chapter 33: restructuring the postwar world, 1945-present

Chapter 33: Restructuring the Chapter 33: Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945-PresentPostwar World, 1945-Present

The United States and the Soviet The United States and the Soviet Union vie for superiority, and both Union vie for superiority, and both countries extend their control over countries extend their control over

other nations.other nations.

The Red Guards: China’s Teenage Police Force

Between 1966 and 1976, students in China’s Red Guard waged a Cultural Revolution on teachers and professionals that left a million people dead and the country in chaos.

Red Guards holding Mao’s “Little Red Book” of his sayings during the cultural revolution.

Cold War Timeline, 1946-1980Cold War Timeline, 1946-1980

33.1 Cold War: 33.1 Cold War: Superpowers Face OffSuperpowers Face Off

The opposing economic and political The opposing economic and political philosophies of the United States and philosophies of the United States and

the Soviet Union lead to global the Soviet Union lead to global competition.competition.

Allies Become EnemiesAllies Become Enemies

Yalta Conference: A Yalta Conference: A Postwar PlanPostwar Plan

In February 1945, British, In February 1945, British, American, and Soviet American, and Soviet leaders meet at Yaltaleaders meet at Yalta

They agree to divide They agree to divide Germany into zones of Germany into zones of occupation when WWI occupation when WWI endsends

Soviet leader Stalin agrees Soviet leader Stalin agrees to allow free elections in to allow free elections in Eastern EuropeEastern Europe


Creation of the United NationsCreation of the United Nations June 1945, 50 nations form the June 1945, 50 nations form the United United

NationsNations—an international organization—an international organization All members are represented in the General All members are represented in the General

Assembly; 11 nations are on the Security Assembly; 11 nations are on the Security CouncilCouncil

Five permanent members have Security Five permanent members have Security Council veto powerCouncil veto power


Differing U.S. and Soviet GoalsDiffering U.S. and Soviet Goals U.S. and Soviets split sharply after WWII endsU.S. and Soviets split sharply after WWII ends U.S. is world’s richest and most powerful U.S. is world’s richest and most powerful

country after WWIIcountry after WWII Soviets recovering from high war casualties Soviets recovering from high war casualties

and had many destroyed citiesand had many destroyed cities

Eastern Europe’s Iron CurtainEastern Europe’s Iron Curtain

Soviets Build a BufferSoviets Build a Buffer Soviets control Eastern European countries Soviets control Eastern European countries

after World War IIafter World War II Stalin installs Communist governments in Stalin installs Communist governments in

several countriesseveral countries Truman urges free elections; Stalin refuses to Truman urges free elections; Stalin refuses to

allow free electionsallow free elections In 1946, Stalin says capitalism and In 1946, Stalin says capitalism and

communism cannot co-existcommunism cannot co-exist

Eastern Europe’s Iron CurtainEastern Europe’s Iron Curtain

An Iron Curtain Divides East and WestAn Iron Curtain Divides East and West Germany is divided; East Germany is Germany is divided; East Germany is

Communist, West Germany democraticCommunist, West Germany democratic Iron CurtainIron Curtain—Winston Churchill’s name for —Winston Churchill’s name for

the division of Europethe division of Europe

Churchill, Truman, and Stalin at the Potsdam Conference

Fence along the East/West Border in Germany

The nations on the eastern side of the “Iron Curtain” were known as the Eastern Bloc

Preserved section of the border between East Germany and West Germany called the "Little Berlin Wall" at Mödlareuth

United States Tries to Contain SovietsUnited States Tries to Contain Soviets

ContainmentContainment Containment—U.S. plan to stop the spread of Containment—U.S. plan to stop the spread of

communismcommunism

The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine—U.S. supports countries —U.S. supports countries

that reject communismthat reject communism Congress approves Truman’s request for aid Congress approves Truman’s request for aid

to Greece and Turkeyto Greece and Turkey


The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan Much of Western Europe lay in ruins after Much of Western Europe lay in ruins after

World War IIWorld War II Marshall PlanMarshall Plan—U.S. program of assisting —U.S. program of assisting

Western European countriesWestern European countries Congress approves plan after Communist Congress approves plan after Communist

takeover of Czechoslovakiatakeover of Czechoslovakia


The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift In 1948, U.S., Britain, and France withdraw forces In 1948, U.S., Britain, and France withdraw forces

from West Germanyfrom West Germany Their former occupation zones form one countryTheir former occupation zones form one country Soviets oppose this, stop land and water traffic into Soviets oppose this, stop land and water traffic into

West BerlinWest Berlin West Berlin, located in Soviet occupation zone, faces West Berlin, located in Soviet occupation zone, faces

starvationstarvation U.S. and Britain fly in supplies for 11 months until the U.S. and Britain fly in supplies for 11 months until the

blockade endsblockade ends

Divisions of GermanyDivisions of Germany

Divisions of BerlinDivisions of Berlin

Routes of Berlin AirliftRoutes of Berlin Airlift

The Cold War Divides the WorldThe Cold War Divides the World

The Cold WarThe Cold War Cold-WarCold-War—struggle of U.S. and Soviet Union using —struggle of U.S. and Soviet Union using

means short of warmeans short of war

Superpowers Form Rival AlliancesSuperpowers Form Rival Alliances In 1949, U.S., Canada, and West European countries In 1949, U.S., Canada, and West European countries

form NATOform NATO NATONATO—North Atlantic Treaty Organization—is a —North Atlantic Treaty Organization—is a

defensive military alliancedefensive military alliance In 1955, Soviets and Eastern nations sign the In 1955, Soviets and Eastern nations sign the

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact alliance alliance In 1961, Soviets build the Berlin Wall to separate East In 1961, Soviets build the Berlin Wall to separate East

and West Berlinand West Berlin

NATO

Warsaw Pact

and

Non-aligned nations

Warsaw Pact Warsaw Pact NationsNations

Note: Federal Note: Federal People’s People’s Republic of Republic of Yugoslavia is Yugoslavia is forced out of the forced out of the Warsaw Pact in Warsaw Pact in 19481948


The Threat of Nuclear WarThe Threat of Nuclear War Soviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb in Soviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb in

19491949 U.S. and Soviet Union both develop the more U.S. and Soviet Union both develop the more

powerful hydrogen bombpowerful hydrogen bomb BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship—policy of willingness to go to —policy of willingness to go to

the edge of warthe edge of war Increasing tensions lead to military buildup by Increasing tensions lead to military buildup by

U.S. and the SovietsU.S. and the Soviets


The Cold War in the SkiesThe Cold War in the Skies In 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first In 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first

unmanned satellite. THE SPACE RACE unmanned satellite. THE SPACE RACE BEGINS!BEGINS!

In 1960, Soviets shoot down American spy In 1960, Soviets shoot down American spy plane (a U-2), increasing tensionsplane (a U-2), increasing tensions

A replica of Sputnik 1

U-2 spy plane similar to the one shot down over the U.S.S.R.

Francis Gary Powers with a model of a U-2 spy plane.

Wreckage of Gary Powers’ U-2

33.2 Communists Take Power in China33.2 Communists Take Power in China

After World War II, Chinese After World War II, Chinese Communists defeat Nationalist forces Communists defeat Nationalist forces

and two separate Chinas emerge.and two separate Chinas emerge.

Communists vs. NationalistsCommunists vs. Nationalists

World War II in ChinaWorld War II in China Mao ZedongMao Zedong—leads Chinese Communists —leads Chinese Communists

against Japanese invadersagainst Japanese invaders Jiang JieshiJiang Jieshi (a.k.a. (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek)—)—

leads of Chinese Nationalists in World War IIleads of Chinese Nationalists in World War II Nationalist and Communist Chinese resume Nationalist and Communist Chinese resume

civil war after WWII endscivil war after WWII ends


Mao Zedong Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek)


Civil War ResumesCivil War Resumes Economic problems cause Nationalist soldiers Economic problems cause Nationalist soldiers

to desert to Communiststo desert to Communists Mao’s troops take control of China’s major Mao’s troops take control of China’s major

citiescities In 1949, People’s Republic of China is In 1949, People’s Republic of China is

createdcreated Nationalists flee to TaiwanNationalists flee to Taiwan

The Two Chinas Affect the Cold WarThe Two Chinas Affect the Cold War

The Superpowers ReactThe Superpowers React U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan, U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan,

called Republic of Chinacalled Republic of China Soviets and China agree to help each other in Soviets and China agree to help each other in

event of attackevent of attack U.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and U.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and

spread of communism in Chinaspread of communism in China

The Two Chinas Affect the Cold WarThe Two Chinas Affect the Cold War

China Expands under the CommunistsChina Expands under the Communists China takes control of Tibet and southern China takes control of Tibet and southern

MongoliaMongolia India welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing India welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing

revolt against Chineserevolt against Chinese China and India clash over border; fighting China and India clash over border; fighting

stops but tensions remainstops but tensions remain

The Communists Transform ChinaThe Communists Transform China

Communists Claim a New “Mandate of Communists Claim a New “Mandate of Heaven”Heaven” Chinese Communists organize national Chinese Communists organize national

government and Communist Partygovernment and Communist Party

Mao’s Brand of Marxist SocialismMao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism Mao takes property from landowners and Mao takes property from landowners and

divides it among peasantsdivides it among peasants Government seizes private companies and Government seizes private companies and

plans production increaseplans production increase


The Great Leap ForwardThe Great Leap Forward CommunesCommunes—large collective farms often —large collective farms often

supporting over 25,000 peoplesupporting over 25,000 people Program is ended after inefficiency leads to Program is ended after inefficiency leads to

crop failures and faminescrop failures and famines


New Policies and Mao’s ResponseNew Policies and Mao’s Response China and Soviet Union clash over leadership China and Soviet Union clash over leadership

of communist movementof communist movement Strict socialist ideas are moderated, Mao Strict socialist ideas are moderated, Mao

reduces his role in governmentreduces his role in government Red GuardsRed Guards—militia units formed to enforce —militia units formed to enforce

strict communism in Chinastrict communism in China


The Cultural RevolutionThe Cultural Revolution Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution—movement to build society of —movement to build society of

peasants and workerspeasants and workers Red GuardsRed Guards—groups of violent and radical youth——groups of violent and radical youth—

close schools and execute or imprison many close schools and execute or imprison many intellectualsintellectuals

In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes, or exiles In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes, or exiles most Red Guards who have been labeled by the most Red Guards who have been labeled by the government “Counter Revolutionary.”government “Counter Revolutionary.”

However, the Cultural Revolution continues until However, the Cultural Revolution continues until Mao’s death in 1976.Mao’s death in 1976.

Gang of FourGang of Four

After Mao’s death, the After Mao’s death, the Gang of FourGang of Four—the —the radical group that controlled the power organs of radical group that controlled the power organs of the Chinese Communist Party throughout the the Chinese Communist Party throughout the Cultural Revolution—is arrested and judged Cultural Revolution—is arrested and judged responsible for the excesses and chaos that responsible for the excesses and chaos that occurred in China as a result of this revolution.occurred in China as a result of this revolution.

Life and Death in ShanghaiLife and Death in Shanghaiby Nien Chengby Nien Cheng

Born in Beijing, Cheng became a target Born in Beijing, Cheng became a target of attack by Red Guards in 1966 due of attack by Red Guards in 1966 due to her management of a foreign firm in to her management of a foreign firm in Shanghai, Shell. Maoist revolutionaries Shanghai, Shell. Maoist revolutionaries used this fact to claim that Cheng was used this fact to claim that Cheng was a British spy in order to strike at a British spy in order to strike at Communist Party moderates for Communist Party moderates for allowing the firm to operate in China allowing the firm to operate in China after 1949. Her book documents her after 1949. Her book documents her amazing courage and fortitude that amazing courage and fortitude that enabled her to survive her 6 ½ year enabled her to survive her 6 ½ year imprisonment.imprisonment.

33.3 Wars in Korea and Vietnam33.3 Wars in Korea and Vietnam

In Asia, the Cold War flares into In Asia, the Cold War flares into actual wars supported mainly by actual wars supported mainly by

the superpowers.the superpowers.

War in KoreaWar in Korea

A Divided LandA Divided Land 3838thth parallel parallel—line dividing Korea into North —line dividing Korea into North

Korea and South KoreaKorea and South Korea


Standoff at the 38Standoff at the 38thth Parallel Parallel In 1950, North Koreans invade South Korea with In 1950, North Koreans invade South Korea with

Soviet supportSoviet support South Korea requests UN assistance; 15 nations South Korea requests UN assistance; 15 nations

send troopssend troops Douglas MacArthurDouglas MacArthur—leads UN forces against North —leads UN forces against North

KoreansKoreans North Koreans controls most of the peninsula when North Koreans controls most of the peninsula when

MacArthur attacksMacArthur attacks Half of North Korea’s army surrenders, the rest retreatHalf of North Korea’s army surrenders, the rest retreat


The Fighting ContinuesThe Fighting Continues UN troops push North Koreans almost to UN troops push North Koreans almost to

Chinese borderChinese border Chinese send 300,000 troops against UN Chinese send 300,000 troops against UN

forces and capture Seoulforces and capture Seoul MacArthur calls for nuclear attack and is MacArthur calls for nuclear attack and is

removed from commandremoved from command In 1953, cease fire signed and border In 1953, cease fire signed and border

established at 38established at 38thth parallel parallel


Aftermath of the WarAftermath of the War North Korea builds collective farms, heavy North Korea builds collective farms, heavy

industry, nuclear weaponsindustry, nuclear weapons South Korea establishes democracy, growing South Korea establishes democracy, growing

economy with U.S. aideconomy with U.S. aid

War Breaks Out in VietnamWar Breaks Out in Vietnam

The Road to WarThe Road to War Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh—Vietnamese —Vietnamese

nationalist, later nationalist, later Communist leaderCommunist leader

The Fighting BeginsThe Fighting Begins In 1954, French surrender In 1954, French surrender

to Vietnamese after major to Vietnamese after major defeatdefeat

Domino theoryDomino theory—U.S. —U.S. theory of Communist theory of Communist expansion in Southeast expansion in Southeast AsiaAsia

Ho Chi Minh

The War in Vietnam, 1957-1973

Note the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laos and Cambodia

War Breaks Out in VietnamWar Breaks Out in VietnamVietnam—A Divided Vietnam—A Divided CountryCountry International peace International peace

conference agrees on a conference agrees on a divided Vietnamdivided Vietnam

Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem—leads —leads anti-Communist anti-Communist government in South government in South VietnamVietnam

VietcongVietcong—South —South Vietnamese Communist Vietnamese Communist guerillas fighting against guerillas fighting against DiemDiemNgo Dinh Diem

Ngo Dinh Diem (1901-1963), President of South Vietnam 1955-1963, with U.S. Ngo Dinh Diem (1901-1963), President of South Vietnam 1955-1963, with U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower at National Airport, Washington, 1957. Direct President Dwight Eisenhower at National Airport, Washington, 1957. Direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war began in the mid-1950s, when the U.S. U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war began in the mid-1950s, when the U.S. took over the struggle from the French. The Eisenhower administration began took over the struggle from the French. The Eisenhower administration began by supporting the Diem regime, and then providing military advisors and by supporting the Diem regime, and then providing military advisors and increased support. However, by the end of the Eisenhower term, the U.S. had increased support. However, by the end of the Eisenhower term, the U.S. had fewer than 2000 troops in Vietnam. Diem was murdered in a military coup in fewer than 2000 troops in Vietnam. Diem was murdered in a military coup in 1963. 1963.

Lyndon B. Johnson, the President of the United States from 1963 to 1970, makes a public statement on the Tonkin Gulf incident, August 4, 1964. When North Vietnam was said to have attacked two U.S. destroyers, Congress hastily passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, giving the president blanket authority to take necessary actions to protect U.S. forces.

Subsequently, there have been serious questions as to what actually occurred in the Tonkin Gulf, but with vastly increased U.S. expenditures, the war quickly escalated; by 1969 the U.S. forces totaled almost 550,000 individuals. There was much opposition to the war in the Congress and among the U.S. people, and Johnson's very considerable domestic policy achievements were overshadowed by the criticism of his war policy.

General William C. WestmorelandWilliam C. Westmoreland, McGeorge BundyMcGeorge Bundy and General KanhGeneral Kanh of South Vietnam, photographed at Camp Holloway, South Vietnam, in February 1965. Gen. Westmoreland commanded the U.S. troops in Vietnam 1964-68; Bundy was special assistant for national security to President Johnson from 1961 to 1966, and a key supporter of the Vietnam war.

The United States Gets InvolvedThe United States Gets Involved

U.S. Troops Enter the FightU.S. Troops Enter the Fight In 1964, U.S. sends troops to fight Viet Cong In 1964, U.S. sends troops to fight Viet Cong

and North Vietnameseand North Vietnamese U.S. fights guerilla war defending increasingly U.S. fights guerilla war defending increasingly

unpopular governmentunpopular government Vietcong gains support from Ho Chi Minh, Vietcong gains support from Ho Chi Minh,

China, and Soviet UnionChina, and Soviet Union

The United States Gets InvolvedThe United States Gets Involved

The United States WithdrawsThe United States Withdraws War grows unpopular in the U.S.; in 1969, War grows unpopular in the U.S.; in 1969,

Nixon starts withdrawing troopsNixon starts withdrawing troops VietnamizationVietnamization—Nixon’s plan to withdraw —Nixon’s plan to withdraw

U.S. from war graduallyU.S. from war gradually Last U.S. troops leave in 1973; South Vietnam Last U.S. troops leave in 1973; South Vietnam

overrun in 1975overrun in 1975

Nixon appeared on television January 23, 1973, to announce Nixon appeared on television January 23, 1973, to announce the ceasefire. The agreement ended nearly 12 years of the ceasefire. The agreement ended nearly 12 years of warfare in which 58,000 Americans had lost their lives. It did warfare in which 58,000 Americans had lost their lives. It did not contain an enforceable plan for the peaceable settlement not contain an enforceable plan for the peaceable settlement of Vietnam's internal problems; within a year, fighting there of Vietnam's internal problems; within a year, fighting there had resumed. Eventually, the South Vietnamese government had resumed. Eventually, the South Vietnamese government of Thieu was defeated by the Provisional Revolutionary of Thieu was defeated by the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) of South Vietnamese communist rebels Government (PRG) of South Vietnamese communist rebels and North Vietnamese troops. Even had Nixon wished to and North Vietnamese troops. Even had Nixon wished to intervene, Congress passed, over his veto, a ''War Powers intervene, Congress passed, over his veto, a ''War Powers Act'' that gave Congress the power to prevent him from acting Act'' that gave Congress the power to prevent him from acting without its consent - a consent that Congress would have without its consent - a consent that Congress would have been unwilling to extend in 1974 or 1975. been unwilling to extend in 1974 or 1975.

Postwar Southeast AsiaPostwar Southeast Asia

Cambodia in TurmoilCambodia in Turmoil Khmer RougeKhmer Rouge——

Communist rebels who Communist rebels who take control of Cambodia in take control of Cambodia in 19751975

They slaughter 2 million They slaughter 2 million people; overthrown by people; overthrown by Vietnamese invadersVietnamese invaders

In 1993, Cambodia adopts In 1993, Cambodia adopts democracy, holds elections democracy, holds elections with UN helpwith UN help

Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge (Cambodian Communist Party, literally “Red Khmers”) in 1977 at the height of his power


The Killing FieldsThe Killing Fields were were a number of sites in a number of sites in Cambodia where large Cambodia where large numbers of people were numbers of people were killed and buried by the killed and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime, Khmer Rouge regime, during its rule of the during its rule of the country from 1975 to country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after 1979, immediately after the end of the Vietnam the end of the Vietnam War.War.


At least 200,000 people At least 200,000 people were executed by the were executed by the Khmer Rouge (while Khmer Rouge (while estimates of the total estimates of the total number of deaths number of deaths resulting from Khmer resulting from Khmer Rouge policies, including Rouge policies, including disease and starvation, disease and starvation, range from 1.4 to 2.2 range from 1.4 to 2.2 million out of a population million out of a population of around 7 million).of around 7 million).

A commemorative stupa filled with the skulls of the victims.

Choung Ek Killing Field: The bones of young children who were killed by Khmer Rouge soldiers.

Mass grave in Choeung Ek.

History in Film: History in Film: The Killing FieldsThe Killing Fields (1984) (1984)The Killing FieldsThe Killing Fields is a 1984 is a 1984 British drama film about the British drama film about the Khmer Rouge regime in Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, which is based on Cambodia, which is based on the experiences of three the experiences of three journalists:journalists:

Cambodian Cambodian Dith PranDith Pran American American Sydney SchanbergSydney Schanberg British British Jon SwainJon Swain..

The film won three Academy The film won three Academy Awards, includingAwards, including

Best Supporting Actor for Haing Best Supporting Actor for Haing S. Ngor as Dith Pran.S. Ngor as Dith Pran.

Sam Waterston from Law and Sam Waterston from Law and Order stars in the film as Sydney Order stars in the film as Sydney SchanbergSchanberg


Vietnam after the WarVietnam after the War Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City; Vietnam Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City; Vietnam

united as Communist nationunited as Communist nation About 1.5 million people flee Vietnam, some About 1.5 million people flee Vietnam, some

settling in the U.S. and Canadasettling in the U.S. and Canada In 1995, United States normalizes relations In 1995, United States normalizes relations

with Vietnamwith Vietnam

33.4 The Cold War 33.4 The Cold War Divides the WorldDivides the World

The superpowers support The superpowers support opposing sides in Latin American opposing sides in Latin American

and Middle Eastern conflictsand Middle Eastern conflicts

Fighting for the Third WorldFighting for the Third World

More Than One “World”More Than One “World” Third WorldThird World—developing nations; often —developing nations; often

newly independent, nonalignednewly independent, nonaligned

Cold War StrategiesCold War Strategies U.S., Soviet Union, and China compete for U.S., Soviet Union, and China compete for

influence over the Third Worldinfluence over the Third World They back revolutions and give economic , They back revolutions and give economic ,

military and technical aidmilitary and technical aid

Fighting for the Third WorldFighting for the Third World

Association of Nonaligned NationsAssociation of Nonaligned Nations Many countries, like India, want to avoid Many countries, like India, want to avoid

involvement in the Cold Warinvolvement in the Cold War In 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian and African In 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian and African

leaders who want neutralityleaders who want neutrality Nonaligned nationsNonaligned nations—independent countries —independent countries

not involved in the Cold Warnot involved in the Cold War

Confrontations in Latin AmericaConfrontations in Latin America

Fidel Castro and the Cuban RevolutionFidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution Fidel CastroFidel Castro—leads revolt in Cuba against —leads revolt in Cuba against

dictator supported by the U.S.dictator supported by the U.S. By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes

economy, takes U.S. propertyeconomy, takes U.S. property In 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained Cuban In 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained Cuban

exiles at the Bay of Pigsexiles at the Bay of Pigs

Fidel Castro


Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile CrisisNuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile Crisis In 1962, U.S. demands removal of Soviet In 1962, U.S. demands removal of Soviet

missiles in Cubamissiles in Cuba Soviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises not Soviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises not

to invade Cubato invade Cuba Cuban economy is left dependent on Soviet Cuban economy is left dependent on Soviet

supportsupport


Civil War in NicaraguaCivil War in Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza DebayleAnastasio Somoza Debayle—Nicaraguan dictator —Nicaraguan dictator

supported by the U.S.supported by the U.S. Daniel OrtegaDaniel Ortega—leads —leads SandinistaSandinista rebels who take rebels who take

power in Nicaraguapower in Nicaragua U.S. and Soviet Union both initially support U.S. and Soviet Union both initially support

SandinistasSandinistas Sandinistas aid Communist rebels in El SalvadorSandinistas aid Communist rebels in El Salvador U.S. helps anti-Communist U.S. helps anti-Communist ContrasContras in Nicaragua to in Nicaragua to

assist El Salvadorassist El Salvador In 1990, Nicaragua holds first free elections, In 1990, Nicaragua holds first free elections,

Sandinistas loseSandinistas lose

Daniel Ortega on Time magazine, March 31, 1986

Anastasio Somoza Debayle (U.S. supported president of Nicaragua from 1967-1980)

Confrontations in the Middle EastConfrontations in the Middle East

Religious and Secular Religious and Secular Values Clash in IranValues Clash in Iran Shah Reza Pahlavi Shah Reza Pahlavi

embraces Western embraces Western governments and oil governments and oil companiescompanies

Iranian nationalists Iranian nationalists overthrow shah, seize overthrow shah, seize British oil companyBritish oil company

U.S. restores shah to U.S. restores shah to power, fearing Soviet power, fearing Soviet encroachmentencroachment

Shah Reza PahlaviShah Reza Pahlavi


The United States The United States Supports Secular RuleSupports Secular Rule

Shah Reza Pahlavi Shah Reza Pahlavi westernizes Iran with U.S. westernizes Iran with U.S. supportsupport

Ayatollah Ruholla Ayatollah Ruholla KhomeiniKhomeini—Iranian Muslim —Iranian Muslim leader; lives in exileleader; lives in exile

In 1978, Khomeini sparks In 1978, Khomeini sparks riots in Iran, Shah fleesriots in Iran, Shah flees


Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. PoliciesKhomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies Islamic revolutionaries hold Islamic revolutionaries hold

American hostages in Tehran American hostages in Tehran (1979-1981) for 444 days(1979-1981) for 444 days

Muslim radicals take control in Iran, Muslim radicals take control in Iran, increasing tensions with Iraqincreasing tensions with Iraq

Saddam HusseinSaddam Hussein, fearing the , fearing the spread of the Iranian Revolution spread of the Iranian Revolution into Iraq, attacks Iran.into Iraq, attacks Iran.

Iran and Iraq fight an 8-year war; Iran and Iraq fight an 8-year war; U.S. aids both sides, Soviets help U.S. aids both sides, Soviets help IraqIraq

Blindfolded American hostages in Iran in 1979.


The Superpowers Face Off in AfghanistanThe Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan Soviets invade Afghanistan to help Soviets invade Afghanistan to help

Communist government against rebelsCommunist government against rebels Muslim rebels fight guerilla war against Muslim rebels fight guerilla war against

Soviets with U.S. weaponsSoviets with U.S. weapons U.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet UnionU.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet Union Soviets eventually withdraw in 1989Soviets eventually withdraw in 1989

33.5 The Cold War 33.5 The Cold War ThawsThaws

The Cold War begins to thaw as The Cold War begins to thaw as the superpowers enter an era of the superpowers enter an era of

uneasy diplomacyuneasy diplomacy

Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and ChinaSoviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China

Destalinization and Rumblings Destalinization and Rumblings of Protestof Protest

Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev—leader of —leader of Soviet Union after Stalin dies Soviet Union after Stalin dies (1953)(1953)

Khrushchev condemns Stalin; Khrushchev condemns Stalin; Soviets and West can peacefully Soviets and West can peacefully competecompete

Citizens of Soviet-controlled Citizens of Soviet-controlled governments begin protesting governments begin protesting communismcommunism

Khrushchev sends Soviet military Khrushchev sends Soviet military to put down Hungarian protesters.to put down Hungarian protesters.


The Revolt in The Revolt in CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia Leonid BrezhnevLeonid Brezhnev——

Soviet leader after Soviet leader after Khrushchev—Khrushchev—represses dissentrepresses dissent

In 1968, Warsaw Pact In 1968, Warsaw Pact troops block reforms in troops block reforms in CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia


The Soviet-Chinese SplitThe Soviet-Chinese Split In 1950, Mao and Stalin sign friendship treaty, In 1950, Mao and Stalin sign friendship treaty,

but tensions growbut tensions grow Chinese and Soviets each want to lead world Chinese and Soviets each want to lead world

communismcommunism Khrushchev ends economic aid and refuses Khrushchev ends economic aid and refuses

to share nuclear secretsto share nuclear secrets Soviets and Chinese fight small skirmishes Soviets and Chinese fight small skirmishes

across borderacross border

From Brinkmanship to DFrom Brinkmanship to Détenteétente

Brinkmanship Breaks DownBrinkmanship Breaks Down Brinkmanship cause repeated Brinkmanship cause repeated

crises; nuclear war a constant crises; nuclear war a constant threatthreat

John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy—U.S. —U.S. president during the Cuban president during the Cuban Missile CrisisMissile Crisis

Lyndon JohnsonLyndon Johnson—president —president who increases U.S. who increases U.S. involvement in Vietnaminvolvement in Vietnam


The United States Turns to The United States Turns to DDétenteétente

Vietnam-era turmoil fuels desire Vietnam-era turmoil fuels desire for less confrontational policyfor less confrontational policy

DétenteDétente—policy of reducing Cold —policy of reducing Cold War tensions to avoid conflictWar tensions to avoid conflict

Richard M. NixonRichard M. Nixon—U.S. president —U.S. president who launches détentewho launches détente

Détente grows out of philosophy Détente grows out of philosophy known as realpolitik—”realistic known as realpolitik—”realistic politics”—recognizes need to be politics”—recognizes need to be practical and flexiblepractical and flexible


Nixon Visits Communist PowersNixon Visits Communist Powers Nixon visits Communist China and Soviet Nixon visits Communist China and Soviet

Union, signs SALT I TreatyUnion, signs SALT I Treaty SALTSALT—Strategic Arms Limitation Talks——Strategic Arms Limitation Talks—

limits nuclear weaponslimits nuclear weapons

Nixon visiting China

The Collapse of DThe Collapse of Détenteétente

Policy ChangesPolicy Changes Nixon and Gerald Ford improve relations with Nixon and Gerald Ford improve relations with

Soviets and ChinaSoviets and China Jimmy Carter has concerns about Soviet Jimmy Carter has concerns about Soviet

policies but signs SALT IIpolicies but signs SALT II Congress will not ratify SALT II due to Soviet Congress will not ratify SALT II due to Soviet

invasion of Afghanistaninvasion of Afghanistan

The Collapse of DThe Collapse of Détenteétente

Reagan Takes an Anti-Communist StanceReagan Takes an Anti-Communist Stance Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan—anti-Communist U.S. —anti-Communist U.S.

president takes office in 1981president takes office in 1981 Reagan increases military spending and Reagan increases military spending and

proposes a missile defense programproposes a missile defense program In 1985, new Soviet leadership allows easing In 1985, new Soviet leadership allows easing

of Cold War tensionsof Cold War tensions

President Ronald Reagan at desk. George H.W. Bush behind him along with several advisors.

chapter 33: restructuring the postwar world, 1945-present

Documents

east germany

cold war timeline

soviet leaders

soviet goalsu

world war iistalin

presentthe united states

soviet union lead

soviet occupation zone