chapter 7 – looking to the west section 1: moving west section 2: conflict with native americans...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 7 – Looking to the West
Section 1: Moving WestSection 2: Conflict With Native AmericansSection 3: Mining, Ranching, and Farming
Section 4: Populism
Section 1: Moving West
TEKS – 10A, 10B, 12A
TEKS
10A Analyze the effects of changing demographic patterns
resulting from migration within the United States.
10B Analyze the effects of changing demographic patterns
resulting from immigration to the United States.
12A Analyze the relationship between private property rights
and the settlement of the Great Plains.
West’s Appeal
Kindled people’s: sense of adventure entrepreneurial spirit appetite for profit and
conquest Push-Pull Factors –
events and conditions that either force (push) people to move elsewhere or strongly attract (pull) them to do so.
Push Factors
Push factors1. Civil War had
displaced thousands of farmers and former slaves
2. Failed entrepreneurs seeking a second chance
3. Ethnic and religious repression
4. Opens spaces sheltered outlaws
Pull Factors
Pacific Railway Acts – governmnet gave large land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads 175 million acres of land
Morrill Land-Grant Act – gave state governments millions of acres of western lands, which the states could then sell to raise money for the creation of “land grant” colleges Sold to land-speculators
People who bought up large areas of land in the hope of selling it later for profit
Pull Factors Cont.
Homestead Act – for a small fee, settlers could have 160 acres of land if they met certain conditions (age 21, citizen, built a house, and stayed on it for 5 years)
Private Property The acts helped to limit settlers’ risks and avoid a total free-
for-all
Mass Exodus of African Americans
Benjamin Singleton led groups of southern blacks on a mass “Exodus” to a prophesied homeland Exodusters – the
settlers that took part in the mass exodus
Some 50,000
Section 2: Conflict With Native Americans
TEKS – 2A, 12A, 21A, 21C
TEKS
2A Analyze political issues such as Indian policies, the growth of
political machines, and civil service reform. 12A
Analyze the relationship between private property rights and the settlement of the Great Plains.
21A Explain actions taken by people from racial, ethnic, and religious
groups to expand economic opportunities and political rights in American society.
21C Analyze how the contributions of people of various racial, ethnic,
and religious groups have helped to shape the national identity.
The Great Plains
Great Plains – the vast grassland between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains
The Great Plains Cont.
Millions of buffalo ranged the plains Supplied Native
Americans meat, hides for shelter and clothing, and a wealth of other uses
Spanish introduced the horse to the Native Americans Became nomads –
people who travel from place to place following food sources
Conflict Over the Land
Americans view of the land Justified in taking the land because, in their
view, they could make it more productive
Native Americans view of the Americans The settlers were invaders intruding on sacred
land
Native American Reservations
Reservations – federal lands set aside for Native Americans Created the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
Supposed to manage the delivery of critical supplies to the reservations, but corruption limited their abilities
Sand Creek Massacre, 1864
Location: East of Denver, Colorado
Native American Tribe: Cheyenne
Cause: Cheyenne raids on wagon trains and settlements
What happened: Colonel John Chivington attacked the Native Americans after they had been promised protection at Sand Creek
Result: Between 150 and 500 slaughtered and the Cheyenne agreed to move to a reservation
The Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876
Location: Little Big Horn River in present-day Montana
Native American Tribe: Sioux Cause: Miners overtook the Black
Hills region after whispers of gold What happened: Lieutenant
Colonel George A. Custer sent to round up the Native Americans under the leadership of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse; Custer wiped out by 2000 Native Americans in an hour
Result: Stunned Americans; Troops flooded the area and forced the Indians back to the reservations
The Battle of Wounded Knee, 1890
Location: Wounded Knee Creek
Native American Tribe: Lakota or Teton Sioux
Cause: Indian Police Officers shot and killed Sitting Bull
What happened: Native Americans gathered at a creek called Wounded Knee; someone fired a shot, soldiers opened fire, and killed more than 200
Result: The last major episode of violence in the Indian wars
Attempts to Change Native American Culture
Assimilation – the process by which one society becomes a part of another, more dominant society by adopting its culture
Dawes Act – dismantled the Native American concept of shared land in favor of the principle of private property
Opening Indian Territory
On April 22, 1889, tens of thousands of homesteaders lined up at the territory’s borders to stake a claim to some land Boomers – those that staked claims Sooners – people who had sneaked past government
officials earlier to mark their claim
Section 3: Mining, Ranching, and Farming
TEKS – 8A, 20E, 22A, 22B, 22C
TEKS
8A Create thematic maps, graphs, charts, models, and databases
representing various aspects of the United States. 20E
Identify the impact of popular American culture on the rest of the world. 22A
Explain the effects of scientific discoveries and technological innovations such as electric power, the telegraph and telephone, petroleum-based products, medical vaccinations, and computers on the development of the United States.
22B Explain how scientific discoveries and technological innovations such as those in
agriculture, the military, and medicine resulted from specific needs. 22C
Analyze the impact of technological innovations on the nature of work, the American labor movement, and businesses.
Mining
Placer Mining – a Spanish technique where miners shoveled loose dirt into boxes and then ran water over the dirt to separate it from gold and silver particles
Mining Pictures
Ranching
25 million buffalo in 1840 and 1,100 remained in 1889 Replaced with cattle
Cow towns – a town built specifically for receiving cattle
Chisholm Trail
Long drive – the herding of thousands of cattle to railway centers scattered across the plains 3:30AM – Wake up 4:00AM – In the saddle Could spend 18 hours in the
saddle Cattle Barons – a new breed
of wealthy ranchers that created huge cattle operations
Combination of over-expansion, price declines, cold winters, dry summers, and cattle fever drove thousands into bankruptcy
Farming
Homesteaders – those who farmed claims (land) given to them by the Homestead Act Built homes first
Dugout – a home carved out of the side of an embankment
Soddie – a sod home where the walls and roof were made from blocks of sod (strips of grass with the thick roots and earth attached
• Cost less than $10
Men and Women Farming Roles
Family Roles in Farming Men – Labor and worked for hire Women – cared for the household
and worked on the farm Children – worked on the farm or
were hired out Dry Farming – water
conserving techniques including planting crops that do not require a great deal of water (sorghum), keeping the fields free of weeds, and digging deep furrows so water could reach the plant roots
Farming
Bonanza Farms – operations controlled by large businesses, managed by professionals, and raising massive quantities of single cash crops
In 1890, the end of the frontier was declared by the Census Bureau Turner thesis – an idea that frontier life had
created Americans who were socially mobile, ready for adventure, bent on individual self-improvement, and committed to democracy
Myths in Literature, Shows, and Song
Writers celebrated characters such as Wild Bill Hickok, Calamity Jane, and Deadwood Dick Stereotypes – exaggerated or oversimplified
descriptions of reality The west was where a young man could find
freedom and opportunity
Section 4: Populism
TEKS – 4C, 5B, 24B, 24C
TEKS
4C Evaluate the impact of third parties and their candidates such as
Eugene Debs, H. Ross Perot, and George Wallace. 5B
Analyze the impact of significant individuals such as Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan, Henry Ford, and Charles A. Lindbergh.
24B Analyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-
effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and predictions, and drawing inferences and conclusions.
24C Explain and apply different methods that historians use to interpret the
past, including the use of primary and secondary sources, points of view, frames of reference, and historical context.
Farmers and Tariffs
Tariffs on imported goods discourage people from buying imports by making them more expensive, thus encouraging the sale of goods produced at home
Hurt farmers in two ways:1. Raised the prices of manufactured goods,
such as farming machinery2. U.S. tariffs on manufacturing goods spurred
nations in Europe to retaliate with their own tariffs against American crops
The Money Issue
Money supply – the amount of money in the national economy Money supply increase, value of the dollar decreases
Causes inflation which helps farmers Money supply decrease, value of the dollar increases
Causes deflation – a drop in the prices on goods and hurts farmers
Monetary policy – the federal government’s plan for the makeup and quantity of the nation’s money supply Major political issue
Gold Standard
U.S. government on bimetallic standard Currency consisted of
gold or silver coins or United States treasury notes that could be traded in for gold or silver
U.S. changed to the gold standard which made the “gold bugs” happy
Silverites
“Silverites” called for free silver The unlimited coining of silver
dollars to increase the money supply
Bland-Allison Act of 1878 Required the federal government
to purchase and coin more silver, increasing the money supply and causing inflation
Sherman Silver Purchase Act Increased the amount of silver the
government was required to purchase every month
The Grange
Formed by Oliver H. Kelley
The Grange Helped farmers form
cooperatives, through which they bought goods in large quantities at lower prices
Interstate Commerce Act
Interstate Commerce Act Regulated the price that railroads charged to
move freight between states, requiring the rates to be set in proportion to the distance traveled
Set up the Interstate Commerce Commission
The Populists
Built the platform on the following issues:1. An increased circulation of money
2. The unlimited minting of silver
3. A progressive income tax
4. Government ownership of communications and transportation systems
Cross of Gold
William Jennings Bryan spoke at the democratic National Convention in 1896
Gave his famous Cross of Gold speech “You shall not press down
upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.”
Gold supplies increased, gold standard was reinstated, and populism slowly faded
End of Chapter 7 – Looking to the West
Prepare for a QUIZ!