chapter 9 global stratification. chapter outline stratification systems theories of global...
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Chapter 9
Global Stratification
Chapter Outline Stratification Systems Theories of Global Stratification Global Diversity
Social Stratification Uneven distribution of privileges, material
rewards, opportunities, power, prestige, and influence among individuals and groups.
Social inequality exists in all societies. The inequality may come about because
of wealth, prestige or power.
Stratification Systems Stratification can come about in two ways: Ascribed
Based on gender, age, family name, or skin color.
This will produce the caste and estate systems of stratification.
Achieved Based on individual, direct efforts. This is known as the class system.
The Caste System People are born into and spend their
entire lives within a caste. Caste members are restricted in their
choice of occupation and degree of social participation.
Social status is determined by the caste of one's birth.
The Hindu Caste SystemFour varnas, corresponding to a body part of the
mythical Purusa: Purusa’s mouth issued forth priests: Brahmans His arms gave rise to warriors: Kshatriyas His thighs produced artisans and merchants:
Vaishyas His feet brought forth menial laborers: Shudras Below the Sudras were the untouchables, or
Panchamas who performed the most menial tasks.
The Estate System A closed system of stratification. A person’s social position is defined by
law. Membership is determined primarily by
inheritance. An estate is a segment of a society that
has legally established rights and duties.
Question The citizens of poorer nations are more
likely to be lazy when compared to the citizens of richer nations.
A. Strongly agreeB. Agree somewhatC. UnsureD. Disagree somewhatE. Strongly disagree
Estate System of Medieval Europe
Three major estates in Europe: The nobility The clergy The peasants
The Class System Some form of class system is present in
all industrial societies. Mobility is greater in a class system than
in either a caste or an estate system. Mobility is the result of higher-level jobs to
anyone with the education and experience required.
Question The type of stratification system with the
most social mobility is a(n):
A. caste system.
B. estate system.
C. class system.
D. nobility system.
Answer: C The type of stratification system with the
most social mobility is a class system.
Modernization Theory Assumes economic differences among
countries are due to technological and cultural differences.
Developed countries help less developed countries: Provide fertilizers, irrigation methods and
insect control to increase food supplies. May also help control their population.
Dependency Theory Economic positions of rich and poor
nations cannot be understood in isolation. Developing countries would develop more
quickly if they reduced their dependence on the developed countries.
The prosperity of more developed countries came about because other countries became poor.
Global Diversity World population, 6.477 billion in 2005, has
more than doubled since 1960 and is projected to increase to 9.3 billion by 2050.
The world’s richest countries, 20% of the global population, account for 86% of private consumption; the poorest 20% account for 1.3%.
A child born in an industrialized country will add more to consumption and pollution over his or her lifetime than 30 to 50 children born in developing countries.
World Health Trends The average life expectancy for a newborn
more than doubled, from 30 years in 1900 to 67 years in 2005.
China has moved from conditions at the turn of the century, when scarcely 60% of newborns reached their 5th birthday, to the present, when more than 60% will reach their 70th birthday.
In Japan, where life expectancy is nearly 80 years, a newborn has only a 4 in 1,000 chance of dying before its 1st birthday and less than a 1 in 1,000 risk of dying by age 40.
World Health Trends More than 300 million people live in 24 countries
where life expectancy is less than 50 years. In these countries, 1 of 10 newborns die by
age 1, and 3 million a year do not survive for one week.
In some African villages, deaths among infants and young children occur 10 times more frequently than deaths among the aged.
Currently, 80% of the world’s population does not have access to any health care.
Health of Infants and Children in Developing Countries Death among children is overwhelmingly
a problem of the developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Those countries account for 98% of the world’s deaths among children younger than 5.
UNICEF estimates that 95% of these deaths are preventable.
HIV / Aids Some 4.9 million people worldwide were newly
infected with HIV during 2004, bringing the total number of people living with HIV or AIDS to 40 million, up from 34.3 million in 1999.
Since the epidemic was identified, about 30 million people have died from AIDS.
The United Nations estimates that without substantially expanded prevention and treatment programs, approximately 68 million people will die of AIDS in the 45 most affected countries between 2000 and 2020.
HIV/AIDS: Worldwide Facts
World AreaNumber Infected
% Infected
% Women
Sub-Saharan Africa 28.1 million 8.4% 55%
South and Southeast Asia
6.1 million 0.6% 35
Latin America .4 million 10.5 30
East Asia and Pacific 1 million 0.1 20
Caribbean 420,000 2.2 50
North Africa and Middle East
440,000 0.2 40
Population Trends Every minute, 249 babies are born in the
world, about 358,988 new human beings a day.
The 6 billionth person arrived in the year 2000.
Another billion people will be added every 11 to 13 years until the middle of the 21st century.
Population Growth In A.D. 1650, there were an estimated 510
million people in the entire world. 100 years later, there were 710 million, an
increase of 39%. By 1900, there were 1.6 billion. By the year 2025, the global population will be
greater than 8 billion. The world population is doubling about every 51
years.
Global Aging In most countries, the elderly population is
growing faster than the population as a whole. Almost half of the world’s elderly live in China,
India, the United States, and the former Soviet Union.
The oldest old (85 plus) are the fastest-growing segment of the population in many countries.
People Infected with HIV in Various World Regions (in Millions)
Population Trends Every minute, 249 babies are born in the world. This is about 358,988 new human beings a day
(131.4 million a year) who need to be fed, clothed, sheltered, educated, and employed.
The 6 billionth person arrived in 2000. Another billion people will be added every 11 to
13 years until the middle of the 21st century.
Population Trends In AD 1650, 510 million people lived in the
entire world. 100 years later, there were 710 million, an
increase of 39%. By 1900, there were 1.6 billion. 100 years later the population had grown
to 6.08 billion, with 131.4 million people added each year.
Factors in Global Fertility Number of Children
1. Women’s average age at first marriage
2. Breast-feeding
3. Infant mortality
Factors in Global Fertility Demand for Children
1. Gender preferences2. Value of children
a. Children as insurance against divorceb. Children as securers of women’s
position in familyc. Children’s value for economic gaind. Children’s value for old-age support.
3. Cost of children.
Factors in Global Fertility Fertility Control
1. Use of contraception
2. Factors influencing fertility decisions
a. Income level
b. Education of women
c. Urban or rural residence
Countries with the Highest and Lowest Fertility Lifetime Births per Woman
Highest Lowest
Niger 8.0
Belarus 1.2
Guinea-Bissau 7.1
Czech Republic 1.2
Mali 7.1
Poland 1.2
Somalia 7.0
South Korea 1.2
Uganda 6.9
Taiwan 1.2
Teenage Marriages% of 15- to 19-Year-Olds Who Are Married
Sub-Saharan Africa
Boys Girls
Dem. Rep. of Congo
5 74
Niger 4 70
Congo 12 56
Uganda 11 50
Mali 5 50
Teenage Marriages
% of 15- to 19-Year-Olds Who Are Married
Asia Boys Girls
Afghanistan 9 54
Bangladesh 5 51
Nepal 14 42
Teenage Marriages
% of 15- to 19-Year-Olds Who Are Married
Middle East Boys Girls
Iraq 15 28
Syria 4 25
Yemen 5 24
Teenage Marriages
% of 15- to 19-Year-Olds Who Are Married
Latin America and Caribbean
Boys Girls
Honduras 7 30
Cuba 7 29
Guatemala 8 24
Gender Preferences Three sets of factors influence the desire for
male children:1. Economic factors - contribution to family
income2. Social factors- marriage patterns, and
religion3. Psychological factors - influences on
parent’s decisions about size and composition of the family.
Countries with Fewer Women Than Expected
Question Women do most of the day- to-day work
in developing countries.
A. Strongly agree
B. Agree somewhat
C. Unsure
D. Disagree somewhat
E. Strongly disagree
Benefits and Costs of Children The first child is important to bring the spouses
closer together and have someone to carry on the family name.
In considering a second child, parents emphasize desire for a companion for the first child and a desire to have a child of the opposite sex from the first.
Similar values are prominent in relation to third, fourth, and fifth children.
Benefits and Costs of Children Beyond the fifth child, economic
considerations predominate. Parents speak of the sixth or later children
in terms of their helping around the house, contributing to the support of the household, and providing security during old age.
Contraception People have regulated family size for centuries
through abortion, abstinence, and infanticide. In many countries, the costs of preventing a
birth, whether economic, social, or psychological, may be greater than the risk of having another child.
Use of contraception varies widely: 18% or fewer for married women in almost all of sub-Saharan Africa, but between 70% and 80% for women in Europe, Asia, and the United States
Abortion Worldwide, abortion is the most widely used
form of birth control, and is common even when illegal.
Abortion is legal in the world’s three most populous countries (China, India, and the United States) as well as in Japan and all of Europe except Belgium and Ireland.
In Russia, where contraceptives are hard to find, more than half of all pregnancies end in abortion.
Education of Women The amount of education a woman receives
affects the number of children she has. Fertility levels are usually the lowest among the
most highly educated women within a country. Example:
In Guatemala, women with no schooling have an average of 6.9 children, those with a secondary or higher education have 2.7 children on average.
Education of Women Two-thirds of the world’s 876 million illiterate
people are women. Educated women are more likely to know about
and adopt birth control methods. In Mexico, 72% of women with 9 or more
years of education are likely to use contraception, whereas only 31% of those with 5 or fewer years of education are likely to do so.
Children of Primary School Age Who Are Not in School
Global Aging Worldwide, the number of persons aged 60 years or
over will increase from 672 million in 2005 to nearly 1.9 billion by 2050.
Today 60% of the elderly live in developing countries.
By 2050, the number will rise to 80%. The number of people over 80 will increase from 86
million in 2005 to 394 million in 2050. By 2050, the number of people over 65 in the world
will exceed the number of young for the first time in the history of humankind.
World Population 65 and Older, 2000 and 2025
Quick Quiz
1. A form of stratification that people are born into and spend their entire lives in is known as:
A. an estate system.
B. a caste system.
C. apartheid.
D. a class system.
Answer: B A form of stratification that people are
born into and spend their entire lives in is known as a caste system.
2. Which of the following Hindu castes is the highest in their stratification system?
A. Vaishyasr
B. Sundras
C. Panchamas
D. Brahmans
Answer: D The Brahman caste is the highest in the
Hindi stratification system.
3. According to modernization theory, the greatest barrier to modernization is:
A. government policies that are not conducive to business.
B. the lack of money to invest in Western-style industry and agriculture.
C. strong ties to religious or historical traditions.
D. low motivation toward achievement.
Answer: C According to modernization theory, the
greatest barrier to modernization is strong ties to religious or historical traditions.
4. Worldwide, _________________ is the most widely used form of birth control.
Answer: abortion Worldwide, abortion is the most widely
used form of birth control.
5. Which of the following is true about education and fertility? ?
A. Fertility levels will be the lowest for the most educated women within a country.
B. Women's level of education affects fertility more than does that of men.
C. Women who are more educated know more about and are more likely to use birth control.
D. All of these choices are correct.
Answer: D Each of the following is true about education
and fertility: Fertility levels will be the lowest for the most
educated women within a country. Women's level of education affects fertility
more than does that of men. Women who are more educated know more
about and are more likely to use birth control.