chapter 8
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 8. Profit Maximization and Competitive Supply. Topics to be Discussed. Perfectly Competitive Markets Profit Maximization Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization Choosing Output in the Short-Run. Topics to be Discussed. The Competitive Firm’s Short-Run Supply Curve - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 8Profit Maximization
and Competitive Supply
Profit Maximization and Competitive
Supply
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Chapter 8 Slide 2
Topics to be Discussed
Perfectly Competitive Markets
Profit Maximization
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization
Choosing Output in the Short-Run
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Chapter 8 Slide 3
Topics to be Discussed
The Competitive Firm’s Short-Run Supply Curve
Short-Run Market Supply
Choosing Output in the Long-Run
The Industry’s Long-Run Supply Curve
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Chapter 8 Slide 4
Perfectly Competitive Markets
Characteristics of Perfectly Competitive Markets
1) Price taking
2) Product homogeneity
3) Free entry and exit
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Chapter 8 Slide 5
Perfectly Competitive Markets
Price Taking
The individual firm sells a very small share of the total market output and, therefore, cannot influence market price.
The individual consumer buys too small a share of industry output to have any impact on market price.
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Chapter 8 Slide 6
Perfectly Competitive Markets
Product Homogeneity
The products of all firms are perfect substitutes.
Examples
Agricultural products, oil, copper, iron, lumber
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Chapter 8 Slide 7
Perfectly Competitive Markets
Free Entry and Exit
Buyers can easily switch from one supplier to another.
Suppliers can easily enter or exit a market.
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Chapter 8 Slide 8
Profit Maximization
Do firms maximize profits?
Possibility of other objectivesRevenue maximizationDividend maximization
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Chapter 8 Slide 9
Profit Maximization
Do firms maximize profits?
Implications of non-profit objectiveOver the long-run investors would not
support the companyWithout profits, survival unlikely
Long-run profit maximization is valid and does not exclude the possibility of altruistic behavior.
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Chapter 8 Slide 10
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,and Profit Maximization
Determining the profit maximizing level of outputProfit ( ) = Total Revenue - Total Cost
Total Revenue (R) = Pq
Total Cost (C) = Cq
Therefore:
)()()( qCqRq
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Chapter 8 Slide 11
Marginal revenue is the additional revenue from producing one more unit of output.
Marginal cost is the additional cost from producing one more unit of output.
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,and Profit Maximization
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Chapter 8 Slide 12
Comparing R(q) and C(q)
Output levels: 0- q0:
C(q)> R(q) Negative profit
FC + VC > R(q) MR > MC
Indicates higher profit at higher output 0
Cost,Revenue,
Profit($s per year)
Output (units per year)
R(q)
C(q)
A
B
q0 q*
)(q
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,and Profit Maximization
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Chapter 8 Slide 13
Comparing R(q) and C(q) Question: Why is profit
negative when output is zero?
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,and Profit Maximization
R(q)
0
Cost,Revenue,
Profit$ (per year)
Output (units per year)
C(q)
A
B
q0 q*
)(q
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Chapter 8 Slide 14
Comparing R(q) and C(q)
Output levels: q0 - q*
R(q)> C(q) MR > MC
Indicates higher profit at higher output
Profit is increasing
R(q)
0
Cost,Revenue,
Profit$ (per year)
Output (units per year)
C(q)
A
B
q0 q*
)(q
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,and Profit Maximization
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Chapter 8 Slide 15
Comparing R(q) and C(q)
Output level: q*
MR = MC Profit is maximized
R(q)
0
Cost,Revenue,
Profit$ (per year)
Output (units per year)
C(q)
A
B
q0 q*
)(q
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,and Profit Maximization
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Chapter 8 Slide 16
Comparing R(q) and C(q)
Output levels beyond q*: MC > MR Profit is decreasing
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,and Profit Maximization
R(q)
0
Cost,Revenue,
Profit$ (per year)
Output (units per year)
C(q)
A
B
q0 q*
)(q
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Chapter 8 Slide 17
C - R
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,and Profit Maximization
q
R MR
q
CMC
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Chapter 8 Slide 18
orq
C
q
R 0
q
: whenmaximized are Profits
MC(q)MR(q)
MCMR
thatso0
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,and Profit Maximization
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Chapter 8 Slide 19
The Competitive Firm
Price taker
Market output (Q) and firm output (q)
Market demand (D) and firm demand (d)
R(q) is a straight line
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,and Profit Maximization
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Demand and Marginal Revenue Facedby a Competitive Firm
Output (bushels)
Price$ per bushel
Price$ per bushel
Output (millions of bushels)
d$4
100 200 100
Firm Industry
D
$4
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Chapter 8 Slide 21
The Competitive Firm
The competitive firm’s demand Individual producer sells all units for $4
regardless of the producer’s level of output.
If the producer tries to raise price, sales are zero.
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,and Profit Maximization
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Chapter 8 Slide 22
The Competitive Firm
AR = MR = P
Profit MaximizationMC(q) = MR = P
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,and Profit Maximization
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Chapter 8 Slide 23
Choosing Output in the Short Run
We will combine production and cost analysis with demand to determine output and profitability.
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Chapter 8 Slide 24
q0
Lost profit forq1 < q*
Lost profit forq2 > q*
q1 q2
A Competitive FirmMaking a Positive Profit
10
20
30
40
Price($ per
unit)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
50
60MC
AVC
ATCAR=MR=P
Outputq*
At q*: MR = MCand P > ATC
ABCDor
qx ATC) -(P *
D A
BC
q1 : MR > MC andq2: MC > MR andq*: MC = MR but
MC falling
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Chapter 8 Slide 25
Would this producercontinue to produce with a loss?
A Competitive FirmIncurring Losses
Price($ per
unit)
Output
AVC
ATCMC
q*
P = MR
B
F
C
A
E
DAt q*: MR = MCand P < ATCLosses = (P- ATC) x q* or ABCD
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Chapter 8 Slide 26
Choosing Output in the Short Run
Summary of Production Decisions
Profit is maximized when MC = MR
If P > ATC the firm is making profits.
If AVC < P < ATC the firm produces at a loss.
If P < AVC < ATC the firm should shut-down.
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Chapter 8 Slide 27
A Competitive Firm’sShort-Run Supply Curve
Price($ per
unit)
Output
MC
AVC
ATC
P = AVCWhat happens
if P < AVC?
P2
q2
P1
q1
The firm chooses theoutput level where MR = MC,as long as the firm is able to
cover its variable cost of production.
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Chapter 8 Slide 28
Observations:P = MRMR = MCP = MC
Supply is the amount of output for every possible price. Therefore:If P = P1, then q = q1
If P = P2, then q = q2
A Competitive Firm’sShort-Run Supply Curve
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Chapter 8 Slide 29
Price($ per
unit)
MC
Output
AVC
ATC
P = AVC
P1
P2
q1 q2
S = MC above AVC
A Competitive Firm’sShort-Run Supply Curve
Shut-down
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Chapter 8 Slide 30
Observations:Supply is upward sloping due to
diminishing returns.
Higher price compensates the firm for higher cost of additional output and increases total profit because it applies to all units.
A Competitive Firm’sShort-Run Supply Curve
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Chapter 8 Slide 31
Firm’s Response to an Input Price ChangeWhen the price of a firm’s input changes,
the firm changes its output level, so that the marginal cost of production remains equal to the price.
A Competitive Firm’sShort-Run Supply Curve
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Chapter 8 Slide 32
MC2
q2
Input cost increases and MC shifts to MC2
and q falls to q2.
MC1
q1
The Response of a Firm toa Change in Input Price
Price($ per
unit)
Output
$5
Savings to the firmfrom reducing output
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Chapter 8 Slide 33
MC3
Industry Supply in the Short Run
$ perunit
0 2 4 8 105 7 15 21
MC1
SSThe short-runindustry supply curve
is the horizontalsummation of the supply
curves of the firms.
Quantity
MC2
P1
P3
P2
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Chapter 8 Slide 34
Producer Surplus in the Short RunFirms earn a surplus on all but the last unit
of output.
The producer surplus is the sum over all units produced of the difference between the market price of the good and the marginal cost of production.
The Short-Run Market Supply Curve
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Chapter 8 Slide 35
AA
DD
BB
CC
ProducerProducerSurplusSurplus
Alternatively, VC is thesum of MC or ODCq* .R is P x q* or OABq*.Producer surplus =
R - VC or ABCD.
Producer Surplus for a Firm
Price($ per
unit ofoutput)
Output
AVCAVCMCMC
00
PP
qq**
At q* MC = MR.Between 0 and q ,
MR > MC for all units.
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Chapter 8 Slide 36
Producer Surplus in the Short-Run
Profit = R - VC - FC
Profit < producer surplus
The Short-Run Market Supply Curve
VC- R PS Surplus Producer
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Chapter 8 Slide 37
DD
PP**
QQ**
ProducerProducerSurplusSurplus
Market producer surplus isthe difference between P*
and S from 0 to Q*.
Producer Surplus for a Market
Price($ per
unit ofoutput)
Output
SS
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Chapter 8 Slide 38
Choosing Output in the Long Run
In the long run, a firm can alter all its inputs, including the size of the plant.
We assume free entry and free exit.
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Chapter 8 Slide 39
q1
A
BC
D
In the short run, thefirm is faced with fixedinputs. P = $40 > ATC.Profit is equal to ABCD.
Output Choice in the Long Run
Price($ per
unit ofoutput)
Output
P = MR$40
SACSMC
In the long run, the plant size will be increased and output increased to q3.
Long-run profit, EFGD > short runprofit ABCD.
q3q2
G F$30
LAC
E
LMC
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Chapter 8 Slide 40
Choosing Output in the Long Run
Accounting Profit & Economic ProfitAccounting profit = R - wL
Economic profit = R - wL - rKwl = labor cost
rk = opportunity cost of capital
)()(
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Chapter 8 Slide 41
Choosing Output in the Long Run
Zero-ProfitIf R > wL + rk, economic profits are positive
If R = wL + rk, zero economic profits, but the firms is earning a normal rate of return; indicating the industry is competitive
If R < wl + rk, consider going out of business
Long-Run Competitive EquilibriumLong-Run Competitive Equilibrium
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Chapter 8 Slide 42
Choosing Output in the Long Run
Entry and ExitThe long-run response to short-run profits
is to increase output.
Profits will attract other producers.
More producers increase industry supply which lowers the market price.
Long-Run Competitive EquilibriumLong-Run Competitive Equilibrium
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S1
Long-Run Competitive Equilibrium
Output Output
$ per unit ofoutput
$ per unit ofoutput
$40LAC
LMC
D
S2
P1
Q1q2
Firm Industry
$30
Q2
P2
•Profit attracts firms•Supply increases until profit = 0
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Chapter 8 Slide 44
Choosing Output in the Long Run
Long-Run Competitive Equilibrium
1) MC = MR
2) P = LAC
No incentive to leave or enter
Profit = 0
3) Equilibrium Market Price
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AP1
AC
P1
MC
q1
D1
S1
Q1
C
D2
P2P2
q2
B
S2
Q2
Economic profits attract newfirms. Supply increases to S2 and
the market returns to long-run equilibrium.
Long-Run Supply in aConstant-Cost Industry
Output Output
$ per unit ofoutput
$ per unit ofoutput
SL
Q1 increase to Q2.Long-run supply = SL = LRAC.
Change in output has no impact on input cost.
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Chapter 8 Slide 46
In a constant-cost industry, long-run supply is a horizontal line
Long-Run Supply in aConstant-Cost Industry
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Long-Run Supply in anIncreasing-Cost Industry
Output Output
$ per unit ofoutput
$ per unit ofoutput S1
D1
P1
AC1
P1
MC1
q1 Q1
A
SSLL
P3
MC2
Due to the increasein input prices, long-runequilibrium occurs at
a higher price.
AC2
B
S2
P3
Q3q2
P2 P2
D2
Q2
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Chapter 8 Slide 48
In a increasing-cost industry, long-run supply curve is upward sloping.
Long-Run Supply in aIncreasing-Cost Industry
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S2
B
SL
P3
Q3
MC2
P3
AC2
Due to the decreasein input prices, long-runequilibrium occurs at
a lower price.
Long-Run Supply in anDecreasing-Cost Industry
Output Output
$ per unit ofoutput
$ per unit ofoutput
P1P1
MC1
A
D1
S1
Q1q1
AC1
Q2q2
P2 P2
D2
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Chapter 8 Slide 50
In a decreasing-cost industry, long-run supply curve is downward sloping.
Long-Run Supply in aIncreasing-Cost Industry
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Chapter 8 Slide 51
The Effects of a TaxIn an earlier chapter we studied how firms
respond to taxes on an input.
Now, we will consider how a firm responds to a tax on its output.
The Industry’sLong-Run Supply Curve
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Chapter 8 Slide 52
Effect of an Output Tax on a Competitive Firm’s Output
Price($ per
unit ofoutput)
Output
AVC1
MC1
P1
q1
The firm willreduce output to
the point at whichthe marginal cost
plus the tax equalsthe price.
q2
tt
MC2 = MC1 + tax
AVC2
An output taxraises the firm’s
marginal cost by theamount of the tax.
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Chapter 8 Slide 53
Effect of an OutputTax on Industry Output
Price($ per
unit ofoutput)
Output
DD
P1
SS1
Q1
P2
Q2
SS2 = S1 + t
t
Tax shifts S1 to S2 andoutput falls to Q2. Price
increases to P2.
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Chapter 8 Slide 54
Summary
The managers of firms can operate in accordance with a complex set of objectives and under various constraints.
A competitive market makes its output choice under the assumption that the demand for its own output is horizontal.
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Chapter 8 Slide 55
Summary
In the short run, a competitive firm maximizes its profit by choosing an output at which price is equal to (short-run) marginal cost.
The short-run market supply curve is the horizontal summation of the supply curves of the firms in an industry.
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Chapter 8 Slide 56
Summary
The producer surplus for a firm is the difference between revenue of a firm and the minimum cost that would be necessary to produce the profit-maximizing output.
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Chapter 8 Slide 57
Summary
In the long-run, profit-maximizing competitive firms choose the output at which price is equal to long-run marginal cost.
The long-run supply curve for a firm can be horizontal, upward sloping, or downward sloping.
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End of Chapter 8