chapter 7 the high middle ages: the rise of european empires and states (1000–1300) chapter 7 the...

Chapter 7The High Middle Ages:

The Rise of European Empires and States (1000–1300)

Chapter 7The High Middle Ages:

The Rise of European Empires and States (1000–1300)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Holy Roman Empire: Otto ISaxon king Henry I, “the Fowler” (r. 918–936)—first non-Frankish king of Germany; rebuilt royal powerOtto I, “the Great”

Invaded Italy, 951Defeated Hungarians at Lechfeld, 955—defined boundaries of Western EuropeEnlisted church support (co-opted church power); shifted focus to ItalyCrowned HRE by Pope John XII, 962Secured requirement for pope to swear allegiance to emperor

Successors: Otto II (r. 973–983), Otto III (r. 983–1002)


Catholic Church: Cluny ReformsCluny monastery, east central France, est. 910—birthplace of reform movement

Rejected subservience of clergy to secular authorities; pope sole ruler (separation of church & state)Denounced concubinage among local clergyGrew to almost 1,500 cloisters

Other Cluny-inspired reforms, 11th c.:Formal bans on simony (selling church offices) and clerical marriageCluniacs rise in Rome“Reform popes” begin to assert independence from emperors


Investiture ControversyLay investiture: appointment of church officials by secular rulers—regarded by reformists as worst form of simonyPope Gregory VII (r. 1073–1085)—fierce reformist; banned lay investiture under penalty of excommunication; shock to royal authorityEmperor Henry IV sees direct challenge; nobles see advantageHenry orders loyal bishops to declare independence from pope; pope excommunicates Henry, humiliates him (Canossa), 1077—height of papal powerHenry regroups & exiles Gregory, 1084Concordat of Worms, 1122—resolved investiture controversy; Henry V renounces investiture power


CrusadesWere to laity as Cluny reforms were to clergy: index of pietyAlso functioned as outlet for warlike young noblesThird motivation: greed for land & wealthFirst Crusade, 1095–1099

Three great armies defeat Muslims, conquer JerusalemConquered territory divided into feudal states of Jerusalem, Edessa, & AntiochHeld lands for 40–80 years, warriors becoming traders & businessmen


Crusades (cont.)Second Crusade, 1147–1149—failed attempt to rescue Edessa after Muslim reconquestJerusalem falls to Saladin, 1187Third Crusade, 1189–1192—another failed rescue attemptResults, first three crusades: political/religious failure; safety valve for warmaking; good for trade with EastFourth Crusade, 1202–1204—commercial venture controlled by Venetians; Constantinople captured, held till 1261


Pope Innocent III (r. 1198–1216)“Papal monarchy”: made papacy great secular power, with financial resources & bureaucracy of a large state; penchant for power politicsIncreased church taxes on laity & clergyTurned Crusades inward: crushing of Albigensian heresy, establishment of papal Inquisition to root out heresyFourth Lateran Council, 1215: formalized church discipline; doctrine of transubstantiation officially sanctioned; required annual confession of laity; formalized sacrament of penanceNew monastic orders: Franciscans & Dominicans—mendicant rather than cloistered, including Thomas Aquinas


England: William the Conqueror (r. 1066–1087)

Death of childless Edward the Confessor

Battle of Hastings, 1066: establishes William, duke of Normandy, as king

Brought all of England under royal control; established strong monarchy while maintaining Anglo-Saxon tradition of “parleying” with nobles

Domesday Book: county-by-county land survey


England (cont.)Henry II (r. 1154–1189)—William’s grandson, first monarch of Plantagenet dynasty; through father & wife (Eleanor of Aquitaine), brought most of west coast of France to the throne; gains in Scotland & IrelandConstitutions of Clarendon, 1164—Henry’s subordination of English churchRichard I, the Lion-Hearted (r. 1189–1199)John (r. 1199–1216): nobles rebel against high taxes & force him to sign Magna Carta (“Great Charter”), securing noble rights against monarchy—balance


France: Philip II Augustus (r. 1180–1223)

Carolingian dynasty replaced by Capetian, late 10th c.Duke of Normany (English king William I) technically vassal of French kingPhilip II: successful in facing down both internal (noble) & external (English) threats Moves against English holdings in France, occupying all but AquitaineHRE sides with England, leading to “first great European battle”: France vs. Anglo-Flemish-German army at Bouvines, Flanders, 1214French victory galvanizes France around monarchy


France: Louis IX (r. 1226–1270)High moral character; inherited secure throneDomestic reforms:

Institutes order & fair play in local government Abolished private wars & serfdom in royal domainGave subjects right of appeal to higher courtsMade tax system fairer

Acquired greater moral authority than pope; made European examples of French society & cultureZealous Christian: sponsored French Inquisition, led two French Crusades


Hohenstaufen Empire (1152–1272)

Holy Roman Empire: Germany, Burgundy, northern Italy

England & France developed stable central governments, HRE remained fragmented until 19th c.—partly due to imperial preoccupation with Italy

Hohenstaufen dynasty: reestablished imperial authority & revived bitter contest with popes


Hohenstaufen Emperors

Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1152–1190)—back & forth in Italy

Maintained empire by invoking feudal bonds

Won a papal coronation on his terms

Challenged Pope Alexander III, eventually losing

Peace of Constance forced Frederick to abandon imperial plans


Henry VI and the Sicilian Connection

Henry VI (r. 1190–1197)

Married the heiress to Sicily, whose defense would tempt Hohenstaufen kings for generations

Marriage riled papacy

Agitated for hereditary succession for his son


Otto IV and the Welf Interregnum

Otto IV (r. 1198–1214) Welf

Challenged Frederick II, son of Henry, for control of kingdom

Crowned emperor by Pope Innocent III

Excommunicated by pope for attacking Sicily


Frederick IIFrederick II (1215–1250)Crowned with support of French, Germans, and papacyGave away imperial power through concessions to German princes, ensuring German disunity into the futureAfter Frederick, princes controlled election of King, which they eventually disposed of completely


Romanesque and Gothic Architecture

High Middle Ages was the peak of Romanesque Art

Romanesque art imitated the classical style of ancient Rome, 1050-1200

Gothic implies barbaric

Notable for its ribbed, crisscrossed ceilings, pointed arches, and tall buildings


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