chapter 9 (1).ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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MGT 321ORGANIZATIONAL
BEHAVIOR
PN. INTAN LIANA SUHAIME
GROUPS
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Chapter 9: GROUPS
Groups
Types
Group norms &cohesiveness
Sources
Consequences
How group makedecision?
Asset &
Liabilities
Techniques
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What is GROUP?
Two or more individuals,
interacting and
interdependent, who cometogether to achieve some
common goals or objectives.
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Types of Group
Formal group
Commandgroup
Task group
Informal group
Interestgroup
Friendship
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1. FORMAL
Command group
Determined by
organization chart
Group memberformally assigned &
working together
permanently
E.g. department
finance etc.
Task group
Determined by
organization to complete
certain job
Made up from different
dept & disciplines
After task complete task
disbanded
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CEO
Fin
Exec 1
Exec 2
Ass
Prod Mktg
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CEO
Fin
Exec 1
Exec 2
Ass
Prod
Exec 1
Exec 2
Ass
Mktg
Exec 1
Exec 2
Ass
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2. INFORMAL
Interest group
Work together to
attain a specific &
common objective
Temporary- disband
once objectives is
accomplishE.g. fishing trip,
vacation trip
Friendship group
Members share one
@ more common
characteristics
Social relation extend
outside the formal
organization.Permanent, even if
project finish.
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WHY DO PEOPLE JOINT GROUPS?
Security
Status
Self-esteem Affiliation
Power
Goalachievement
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Group Norms
Shared group
expectations about
acceptable standards of
behavior among group
members
not only provide
guidelines that indicate
how members should
behave, but they alsohelp to keep the group
unified by providing
common beliefs,
opinions and behavior
Group
Cohesiveness
The degree to which member
attracted to and motivated to
remain as part of a group.
considered vital in group
decision-making, goal
attainment, identity, and
member satisfaction.
Highly cohesive groups are
able to enforce group normsmore effectively than less
cohesive groups
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Example of group norms
• All group members will bepunctual. Meetings will startfive minutes after the agreedstart time and everyone shouldbe there and ready by then.
All group members willremain in the meeting
until (a) all tasks for thatmeeting are completed,
or (b) there is unanimousadjournment.
• The group will actively seek aconsensus of opinion based onthe opinions of every member.
Aggressive anddominating behaviour is
not acceptable.
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SOURCES OF COHESIVENESS
Group formationfactors
Difficulty of
entry
Group size
ThreatPrevious
successes
Rewardsystems
Stability of
membership
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CONSEQUENCES OF COHESIVENESS
IncreasedInteraction
CoOperativeBehavior
Success SatisfactionHigh
productivity
Contrib tors to
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Attractiveness
Opportunity to interact
Common goals
Group maturity
Difficulty of entryStatus congruence
Rewards equity
Success
Stable membership
External threatSmall size
Contributors to
cohesiveness
Increased interaction
Co-operation behavior
Increased influenceEvaluation distortion
Satisfaction
Success
High or low productivity
Effects of cohesiveness
COHESIVENESS
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HOW TO ENCOURAGE GROUP
COHESIVENESS• Make the group smaller
• Encourage agreement with group goals
• Increase the time members spend together
• Increase the status of the group and theperceived difficulty of attaining membership inthe group
• Stimulate competition with other group
• Give reward to the group rather that to individualmembers
• Physically isolate the group
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1. • Decision by lack of response
2 • Decision by authority rule
3. • Decision by minority
4. • Decision by majority rule
5. • Decision by consensus
6. • Decision by unanimity
H k d i i (b Ed
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How groups make decisions (by EdgarSchein)
Decision By Lack Of Response
• Ideas being bypassed without any discussion
take place because lack of response
Decision By Authority Rule
• The person have authority in the groupmakes the decision on behalf of the wholegroup.
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Decision By Minority
• One or two person in the group dominate the
scene and influence/ force other to agree
Decision By Majority Rule
• Decision made by the group by voting. Majority
vote will win.• Problem- tendency of coalition between winners
and loser.
How groups make decisions (cont..)
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Decision By Consensus
• Most members accept an idea even those whooppose the idea get along with the idea because
they have given a chance to put forward theirreasons for not accepting the idea in the firstplace
Decision By Unanimity
• Everyone of the group members agree on thecourse of action to be taken- theory is possiblebut practice difficult to attain
How groups make decisions (cont..)
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Effective : Group
Accurate : GroupSpeed: Individual
Creativity: Group
Acceptance: Group
INDIVIDUAL vs. GROUP DECISION MAKING
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Group Decision Making
• More complete
information&knowledge
• Increased diversity ofviews
• Higher quality of views
• Increase theacceptance of solution
Advantage
• Time consuming
• Conformitypressure in groups
• Dominated by oneor a few members
• Ambiguousresponsibility
Disadvantage
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ASSETS & LIABILITY OF GROUP DECISION
Potential
Advantage
• Greater knowledge & Information
• Greater Alternatives approach to a problem
• Better Understanding and acceptance offinal decision
PotentialDisadvantage
• Social pressure to conform
• Minority domination• Time spend
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Group Decision Technique
Brainstorming
Nominal
DelphiTechnique
B i t i
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Brainstorming
Group members meet for the solepurpose of generating ideas.
• All criticism is ruled out. Discussion or judgmentwithheld until process complete.
• Quantity is the main target
• “Freewheeling” is welcomed. Radical & wild
ideas are welcomed• Combination and improvement are sought. Each
participants are expected to give suggestion tocombine & convert to better ideas.
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Nominal Group Technique
Differences ideas among group members
can be utilized.
Individual members meet face to face toput their ideas but its operate
independently.
Use one or more small groups to generateideas and evaluate alternative solutions.
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Nominal Group Technique
Form a group 4or 5 peoples
Problem isdefined fromgroup view
Each membersilently write
down thesolution :creativity
Leader
conducts a“round-robin”collection &record ideas
Group discuss,
expand, clarify& evaluate the
ideas
Ideas rankorder within
group, compareresult. Chose
the bestsolution
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Delphi Technique
Decision making process carried out
without the members having to meet faceto face.
Use fax, mail, email
Sometimes use expert service
Delphi Technique step…
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Delphi Technique
Problem &questions
developed byDelphi Leader
Sample of interestedand knowledgeable
people & requested toparticipate
Questionnaireare developed
are sent out
Replies arecomplied,
summarized &reproduced
Ask participants to reactthe responses. Askfurther evaluation &
choices reaction
Responses arecompile and
form additionalquestionnaire
Cycle stop whenreach to
consensus
Solution isdefined and
developed ifpossible
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1. Explain the meaning of group why group
is important to organization?
2. Describe the type of group.
3. What are assets and liabilities of group
decision making?
4. Explain various ways on how groups
make decision according to Edgar Schein.
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