Chapter 8Chapter 8Water and MineralsWater and Minerals

Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/WhitneySizer/Whitney

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Identify the best beverage choices to obtain enough water for the body’s needs.

Describe the body’s water sources and routes of water loss, and name factors that influence the need or water.

Compare and contrast various sources of drinking water for safety.

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Discuss why electrolyte balance is critical for the health of the body.

Describe the nutrients needed to maintain blood calcium levels, and explain why this is important.

Describe a diet that follows the DASH principles, and specify who might benefit from such a diet and in what ways.

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Compare the availability of iron form plant and animal sources.

Discuss the function and importance of copper, zinc, chromium, fluoride, and selenium in the body.

Describe a diet that a young woman can follow to help prevent osteoporosis later in life.

Introduction Introduction

Minerals Major Trace

Water Most indispensable nutrient

Minerals in a 60-Kilogram (132-Minerals in a 60-Kilogram (132-Pound) Person (Grams)Pound) Person (Grams)

WaterWater

Makes up about 60 percent of a person’s weight

Roles Solvent Cleansing agent Lubrication and cushion Coolant

Body’s Water BalanceBody’s Water Balance

Water balance Dehydration

Thirst Signs Groups at risk

Water intoxication Body water varies by pounds Thirst and satiety govern water intake

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys

Water Balance – A Typical Water Balance – A Typical ExampleExample

Effects of Mild Dehydration, Severe Effects of Mild Dehydration, Severe Dehydration, and Chronic Lack of Dehydration, and Chronic Lack of

FluidFluid

How Much Water Do I Need to How Much Water Do I Need to Drink in a Day?Drink in a Day?

Water needs vary Influential factors

Fluids and foods DRI Metabolic water

Sweating Choosing fluids

Caffeine

U.S. Fluid SourcesU.S. Fluid Sources

Are Some Kinds of Water Better Are Some Kinds of Water Better for My Health Than Others?for My Health Than Others?

Types of water Hard

Calcium and magnesium Soft

Sodium Hypertension

Safety and Sources of Drinking Safety and Sources of Drinking WaterWater

Public water Removal of many hazards

Disinfectants Testing and reporting Chlorination and cancer

Water sources Surface water Groundwater

Bottled WaterBottled Water

Regulation and safety Sales across state lines Standards

Less rigid than those for tap water BPA IBWA trademark Water for nutrition’s sake

Fluoride

Body Fluids and MineralsBody Fluids and Minerals

Water follows salt Electrolytes

Water flows toward greater concentration Fluid and electrolyte balance

Causes of imbalance Acid-base balance

Hydrogen Buffers

How Electrolytes Govern Water How Electrolytes Govern Water FlowFlow

CalciumCalcium

Most abundant mineral in the body Meeting DRI recommendations Storage facilities

Bones In constant flux

Teeth

A BoneA Bone

CalciumCalcium

Bone and tooth formation Hydroxyapatite

Fluorapatite Bone and tooth

turnover

CalciumCalcium

In body fluids 1 percent of body’s calcium

Roles Blood calcium is tightly controlled

Calcium balance Skeleton serves as a calcium bank

Bone density Organs

CalciumCalcium

Bone loss Inevitable consequence of aging Peak bone mass Osteoporosis Supplements

Calcium absorption Increases in times of need

Recommendations

Bone Throughout Life Bone Throughout Life

Calcium SnapshotCalcium Snapshot

Phosphorus Phosphorus

Second most abundant mineral in body Majority found in bones with calcium

Roles in the body Recommendations

Deficiencies are unlikely Food sources

Phosphorus SnapshotPhosphorus Snapshot

MagnesiumMagnesium

“Major mineral” Dietary requirement

Bones and kidneys Roles in the body

Works with calcium Deficiency Toxicity Recommendations

Magnesium SnapshotMagnesium Snapshot

SodiumSodium

Roles Major part of fluid and

electrolyte balance Acid-base balance

Deficiency “Water Weight” Recommendations

Intakes

Sodium and Salt Intake Sodium and Salt Intake GuidelinesGuidelines

SodiumSodium

Blood pressure Hypertension

MeasuresTypes

Sodium intakes increases blood pressureHeart damage

DASH diet Controlling salt intakes

How to Cut Sodium from a How to Cut Sodium from a Barbeque LunchBarbeque Lunch

PotassiumPotassium

Positively charge ion inside the cells Roles

Fluid and electrolyte balance Heartbeat

Deficiency Dehydration

Toxicity Recommendations

Potassium SnapshotPotassium Snapshot

Chloride and SulfateChloride and Sulfate

Chloride Crucial for fluid balance Hydrochloric acid Principle food source

Sulfate Roles No recommended intake Deficiencies are unknown

Trace MineralsTrace Minerals

IodineIodine

Body’s work is done by iodide Roles

Thyroxine Deficiency

Goiter Cretinism

Toxicity Food sources

IronIron

Every living cell contains iron Two proteins

Hemoglobin Myoglobin

Roles Carry oxygen Make new cells, amino acids, hormones, &

neurotransmitters

IronIron

Iron stores A mineral to be hoarded Iron losses Special proteins transport and store iron

Absorbing iron Forms of iron in food MFP factor Impairing iron absorption

IronIron

Deficiency Iron deficiency Iron-deficiency

anemia Signs of deficiency Mental symptoms

AdultsChildrenPica

Normal and Anemic Blood CellsNormal and Anemic Blood Cells

IronIron

Causes of deficiency Groups most susceptible to deficiency

Women of childbearing age Infants and toddlers Adolescents

Too much iron Iron overload Symptoms

Iron SnapshotIron Snapshot

ZincZinc

Works with proteins in every organ Roles

Expression of deficiency Groups at greatest

risk for deficiency Vegetarians

Zinc SnapshotZinc Snapshot

SeleniumSelenium

Roles in the body Relationship with chronic disease

Cancer Toxicity

Supplements Sources

FluorideFluoride

Not essential to life Roles in the body

Roles in the body Deficiency

Dental decay Toxicity

Fluorosis Sources

U.S. Population with Access to U.S. Population with Access to Fluoridated Water Through Public Fluoridated Water Through Public

Water SystemsWater Systems

Chromium and CopperChromium and Copper

Chromium Roles in the body Recommendation Sources

Copper Roles in the body Deficiency Toxicity

Other Trace Minerals and Some Other Trace Minerals and Some CandidatesCandidates

Molybdenum Manganese Boron Cobalt Nickel Silicon

All trace minerals are toxic in excess!

Meeting the Need for CalciumMeeting the Need for Calcium

Low calcium intake Associated

diseases Milk, yogurt, &

cheese group Traditional

sources of calcium

Food Sources of Calcium in the Food Sources of Calcium in the U.S. DietU.S. Diet

Meeting the Need for CalciumMeeting the Need for Calcium

Vegetables Absorption

Calcium binders Other foods Calcium-fortified foods Supplements Making meals rich in calcium

Calcium Absorption from Food Calcium Absorption from Food SourcesSources

Osteoporosis: Can Lifestyle Osteoporosis: Can Lifestyle Choices Reduce the Risks?Choices Reduce the Risks?

Controversy 8

IntroductionIntroduction

Osteoporosis prevalence Fractures Sex differences

Causes Tangled complexity

Development of OsteoporosisDevelopment of Osteoporosis

Bone Trabecular

Tapped when blood calcium is low Cortical

Decline in bone density Dowager’s hump Fractures

Common sites

Losses of Trabecular BoneLosses of Trabecular Bone

Loss of Height in a Woman Loss of Height in a Woman Caused by OsteoporosisCaused by Osteoporosis

Toward Prevention – Understanding Toward Prevention – Understanding the Cause of Osteoporosisthe Cause of Osteoporosis

Causes Gender and advanced age Genetics and environmental factors

Bone density and genes Influence of genes

Genetic inheritance Risks vary by race and ethnicity

Toward Prevention – Understanding Toward Prevention – Understanding the Cause of Osteoporosisthe Cause of Osteoporosis

Calcium and vitamin D Bone strength in later life

Bone building during childhood and adolescence

Gender and hormones Menopause for women Estrogen and testosterone

Body weight

Toward Prevention – Understanding Toward Prevention – Understanding the Cause of Osteoporosisthe Cause of Osteoporosis

Physical activity Tobacco smoke and alcohol Protein

Too little protein Too much protein Sources

Sodium, caffeine, soft drinks Other nutrients

Risk and Protective Factors That Risk and Protective Factors That Correlate with OsteoporosisCorrelate with Osteoporosis

Diagnosis and Medical TreatmentDiagnosis and Medical Treatment

DEXA scan Drug therapies Estrogen

replacement therapy

Calcium RecommendationsCalcium Recommendations

Recommendations vary Set according to life stage

Sources Foods and beverages first

Dietary calciumSunshine for vitamin D

Supplements Types of supplements