prenatal development and birth how did you develop before birth?
TRANSCRIPT
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PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTHHow did you develop before birth?
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Prenatal development
4D Ultrasound
2D Ultrasound
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When can you confirm pregnancy?• Can not be confirmed by blood or urine tests until the
zygote implants in the uterus (about 10 days after conception).
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What are the stages in prenatal development?
• Germinal - 1st 2 weeks• Embryo – Week 3 to 8 (2 months)• Fetus – Week 9 to birth
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When is the germinal period?• First 2 weeks
• Conception• Zygote• Implantation
Conception
Zygote
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How does an embryo develop?• Week 3 – 8 (2 months)• First - “Primitive streak” develops =
neural tube = brain & spinal column• 4th. Week
• Head takes shape• Early heart begins to pulsate
• 5th. Week• Arm & leg buds develop• Webbed fingers and toes develop
• 8th. Week• 1 inch long• Has all basic body parts and organs (except
sex organs)
Primitive streak
4 Weeks
8 Weeks
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Do you remember?• What needs to happen for pregnancy to be confirmed?
• About how long after conception does this occur?
• What are the three major stages in prenatal development?• How long is the germinal period?
• What ends this period?
• How long is the embryo when it becomes a fetus?• At how many weeks does this happen?
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When is it a fetus? (9 weeks – Birth)• 9th. Week
• Male gene triggers development of male organs• If not, female organs develop
• Fourth, fifth, sixth months• Heartbeat becomes stronger• Digestive and excretory systems develop• New neurons & synapses develop
• Up to one 500,000 brain cells per minute are created
• Age of viability• Can possibly survive outside the mother (with
intensive medical care)• 22 weeks
9th. Week
22 weeks
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Fetus (9 weeks - birth)• Final three months• Lungs begin to expand and contract (fetal respiration)
• Breathe using amniotic fluid as a substitute for air
• Fetus• Grows and moves more• Startles and kicks at a loud noise• Becomes used to mother’s heartbeat and voice
• Teddy bear with Mother’s heart sounds story
• Responds if mother is fearful or anxious
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Labor & birth• Labor
• 12 hrs. – first child• Stages of labor
• 1st. = Cervical dilation• 2nd. = Crowning
• Only about 1/3 of zygotes implant successfully, and additional pregnancies are lost due to miscarriage and other factors. (Note: This varies slightly from the lecture, but does not effect the exam.)
Cervical dilation chart
10 Cm.
Crowning
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What is the Apgar Scale?• Activity
• Muscle tone
• Pulse• Heart
• Grimace• Reflex irritability
• Appearance• Skin color
• Respiration• Breathing
• Done twice – 1 & 5 minutes after birth to determine if immediate medical care is needed
• Score = 0,1,2 for each item• Total of 7 or above is desired
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Do you remember?• When does it become a fetus?• When is the age of viability?• What are the five items the Apgar test looks for?
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What are some problems and solutions?
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What are teratogens? (Items increasing prenatal abnormalities)• Types
• Substances (drugs, pollution)• Conditions (Stress or malnutrition)
• Teratogens = Physical defects• Cleft palate• Thalidomide babies (deformed limbs)
• Behavioral teratogens = Behavioral defects• Hyperactivity• Antisocial• Learning-disabled• Autism
Cleft palate
Thalidomide baby
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What triggers harmful teratogens?• Timing
• Some only cause damage during critical periods• When organ or body part is most vulnerable
• Before pregnancy• Avoid drugs (e.g. smoking & alcohol)
• Fetal alcohol syndrome
• Better diet• Immunizations
• Problem – Half of births are unplanned
• Threshold effect• Some are harmless until they “cross the threshold” and become harmful• Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana do more harm in combination
• This lowers the threshold for each
• Genes – May increase birth defects• My story
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What are the causes & effects of low birth weight?
• Causes• Born preterm• Born small for gestational age (SGA)
• Maternal or fetal illness• Drug use
• Every psychoactive drug• Tobacco (Most prevalent cause)• Malnutrition
• Effects• Infant death• Thinking (cognitive) problems• Seeing and hearing problems• In adulthood - higher rates of:
• Obesity• Heart disease• Diabetes
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What do newborn reflexes do?• Reflex = involuntary response to a stimulus• Reflexes that aid survival
• Breathing – Maintains oxygen• Shivering – Maintains temperature• Sucking – Manages feeding
• Rooting – Searching for a nipple
• Reflexes that show the state of brain and body functions• Babinski reflex – Toes fan upward when feet are stroked• Stepping reflex • Swimming reflex• Palmer grasping reflex• Moro reflex - Being startled
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Do you remember?• What are behavioral teratogens?
• What is an example?
• What is SGA?• What is the most prevalent cause of it?
• What are the reflexes that aid survival?• What five reflexes show that the brain and body are
functioning correctly?
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