chapter 6 cogs
DESCRIPTION
AccountingTRANSCRIPT
ACG 2021Financial Accounting
Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold
Learning Objectives
Account for inventory transactionsAnalyze the various inventory methodsIdentify the income and the tax effects of the
inventory methodsUse the gross profit percentage and inventory
turnover to evaluate a businessEstimate inventory by the gross profit methodShow how inventory errors affect cost of goods
sold and income
Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold Inventory
Products purchased or manufactured for Sale to Customers
Beginning Inventory Quantities of Merchandise on hand
Purchases New Purchases or Manufactured products
Available for Sale = Beginning Inventory + Purchases Most that a company can sell during an accounting
periodEnding Inventory
Remaining Unsold MerchandiseCost of Goods Sold
Cost of Inventory Sold during accounting Period
Purchases consist of the following:
Purchase price of the inventory $600,000+ Freight-in (delivery charges) 4,000– Purchase returns – 25,000– Purchase allowances – 5,000– Purchase discounts – 14,000= Net purchases of inventory $560,000
Calculation
Cost of Beginning Inventory
+Cost of Purchases___________________=Cost of Goods
Available for Sale- Cost of Ending
Inventory___________________=Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of Beginning Inventory
+Cost of Purchases___________________=Cost of Goods
Available for Sale- Cost of Goods Sold___________________=Cost of Ending
Inventory
Inventory vs Cost of Goods Sold
Inventory Cost of Goods Sold
Beginning
PurchasesInventory Sold
Ending
Inventory Sold
As Inventory is Sold we remove it’s cost from the Asset side of A=L+E andInsert it’s cost into an Expense on the Equity side of A = L + E
This property exists for all Assets: As they are used up or sold the costTransfers from the Balance Sheet as a Future Economic Resource (Asset)To the Income Statement as an Expense incurred to generate Revenue
Relationship between Balance Sheet and Income StatementIncome Statement Items:
Sales revenue is based on sale pricesale price of Inventory sold.
Cost of goods sold is based on costcost of Inventory sold.
Gross profit (gross margin) is sales revenue less cost of goods sold.
Balance Sheet Item:Inventory on the balance sheet is based on
costcost.
Income Statement – Service Company
Balance Sheet – Service Company
Income Statement – Retail Company
Best Buy
Balance Sheet – Retail CompanyBest Buy
Inventory Accounting Systems
Periodic systemDoes not keep a running record of all goods
bought and sold.Inventory counted at least once a yearUsed for inexpensive goods
Perpetual systemKeeps a running record of all goods bought and
sold.Inventory counted at least once a year.Used for all types of goods.
Accounting for Inventory
Inventory(balance sheet) = Number of units of
inventory on hand X Cost per unitof inventory
Cost of Goods Sold(income statement) = Number of units of
inventory sold X Cost per unitof inventory
General Journal
Date Accounts and Explanations PR Debit Credit
Recording Transactions and the T-Accounts
Accounts Payable560,000Beg. 100,000
560,000
Inventory
Inventory 560,000Accounts Payable 560,000
Purchased inventory on account
Recording Transactionsand the T-Accounts
Sale on account $900,000 of Inventory which cost $540,000:
General Journal
Date Accounts and Explanations PR Debit Credit Accounts Receivable 900,000
Sales Revenue 900,000Cost of Goods Sold 540,000
Inventory 540,000
Recording Transactionsand the T-Accounts
Cost of Goods Sold540,000
InventoryBeg. 100,000
560,000120,000
540,000
Reporting in theFinancial Statements
Income Statement (partial)Sales revenue $900,000Cost of goods sold 540,000Gross profit $360,000
Ending Balance Sheet (partial)Current assets: Cash $ XXX Short-term investments XXX Accounts receivable, net XXX Inventory 120,000 Prepaid expenses XXX
ACG 2021Financial Accounting
Inventory Cost Methods
Inventory Costing
Sum of all costs incurred to bring asset to its intended use
Methods for determining per unit Inventory CostSpecific unit costAverage costFirst-in, first-out (FIFO) costLast-in, first-out (LIFO) cost
Which Method will a Company Use?
Decision is up to ManagementNOT based on Actual Inventory Movements
A tool for managing EarningsA tool for managing Taxes
Beginning inventory (10 units @ $10) $ 100No. 1 (25 units @ $14 per unit) $350No. 2 (25 units @ $18 per unit) 450Total purchases 800Cost of goods available for sale $ 900
Ending inventory: 20 unitsCost of goods sold: 40 units
Illustrative Data
Specific Unit Cost
Identify each inventory unit and determine the costOf the 20 Units left, how many came from the:Of the 40 Units sold, how many came from the:
$10, $14, or $18 purchaseMultiply each unit by that specific units cost
For example if we assume: Inventory: 10@10, 5@14 and 5@18
Inventory = $260Cost of Goods Sold: 20@14 and 20@18
CGS = $640
Average Costing
Average Costper unit =
Cost of Goods Available
Number of units available
Inventory (at average cost)
Beg Bal (10 units @ $10) 100
25 units @ $14 350Purchases:
25 units @ $18 450Cost of goods sold (40 units @ average cost of $15 per unit 600
Ending Bal (20 units @ average cost of $15 per unit 300
Weighted-Average
$900 total cost ÷ 60 units = $15/unit
Cost of goods sold = 40 × $15 = $600
Ending inventory = 20 × $15 = $300
FIFO
Inventory (at FIFO cost)
Beg Bal (10 units @ $10) 100
25 units @ $14 350Purchases:
25 units @ $18 450
Cost of goods sold (40 units):(10 units @ $10 = 100)(25 units @ $14 = 350)( 5 units @ $18 = 90) 540
Ending Bal (20 units @ $18) 360
First costs into inventory are first costs assigned to cost of goods sold.
LIFO
Inventory (at LIFO cost)
Beg Bal (10 units @ $10) 100
25 units @ $14 350Purchases:
25 units @ $18 450 Cost of goods sold (40 units): (25 units @ $18 = 450)(15 units @ $14 = 210) 660
Ending Bal (10 units @ $10 = 100)(10 units @ $14 = 140) 240
Last costs into inventory are first costs assigned to cost of goods sold.
Income Effects ofInventory Methods
Specific unit cost $1,000 – 640 = $360Weighted-average $1,000 – 600 = $400FIFO $1,000 – 540 = $460LIFO $1,000 – 660 = $340
AssumedSales
Revenue
Cost ofGoodsSold
GrossProfit
©2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Financial Accounting, 6/e Harrison/Horngren
Income Effects
When inventory costs are increasingLIFO cost of goods sold is highest, gross profit
is lowest.FIFO cost of goods sold is lowest, gross profit
is highest.When inventory costs are decreasing
FIFO cost of goods sold is highest.LIFO cost of goods sold is lowest.
Other Issues
Tax advantages of LIFO in periods of rising pricesHigher Cost of Goods Sold = Lower Net Income
= Lower Income TaxesInventory Method & managing incomeInternational issue – LIFO not allowed in
some countries
Inventory Errors
Each inventory error affects:InventoryCost of goods soldGross profitNet income
Inventory Errors
Period 1 Period 2
Inventory Error Cost of
Goods Sold Gross Profit
and Net Income Cost of
Goods Sold Gross Profit
and Net Income Period 1 Ending inventory overstated Understated Overstated Overstated Understated Period 1 Ending inventory understated Overstated Understated Understated Overstated
ACG 2021Financial Accounting
More accounting Principles and Concepts
Accounting Principles
Consistency principle Same Accounting Methods from Period to Period Accounting Changes must be disclosed
Effect of accounting Change must be disclosedDisclosure principle
Enough information must be reported for stakeholders to make informedinformed decisionsRelevant, Reliable, and Comparable Information
Accounting conservatism Anticipate or disclose all likely losses, but gains are not reported
until they occur Assets are recorded as lowest reasonable amount Liabilities are recorded at highest reasonable amount:
Lower of Cost or Market Lower-of-Cost-or-Market rule (LCM)
Inventory is reported at the lowest valueHistorical CostOr Market (Replacement Cost)
Inventory is below costRecord an increase in Cost of Goods Sold (debit)Record the reduction in Inventory (credit)
To record a $1,000 decline in inventory value
Cost of Goods Sold 1,000Inventory 1,000
Wrote inventory down to market value
ACG 2021Financial Accounting
Inventory Ratios
Ratios
Gross ProfitPercentage =
Gross ProfitNet Sales Revenue
InventoryTurnover =
Cost of goods soldAverage Inventory
Ratios
Gross ProfitProfit indicator
Inventory Turnover – Liquidity ratioHow quickly is Inventory Sold?
Best Buy
ACG 2021Financial Accounting
Estimating Inventory and/orCost of Goods Sold using
Gross Profit
Gross Profit Method
Gross profit method is a way to estimate inventory based on the cost of goods sold model.
Also called gross margin method.
Calculation Cost of Beginning
Inventory+Cost of Purchases___________________=Cost of Goods
Available for Sale- Cost of Ending
Inventory___________________=Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of Beginning Inventory
+Cost of Purchases___________________=Cost of Goods
Available for Sale- Cost of Goods Sold___________________=Cost of Ending
Inventory
Calculation Continued
Sales – Cost of Goods Sold = Gross ProfitGross Profit% = Gross Profit / SalesCost of Goods Sold = Sales x (1- Gross Profit%)
Estimate CGS using GP%
We know Beginning Inventory = 14,000We know Purchases = 66,000We know Sales = 100,000We know Gross Profit % = 43%
We Don’t know Cost of Goods SoldWe Don’t know Ending Inventory
Gross Profit Method
Beginning inventory $14,000Purchases 66,000Goods available 80,000Cost of goods sold:
Net sales revenue $100,000Less estimated gross profit 43% (43,000)Estimated cost of goods sold 57,000
Estimated cost of ending inventory $23,000
End of Chapter 6