chapter 4 cp

8/14/2019 Chapter 4 CP

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KEY CONCEPT

All cells need chemical energy.


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The chemical energy used for most cell processes is

carried by ATP.

Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.

Starch molecule

Glucose molecule


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phosphate removed

ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food

molecules to cell functions. ATP molecules carry chemical

energy that cells use for their functions.

Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.

When the phosphate group is removed from ATP, it directly provides the

energy needed for cell functions.


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Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to

produce ATP.

Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken

down to make ATP.

not stored in large amounts

up to 36 ATP from oneglucose molecule

triphosphateadenosine

adenosine diphosphate

tri=3

di=2


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KEY CONCEPT

The geologic time scale divides Earths history based on

major past events.


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The geologic time scale organizes Earths history.

The history of Earth isrepresented in the geologic time

scale.

100

250

550

1000

2000

PRECAMBRIAN TIME

Cyanobacteria

This time span makes up the

vast majority of Earths history.

It includes the oldest known

rocks and fossils, the origin of

eukaryotes, and the oldest

animal fossils.


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Eras last tens to hundreds of millions of years.

consist of two or more periods three eras: Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic


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Periods last tens of millions of years.

most commonly used units of time on time scale associated with rock systems.

Epochs last several million

years.


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KEY CONCEPT

Photosynthesis requires a series of chemical reactions.


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The first stage of photosynthesis captures and transfers

energy. The light-dependent

reactions include

groups of molecules called

photosystems.

Light-dependent reactions

use the thylakoid

membranes as a chemical

factory to transfer energy.

Thylakoid


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Photosystem II captures and transfers energy.

chlorophyll absorbsenergy from sunlight

energized electrons

enterelectron

transport chain water molecules are

split

oxygen is released as

waste hydrogen ions are

transported across

thylakoid membrane

H+ (electrons)


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What part of plant cells absorb energy molecules for

photosynthesis?

Thylakoid


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Photosystem I captures energy and produces energy-

carrying molecules. chlorophyll absorbs

energy from sunlight

energized electrons are

used to make NADPH NADPH is transferred

to light-independent

reactions


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The light-dependent reactions produce ATP.

hydrogen ions flow through a channel in the thylakoidmembrane

ATP synthase attached to the channel makes ATP


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A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the

energy captured from sunlight. carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle

energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged

a high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycle


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two three-carbon molecules bond to form a sugar

remaining molecules stay in the cycle

A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the

energy captured from sunlight.


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KEY CONCEPT

The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar

into ATP using oxygen.


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Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars.

The sugar from photosythesis is used for cellular

respiration

Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen.

Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.

mitochondrion

animal cell


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Glycolysis must take place first.

anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)

takes place in cytoplasm

splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules

produces two ATP molecules


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Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of

photosynthesis.

The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron

transport chain.

takes place in

mitochondrial matrix breaks down three-carbon

molecules from glycolysis

makes a small amount of

ATP releases carbon dioxide

transfers energy-carrying

molecules

6H O2

6CO2

6O2

mitochondrion

matrix (area enclosed

by inner membrane)

inner membrane

ATP

ATP

energy

energy from

glycolysis

1

2

4

3

and

and

and

Krebs Cycle


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6H O2

6CO2

6O2

mitochondrion

matrix (area enclosed

by inner membrane)

inner membrane

ATP

ATP

energy

energy from

glycolysis

1

2

4

3

and

and

and

The electron transport chain produces a large amount of

ATP. takes place in inner

membrane

energy transferred to

electron transportchain

oxygen enters

process

ATP produced

water released as a

waste product

Electron Transport

MITOCHONDRIA-site of aerobic cellular respiration


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The equation for the overall process is:

C6H12O6 + 6O26CO2 + 6H2O

The Products in photosynthesis are the same as the

reactants of cellular respiration.


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Cellular RespirationSugars + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O


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Glycolysis is needed for cellular respiration.

The products of glycolysis enter cellular respiration whenoxygen is available.

two ATP molecules are used to split glucose

four ATP molecules are produced

two molecules of NADH produced two molecules of pyruvate produced


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The Krebs cycle is the first main part of cellular

respiration.

Pyruvate is broken down

before the Krebs cycle.

carbon dioxide

released NADH produced

coenzyme A (CoA)

bonds to two-carbon

molecule


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The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.

CO2 is

releasedfrom the

Krebs

Cycle as

aproduct


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NADH and FADH2 are made intermediate molecule with

CoA enters Krebs cycle

citric acid

(six-carbon molecule)is formed

citric acid is broken down,

carbon dioxide is released,

and NADH is made five-carbon molecule is broken down, carbon dioxide is

released, NADH and ATP are made

four-carbon molecule is rearranged

The Krebs cycle produces energy-carrying molecules.


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The electron transport chain is the second main part of

cellular respiration.

The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to

make ATP.

high-energy electrons enter electron transport chain

energy is used to transport hydrogen ions across the

inner membrane

hydrogen ions

flow through a

channel in the

membrane

H+ (electrons)


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The breakdown of one glucose molecule produces up to

38 molecules of ATP. ATP synthase

produces ATP

oxygen picks up

electrons andhydrogen ions

water is

released as a

waste product

The electron transport chain is the second main part of

cellular respiration.

The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to

make ATP.


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In what two processes do we find an electron transport

chain?

Photosynthesis Aerobic Cellular Respiration


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KEY CONCEPT

Fermentation allows the production of a small amount

of ATP without oxygen.


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Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue.

Fermentation is an anaerobic process.

occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular

respiration does not produce ATP

Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATPwhen oxygen is unavailable.


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Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP

when oxygen is unavailable.

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells.

glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules

pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid

NADH is changed back into NAD+

NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis


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In what process is lactic acid formed?

Fermentation


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Fermentation and its products are important in several

ways.

Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid

fermentation.

glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter

fermentation

energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an

alcohol and carbon dioxide

NADH is changed back into NAD+

NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis


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Fermentation is used in food production.

yogurt

cheese

bread

chapter 4 cp

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