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Chapter 3
Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn
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Fertilization/Conception Fertilization process:
mature egg cell every _______________ - egg released from ovary to
fallopian tubes; usually fertilized there ______: one-celled product of egg and
spermFraternal (______ twins) – 2 eggs fertilizedIdentical (_______) – zygote separates into
2 separate clusters
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Prenatal Development (3 phases/stages)Period of the zygote – 1st 2
weeks_________ – ball of cells which
implants into the uterine lining____________ - protective outer layer
of the blastocyst_____________ – protects the
developing embryo ______________– permits food and
oxygen to be sent to the embryo and the waste from the baby to exit (connected to baby by the umbilical cord)
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Period of the embryo (2-8 weeks)___________ - cells that become the
nervous system__________ – muscles, skeleton,
circulatory system, internal organs__________– digestive system, lungs,
urinary tract, glands ___ month- sense organs form; internal
organs become more distinct; movement
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Fetal period (9wks – birth) growing and finishing” phase____ month – genitals well-formed;
heartbeat can be detected2nd trimester (13-24 wks) – vernix
(_______) & lanugo (_______) protect the skin; neurons in place
3rd trimester (25-38 weeks)age of ________ (22-26 weeks)-
survival outside the womb is more possible
cerebral cortex enlarges
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general growth principles:__________ - from the head downward
__________ - from the inside to the outside
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Childbirth __________ occurs a few weeks prior to
birth - baby turns downward and “drops”Stage 1 - labor: _________________ of the
cervix (4-14 hours); regular contractionstransition - ________ opens completely
Stage 2 - delivery: baby ready to be born (20-50 minutes); pushing
Stage 3 - ________ - placenta and remaining umbilical cord are delivered
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Approaches to childbirthNatural or prepared (Lamaze)
classes; relaxation & breathing techniques; labor coach
Birthing accommodationsmidwifery (home birth)birthing rooms (rooming in with baby?)
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Medical interventionsFetal monitoringCesarean section
emergenciesprevious c-sectionbreech position
medicationsanalgesics - relieve painanesthetics - blocks sensation
(epidural)
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Newborn states _______ – inborn, automatic
response to specific stimuli (Rooting, Sucking, Moro, etc.)
Sleep (16+ hours daily) REM sleep (____% of sleep time) – brain
stimulates itself NREM – slow brain wave activity, slow
HR and breathing Crying (first communication
method) Hunger, pain, fear, discomfort Adults seem to have an instinctive,
natural human response Shaken baby syndrome
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Sensory development Vision - can’t focus very well;
prefer black-white contrasts Hearing - prefer complex sounds;
recognize mother’s voice Cutaneous senses (touch) - can
experience pain Taste and Smell
prefer sweets recognize scent of mother
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The period of the _____ is the time when serious defects from teratogens are most likely to occur because ______ this time.
A. fetus; birth takes place soon afterB. zygote; implantation occurs duringC. fetus; the prenatal organism is growing
most rapidly duringD. embryo; the foundations for all body parts are laid down during
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Which of these occurs during the third stage of labor?
A. The mother feels the urge to push.B. The baby is born.C. The cervix gradually dilates.D. The placenta is delivered.