Chapter 3

Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

Fertilization/Conception Fertilization process:

mature egg cell every _______________ - egg released from ovary to

fallopian tubes; usually fertilized there ______: one-celled product of egg and

spermFraternal (______ twins) – 2 eggs fertilizedIdentical (_______) – zygote separates into

2 separate clusters

Prenatal Development (3 phases/stages)Period of the zygote – 1st 2

weeks_________ – ball of cells which

implants into the uterine lining____________ - protective outer layer

of the blastocyst_____________ – protects the

developing embryo ______________– permits food and

oxygen to be sent to the embryo and the waste from the baby to exit (connected to baby by the umbilical cord)

Period of the embryo (2-8 weeks)___________ - cells that become the

nervous system__________ – muscles, skeleton,

circulatory system, internal organs__________– digestive system, lungs,

urinary tract, glands ___ month- sense organs form; internal

organs become more distinct; movement

Fetal period (9wks – birth) growing and finishing” phase____ month – genitals well-formed;

heartbeat can be detected2nd trimester (13-24 wks) – vernix

(_______) & lanugo (_______) protect the skin; neurons in place

3rd trimester (25-38 weeks)age of ________ (22-26 weeks)-

survival outside the womb is more possible

cerebral cortex enlarges

general growth principles:__________ - from the head downward

__________ - from the inside to the outside

Childbirth __________ occurs a few weeks prior to

birth - baby turns downward and “drops”Stage 1 - labor: _________________ of the

cervix (4-14 hours); regular contractionstransition - ________ opens completely

Stage 2 - delivery: baby ready to be born (20-50 minutes); pushing

Stage 3 - ________ - placenta and remaining umbilical cord are delivered

Approaches to childbirthNatural or prepared (Lamaze)

classes; relaxation & breathing techniques; labor coach

Birthing accommodationsmidwifery (home birth)birthing rooms (rooming in with baby?)

Medical interventionsFetal monitoringCesarean section

emergenciesprevious c-sectionbreech position

medicationsanalgesics - relieve painanesthetics - blocks sensation

(epidural)

Newborn states _______ – inborn, automatic

response to specific stimuli (Rooting, Sucking, Moro, etc.)

Sleep (16+ hours daily) REM sleep (____% of sleep time) – brain

stimulates itself NREM – slow brain wave activity, slow

HR and breathing Crying (first communication

method) Hunger, pain, fear, discomfort Adults seem to have an instinctive,

natural human response Shaken baby syndrome

Sensory development Vision - can’t focus very well;

prefer black-white contrasts Hearing - prefer complex sounds;

recognize mother’s voice Cutaneous senses (touch) - can

experience pain Taste and Smell

prefer sweets recognize scent of mother

The period of the _____ is the time when serious defects from teratogens are most likely to occur because ______ this time.

A. fetus; birth takes place soon afterB. zygote; implantation occurs duringC. fetus; the prenatal organism is growing

most rapidly duringD. embryo; the foundations for all body parts are laid down during

Which of these occurs during the third stage of labor?

A. The mother feels the urge to push.B. The baby is born.C. The cervix gradually dilates.D. The placenta is delivered.