455-1485

Chapter 10: The Medieval West in Crisis

Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

IV. An Age of Warfare

C. Consequences

Mixed with other conflicts

Scotland, Burgundy, Netherlands

France disabled

English nationalism asserted

Military revolution

infantry

armies formalized

recruiting, training, drills

expenses

gunpowder

aristocracy marginalized

Chapter 10: The Medieval West in Crisis

Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

V. A Troubled Church and the Demand for Religious Comfort

A. Crises

Babylonian Captivity, 1305-1378

7 Popes chose Avignon

Urban VI (1378-1389)

to Rome

French pope elected

> Great Schism, 1378-1417

John XXIII (1410-1415)

Catherine of Siena (1347-1380)

influential in return to Rome

Consiliar Movement

Council of Constance (1414-1417)

Council of Basel (1431-1449)

Eugene IV (1431-1447)

Chapter 10: The Medieval West in Crisis

Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

V. A Troubled Church and the Demand for Religious Comfort

B. Religious Alternatives

John Wycliffe (1320-1384)

Oxford

Bible the only authority

Jan Hus (1369-1415)

University of Prague

John XXIII excommunicates

Modern Devotion

Brethren of the Common Life

Thomas à Kempis

Imitation of Christ

Chapter 10: The Medieval West in Crisis

Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

VI. The Culture of Loss

A. Reminders of Death

Dance of Death, 1376

poem, play

Tombs

"Reminders of Death“

B. Pilgrims of the Imagination

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)

The Divine Comedy, 1321

Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375)

The Decameron, 1348-1349

Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1342-1400)

The Canterbury Tales

Margery Kempe (1373-1440)

` Book, 1436

Christine de Pisan (1364-1430)

The Book of the City of Ladies (c. 1407)

The Book of the Three Virtues (c. 1407)

C. Defining Cultural Boundaries

Iberia

Reconquista

by 1248

Mudejars

rights eroded

by 1500, Islam outlawed

Jews

1492, leave or convert