chapter 9 and 10.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Nervous System
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Chapter 9
Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves
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Nervous system
Chief coordinator for all organ systems
Effectorsmuscles or glands that receive
commands from nervous system
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Nervous System
Structural Divisions
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
All other nerves
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Functional Divisions
Somatic nervous system
Voluntary control
Autonomic nervous system (visceral n.s.)
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
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Neuron
DendritesAre receptors for nerve impulses
Axoncarries impulses away from the cell body
Myelin sheathprotects axon fiber, produced by
Schwann cells in PNS, between myelin, are nodes ofRanvier
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Neurons
Sensory neurons (afferent)-carry signals
to brain
Motor neurons (efferent)-carry signals
away from brain
Interneurons-relay information within
CNS
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Nerves
Sensory nerves
Motor nerves
Mixed nerves
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Nerve structure
Endoneurium
Around fibers (axons)
Perineurium
Around fascicles
Epineurium
Around entire nerve
Same as muscle but with
neur instead of mys
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Nerve impulse
Nerves send signals via action potentials
An action potential occurs when the
charge shifts between the inside and
outside of the fibers.
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Action Potential
Na+ ions outside the axon and K+ ions inside the
axon
Na+ ions transported inside, creating large
positive charge on inside of the axon, triggeringthe same transporters further down the axon
K+ ions transported out, returning the charge to
resting state
Saltatory conduction: this depolarization occurs
at the nodes along the myelin sheath
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Synapses
Synapse junction between a nerve cell
and another cell
Presynaptic cell
Postsynaptic cell
Synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter
Receptors
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Synapses
Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Norepinephrine
Signals cease by: Diffusion away from synapse
Enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitter(acetylcholinesterase)
Reuptake
Electrical impulses Direct continuation of action potential allowing rapid
and coordinated communication
Cardiac, smooth muscle
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Spinal cord
Connects PNS to brain
Central gray matter
surrounded by whitematter
H formed from ventral
and dorsal horns
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Spinal Cord
Ascending tracts nerve fibers carrying
signals to the brain
Descending tracts nerve fibers carrying
signals away from the brain
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Spinal Cord
Reflex arc
1. Receptor
2. Sensory neuron
3. CNS
4. Motor neuron
5. Effector
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Spinal Cord
Spinal nerves
31 pairs of spinal
nerves
Attached to spinal
cord via dorsal root
and ventral root
Dorsal root ganglion(sensory neuron
bodies)
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Spinal Cord
Spinal nerves
Ventral root motor
(efferent) nerve fibers
Dorsal root sensory
(afferent) nerve fibers
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Spinal Cord
Dermatomes
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Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
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Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic
Motor neurons originate in spinal cord in
thoracic and lumbar regions
Preganglionic
Synapse with Postganglionic motor neurons
found in ganglia
Neurotransmitters epinephrine (adrenaline),norepinephrine
Adrenergic
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Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic
Motor neurons originate in brain stem and
sacral region of spinal cord
Synapse with postganglionic neurons near
walls of effector organs
Terminal Ganglia
Neurotransmitters acetylcholine Cholinergic
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Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous system involved ininitiating fight or flight response Increase in rate and force of heart contractions
Increase in blood pressure
Dilation of blood vessels to skeletal muscles Dilation of bronchial tubes
Stimulation of adrenal medulla
Dilation of pupil
Decreases action of unneeded systems (urinary,digestive)
Parasymathetic nervous system works inreverse
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Chapter 10
The Brain
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Brain
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brain stem Cerebellum
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Brain
Meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
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Brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Circulates in & around brain
Carries nutrients, absorbs shock
Ventricles
Choroid plexus forms CSF
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Brain
______
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____________
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Cerebrum
Cerebral Hemispheres
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
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Cerebrum
Cerebral Cortex
Gray matter
Conscious thought, reasoning, abstract ideas
Gyri / gyrus -protruding portions Sulci / sulcus -grooves
Central sulcusbewteen frontal & parietal
lobes Lateral sulcusbetween temporal & f & p
lobes
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Cerebrum
Inner portion of brain = mostly white matter
*white matter = myelinated axons
Communication b/w areas of brain
Some areas of gray matter within white
matter
Basal nuclei / basal ganglia
Work with cerebral cortex coordinating body
movement, facial expression
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Cerebrum
Corpus collosum at bottom of
longitudinal fissure, allows communication
b/w hemispheres
Internal capsule myelinated fibers
carrying signals from cerebrum to brain
stem
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Cerebrum
Functions of lobes
Frontal
Precentral gyrus contains the primary motor
area
Parietal
Postcentral gyrus contains the primary
sensory area
Homunculus
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Cerebrum
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Cerebrum
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Cerebrum
Temporal
Olfactory area
Auditory areas
Auditory receiving area Auditory association area
Wernickes area
Occipital
Visual receiving area
Visual association area
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Cerebrum
Frontal (again)
Brocas area
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Diencephalon
Diencephalon contains the
Thalamus
hypothalamus
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Thalamus sorts incoming sensory
impulses, send to particular region of
cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus controls body temperature,
water balance, sleep, appetite, emotions
such as fear and pleasure, pituitary gland
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Brain Stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
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Brain Stem
Midbrain
Contains four centers of gray matter
responsible for eye and ear reflexes
Contains white matter for conducting impulsesfrom higher centers in cerebrum to lower
centers in pons, medulla, & cerebellum
Cranial nerves III-IV originate here
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Brain Stem
Pons
Largely white matter, connects cerebrum with
brain stem & spinal cord
Respiration reflex regulation occurs here
Cranial nerves V-VIII originate here
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Brain Stem
Medulla oblongata Externally white matter, internally gray matter
Nuclei in gray matter serve as Respiratory center
Controls respiratory muscles
Cardiac center
Regulate rate & force
Vasomotor center
Controls smooth muscle in blood vessels
Nerve tracts decussate here (criss-cross)contralateral control
Cranial nerves IX-XII originate here
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Cerebellum
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Cerebellum
Outer gray matter, inner white matter
(arbor vitae)
Vermis & Two hemispheres
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Cerebellum
Outer gray matter, inner gray matter (arbor
vitae)
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Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary muscles ensuring
smooth function
Maintains balance standing, walking, &
sitting
Maintains muscle tone to ready for full
muscle contraction
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Brain Disorders
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges, caused by
bacterial infection
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain, usually caused by
viral infection
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Brain Disorders
Hydrocephalus
Accumulation of CSF in ventricles puts
pressure on the cerebrum, destroying brain
tissue
Stroke / cerebrovascular accident
Blood clot or vessel rupture resulting in brain
tissue damage
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Brain Disorders
Aphasia
Receptive (loss of ability to understand) or
expressive (loss of ability to speak or write)
Cerebral palsy
Brain damage during or before birth resulting
in muscular weakness or paralysis
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Brain Disorders
Epilepsy
Disorder in the brains electrical activity
Seizures characteristic of epilepsy
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Brain Disorders
Alzheimer disease
Degeneration of cerebral cortex and
hippocampus
Memory loss followed by mood changes,confusion
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Brain Disorders
Multi-infarct dementia
Accumulated brain damage (usually from
many small strokes) causing a short blood
supply to the brain, resulting in loss ofmemory, judgment, cognitive function
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Brain Disorders
Parkinson disease
Cell death in brain in the part that produces
the neurotransmitter dopamine.
Results in overactivity of basal nuclei, whichcontrol voluntary movement
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Cranial Nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves
OOOTTAFVGVAH
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Cranial Nerves
I. OlfactoryII. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. TrigeminalVI. Abducens
VII. Facial Nerve
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal
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Cranial Nerves
Olfactory smell impulses from nose to
brain
Optic visual impulses from eye to brain
Oculomotor controls eye
muscles/movement
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Cranial Nerves
Trochlear controls only one eye muscle
Trigeminal 3 branches of sensory nerves
for the face and head. Also chewing.
Abducens also controls only one eye
muscle
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Cranial Nerves
Facial muscles of facial expression. Also
taste, salivary, and tear glands.
Vestibulocochlear hearing and
equilibrium impulses from ear to brain.
Glossopharyngeal sensory impulses
from tongue and pharynx. Also
swallowing.
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Cranial Nerves
Vagus Supplies organs in the abdominal
and thoracic cavities. Also, larynx &
pharynx.
Accessory Trapezius andsternocleidomastoid. Also, larynx.
Hypoglossal controls tongue muscles
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1. What is the outer most meningeal layer?
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2. The cerebral cortex is composed of:
white matter; or
gray matter
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3. The precentral gyrus contains the:
primary motor area
primary sensory area
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4. What structure in the brain controls body
temperature, water balance, sleep,
appetite, emotions such as fear and
pleasure, and the pituitary gland?
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5. Encephalitis is the inflammation of what?
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6. Excess accumulation of cerebrospinal
fluid in the ventricles causes:
Alzheimers disease
Parkinsons disease
Hydrocephaly
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7. What part of the brain contains white
matter in the shape of a tree, called the
arbor vitae?
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8. How many pairs of cranial nerves are
there?
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9. Name one cranial nerve that serves the
eye.
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10. Name any other cranial nerve.