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America Claims an Empire 35

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TELESCOPING THE TIMES America Claims an EmpireCHAPTER OVERVIEW To compete with other powers, America gains coloniesoverseas, although some Americans object.

Summary

Imperialism and AmericaMAIN IDEA Beginning in 1867 and continuing throughthe century, global competition caused the United Statesto expand.

At the end of the 1800s, the United Statesjoined the global trend to acquire lands over-

seas. Nations of Europe had taken control ofalmost all of Africa. Japan was seizing colonies inAsia. The United States competed with othernations to gain a trade foothold in China. Threefactors pushed the United States to join the grabfor land:

• Economic competition for raw materials andmarkets for its manufactured goods.

• Political and military competition, based in parton the creation of a powerful new navy.

• A belief in the racial and cultural superiority ofthe people of England and their descendants—which led many Americans to believe that theUnited States had a mission to spread civiliza-tion and Christianity.

Many Americans opposed this imperialist trend.They objected on moral or practical grounds. Theyfelt that the taking of colonies was not right orwould cost too much.

The first territory acquired was Alaska followedby Hawaii, where a number of Americans hadestablished large and successful sugar plantations.Through a change in Hawaii’s constitution, theseplanters came to control the government. In 1893,Hawaii’s queen tried to change the constitution,and the planters seized control of the island.President Grover Cleveland refused to annexHawaii, but his successor, William McKinley, did.Hawaii became a territory of the United States in1898.

The Spanish-American WarMAIN IDEA In 1898, the United States went to war tohelp Cuba win its independence from Spain.

The United States had established close com-mercial ties to Cuba, still a Spanish colony. In

1895, José Martí launched a renewed drive for

Cuban independence. He hoped to force Americanintervention, but opinion in the United States wasdivided.

Spain sent an army to Cuba. Its commander put300,000 Cubans in concentration camps while hetried to defeat the army of independence. Americannewspaper reports exaggerated stories of Spanishatrocities against the Cuban people. As more peo-ple began to clamor for giving aid to the Cubans,President McKinley tried to find a peaceful solu-tion. Spain moderated its policies and granted lim-ited self-rule to Cuba. The issue seemed to bedying down.

Then, two incidents fanned the fire. A newspa-per published a Spanish diplomat’s criticism ofMcKinley. Worse, a U.S. warship, the battleshipMaine, mysteriously blew up in Havana’s harbor.No one knew why the explosion occurred, butnewspapers blamed Spain and the cry for warbecame too strong to resist.

The first battle of the war took place in thePhilippines, another Spanish possession. AdmiralGeorge Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet there,and U.S. army units joined Filipino rebels. TheSpanish in the Philippines surrendered.

In Cuba, an American army—despite being ill-prepared—won a decisive battle. Press accountsgave great fame to Theodore Roosevelt, who led avolunteer cavalry troop known as the “RoughRiders.” Within two days, a naval battle resulted indestruction of the Spanish fleet and Spanish sur-render in Cuba.

Spain quickly agreed to a peace that grantedCuba its independence and gained the UnitedStates the islands of Puerto Rico and Guam and thePhilippines. By the time the Treaty of Paris wasapproved, the United States had an empire.

Acquiring New LandsMAIN IDEA In the early 1900s, the United Statesengaged in conflicts in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and thePhilippines.

Many Puerto Ricans wanted independence, butothers were willing to accept being an

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36 Unit 5, Chapter 18

American territory. Still others wanted to become astate. The Supreme Court ruled that Puerto Ricanswere not American citizens. In 1917, Congressgranted that right to Puerto Ricans and allowedthem to choose their legislature. But it still deniedstatehood to the island.

For the first four years after the end of the war,the U.S. army remained in Cuba. It imprisonedCubans who protested American presence, but italso fed the hungry and helped wipe out yellowfever, a fatal disease. The United States insistedthat the new Cuban constitution grant the UnitedStates privileges. Many American businesses hadinvested heavily in the island, and they wantedtheir property protected. These provisions wereagreed to—reluctantly—and Cuba became inde-pendent but partly under U.S. control.

Filipinos—who had been fighting for indepen-dence for years—were outraged that the UnitedStates had annexed their islands. Rebel leaderEmilio Aguinaldo led an armed revolt against theAmericans. In a war that lasted three years, theAmerican army used some of the same tactics thatthe Spanish had used in Cuba. The revolt was final-ly suppressed in 1902. The islands finally gainedindependence in 1946.

Imperialists hoped to use the Philippines as away of gaining a foothold in Asia. The main goalwas to build business ties with China. Europeannations and Japan had forced the Chinese to givethem valuable trade benefits. Secretary of StateJohn Hay announced the Open Door policy thatopened China to the trade of any nation. This poli-cy increased American presence in Asia. A brief,bloody Chinese uprising against western influ-ence—the Boxer Rebellion—was put down bywestern forces. The United States then issuedstronger safeguards of equal trade with China.

President McKinley—who supported this impe-rialist expansion—won re-election in 1900. Many,but not all, Americans favored the expansion ofAmerican power.

America as a World PowerMAIN IDEA The Russo-Japanese War, the PanamaCanal, and the Mexican Revolution added to America'smilitary and economic power.

As part of the increased American role in worldaffairs, President Theodore Roosevelt acted as

peacemaker to end a war between Japan andRussia. He also sent a fleet of navy ships to sailaround the world, showing American power.

Roosevelt’s major action was to ensure thebuilding of the Panama Canal. The canal was want-ed to link the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, cuttingtravel time for merchant ships—and for U.S. navyships. Panama then was a province of Colombia,but won its independence in a U.S.-supportedrevolt. The new nation gave the United States landto build a canal.

It took ten years to build the 50-mile-longcanal, and it was a success from the start. ButRoosevelt’s actions caused ill will toward the UnitedStates throughout Latin America.

The president warned European nations tokeep their hands off Latin America. He alsoannounced his intention to intervene wheneverpolitical turbulence in Latin America threatenedU.S. business. President Taft took such a step in1911, sending troops to Nicaragua.

In 1913, President Woodrow Wilson took amoral tone in Latin American policy. He said thatthe United States would refuse to recognize anyLatin American government that was oppressive,undemocratic, or opposed U.S. interests. A revolu-tion in Mexico quickly tested this policy.Conservatives favored by U.S. businesses thatinvested in Mexico seized the Mexican govern-ment. Wilson used a minor incident to send troopsto Veracruz. When a new leader took power inMexico, Wilson withdrew the troops.

Trouble did not end. A revolt against the newMexican government by Francisco “Pancho” Villainvolved the United States. Wilson sent GeneralJohn J. Pershing to pursue Villa and punish him forthe death of some Americans. The American sol-diers clashed with units of the Mexican army,straining relations. Finally, they were withdrawn.The incident revealed Americans’ willingness toassert their power in the western hemisphere.

Review1. What factors shaped American imperialism?2. How did the United States gain control of for-

mer Spanish colonies?3. How did the United States administer its new-

found territories?4. How did Roosevelt assert American power?

Name America Claims an Empire continued

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CHAPTER 18 AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE 181

Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________

CHAPTER 18 Section 1 (pages 548–551)

BEFORE YOU READIn the last section, you read about Woodrow Wilson.

In this section, you will learn how economic activity led topolitical and military involvement overseas.

AS YOU READUse this web diagram to take notes. Fill it in with detailsabout the causes of U.S. imperialism.

TERMS AND NAMES Queen Liliuokalani The Hawaiianqueen who was forced out of powerby a revolution started by Americanbusiness interestsimperialism The practice of strongcountries taking economic, political,and military power over weakercountriesAlfred T. Mahan Americanimperialist and admiral who urged theUnited States to build up its navy andtake colonies overseasWilliam Seward Secretary of stateunder Presidents Lincoln andJohnsonPearl Harbor Naval port in HawaiiSanford B. Dole Americanbusinessman who became presidentof the new government of Hawaiiafter the queen was pushed out

Imperialism and America

American Expansionism(pages 548–550)

Why did Americans supportimperialism?In 1893, Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii gave upher throne. Hawaii was about to be taken over bythe United States.

By the 1880s, many American leaders thoughtthe United States should establish colonies over-seas. This idea was called imperialism—the pol-icy in which stronger nations extend economic,political or military control over weaker territories.European countries had competed for territory allover the world. Most Americans gradually accept-ed the idea of overseas expansion.

Three factors fueled American imperialism:desire for military strength, thirst for new markets,and a belief in the superiority of American culture.

Admiral Alfred T. Mahan of the U.S. Navysupported growing American naval power so theU.S. could compete with other nations. The U.S.built such modern battleships as the Maine and theOregon. The new ships made the U.S. the world’slargest naval power.

By the late 1800s, technology had changedAmerican farms and factories. They producedmore than Americans could consume. So the U.S.needed foreign trade. American businesses neededmarkets for their products and raw materials fortheir factories.

Economic

U.S. wanted to sellgoods to other countries

Political

Cultural

Roots of U.S.Imperialism

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182 CHAPTER 18 SECTION 1

The third root of American imperialism was abelief that the people of the United States were bet-ter than the people of other countries. This racistbelief came from people’s pride in their Anglo-Saxon (Northern European) heritage. People some-times felt they had a duty to spread their cultureand Christian religion among other people.

1. What were three reasons Americans supportedimperialism?

The United States AcquiresAlaska; The United States Takes Hawaii (pages 550–551)

How did the Hawaiian Islandsbecome a U.S. territory?William Seward was Secretary of State for presi-dents Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. In 1867 hepurchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.Some opponents in Congress made fun of the dealcalling it “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s Folly.”

The Hawaiian Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, hadbeen important to the United States since the1790s. Merchants had stopped there on their wayto China and India. In the 1820s, American mis-sionaries founded Christian schools and churcheson the islands.

A number of Americans had established sugarplantations in Hawaii. In the mid-1800s, theselarge farms accounted for about three-quarters ofthe wealth in the islands. Plantation ownersbrought thousands of laborers to Hawaii fromJapan, Portugal, and China. This weakened theinfluence of the native Hawaiians. By 1900, theforeign laborers outnumbered the Hawaiiansthree to one.

In 1875, the United States agreed to importHawaiian sugar duty-free. Over the next 15 years,Hawaiian sugar production increased nine times.Then the McKinley Tariff caused a crisis forHawaiian sugar growers. With the duty on theirsugar, Hawaiian growers faced stiff competition

from other growers. The powerful Hawaiian sugargrowers called for the U.S. to annex Hawaii. TheU.S. military had already understood the value ofHawaii. In 1887, the U.S. forced Hawaii to let itbuild a naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii’s bestport.

When the Hawaiian king died in 1891, his sisterbecame queen. Queen Liliuokalani wanted a newconstitution that would give voting power back toordinary Hawaiians. American business interestsdid not want this to happen.

American business groups organized a revoltagainst the queen. The U.S. ambassador John L.Stevens helped them. The planters took control ofthe island. They established a temporary govern-ment and made American businessman SanfordB. Dole the president.

Stevens urged the U.S. government to annexthe Hawaiian Islands. President Grover Clevelandrefused to take over the islands unless a majority ofHawaiians favored that. In 1897, however, WilliamMcKinley became president. He favored annexa-tion. In 1898, Hawaii became a U.S. territory.

2. How did Hawaiians lose control of their islands?

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BEFORE YOU READIn the last section, you learned how the United Statesbecame an imperialist power and took over the HawaiianIslands.

In this section, you will learn how the United Statesbecame involved in Cuba and fought a war with Spain.

AS YOU READUse this time line to take notes. In each box, write whathappened on that date.

TERMS AND NAMESJosé Martí Political activist whoworked for Cuban independenceValeriano Weyler General sent fromSpain to Cuba to restore order in 1896yellow journalism Reporting innewspapers and magazines thatexaggerates the news in order tomake it more excitingU.S.S. Maine U.S. warship thatexploded in a Cuban harbor in 1898George Dewey U.S. navalcommander who led the Americanattack on the Philippines Rough Riders Fighting unit led byTheodore Roosevelt in Cuba San Juan Hill Location of animportant American land victory inCubaTreaty of Paris The treaty that endedthe Spanish-American War

The Spanish– American War

Cubans Rebel Against Spain(pages 552–553)

What happened when Cubarebelled against Spain?Between 1868 and 1878, Cubans fought their firstwar for independence from Spain. The rebels didnot win, but they did force Spain to abolish slaveryin 1886. After that, United States capitalists invest-ed heavily in sugar cane plantations in Cuba.

Sugar was the most important product of Cuba.The United States was the main market for thesugar. As long the United States did not charge atariff on Cuban sugar, the Cuban economy thrived.But the Cuban economy collapsed in 1894 when atariff on sugar was imposed.

In 1895, Cubans began a second war for inde-pendence. The rebellion was led by José Martí.He was a Cuban poet and journalist who had beenliving in exile in New York. The rebels wanted theUnited States to join their cause.

American opinion was mixed. Some wanted tosupport Spain in order to keep their investmentssafe. Others wanted to help the Cuban people wintheir freedom from Spain just as the United Stateshad won its independence from England.

1. How did Cuba’s two wars for independence affectAmerican business interests?

May 1, 1898

April 20, 1898 July 25, 1898

February 15, 1898U.S.S. Maine explodes in Cubanharbor

February 6, 1899

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War Fever Escalates(pages 553–554)

Why did Americans becomeangry with Spain?In 1896, Spain sent an army to Cuba to restoreorder. The army was led by General ValerianoWeyler. Weyler rounded up the entire rural popu-lation of central and western Cuba. He kept300,000 people as prisoners in concentrationcamps. That way they could not help the rebels.Many of them died of hunger and disease.

This story was widely reported in the UnitedStates. Rival newspapers in New York made theterrible events sound even worse. They exaggerat-ed the brutality of the story in order to attractreaders. These sensational stories became knownas yellow journalism—reporting that exaggeratesthe news in order to make it more exciting.

William McKinley became president in 1897. Atthat time, many Americans wanted the United Statesto help the rebels against Spain. McKinley tried tofind a peaceful solution to the crisis. His efforts hadseveral positive results. Spain sent General Weylerhome, changed the concentration camp policy, andgave Cuba limited self-government.

Then two events made Americans very angry atSpain. The first was the publication of a letter thatinsulted the American president. The de Lôme let-ter was written by a Spanish diplomat. It criticizedMcKinley for being weak. Although someAmericans agreed that the president was weak,they did not want to hear this criticism from aSpanish official.

Only a few days after the letter was published,something worse happened. The battleship U.S.S.Maine was stationed in Cuba to protect Americanlives and property. On February 15, 1898, the shipexploded. The ship sank, and 260 officers and crewon board died. The cause of the explosion was notknown. However, newspapers blamed Spain.Americans cried for war.

2. What two events led Americans to call for waragainst Spain?

War with Spain Erupts (pages 554–557)

Where and when did the fighting take place? On April 20, 1898, the United States went to warwith Spain. The first battle took place in thePhilippines. The Philippines had been a Spanishcolony for 300 years. They had rebelled manytimes. In 1896, they began another rebellion.

On May 1, 1898, the American naval comman-der George Dewey sailed into Manila Bay in thePhilippines. His ships destroyed the Spanish fleetthere. In the next two months, U.S. soldiers foughton the side of the Filipino rebels. The Spanish sur-rendered to the United States in August.

In Cuba, the American navy blocked off theharbor of Santiago de Cuba. Spanish ships couldnot leave. Then American troops landed on theisland in June 1898.

One unit of volunteer soldiers was called theRough Riders. Theodore Roosevelt was one oftheir leaders. They helped win the important battleof San Juan Hill. American newspapers madeRoosevelt a hero.

When the Spanish ships tried to leave the har-bor, their fleet was destroyed. This led the Spanishto surrender on July 25.

Spain quickly agreed to a peace treaty. TheTreaty of Paris granted Cuba its independence.Spain gave Puerto Rico and the Pacific island ofGuam to the United States. The United States paidSpain $20 million for the annexation of thePhilippine Islands. The Treaty of Paris touched offa great debate in the United States about imperial-ism. President McKinley was in favor of it. Butsome Americans said annexing territories violatedthe spirit of the Declaration of Independence bydenying self-government to the new territories.Booker T. Washington and Samuel Gompers alsoopposed the treaty. The Senate approved the treatyon February 6, 1899.

3. What three territories did the United States get fromthe war with Spain?

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BEFORE YOU READIn the last section, you learned how the United States andSpain fought over Cuba and the Philippines.

In this section, you will read how the United States contin-ued its imperialism.

AS YOU READUse this diagram to take notes. Fill in the boxes to describethe relationships between the United States and PuertoRico, Cuba, the Philippines, and China.

COUNTRY AMERICAN ACT IONS RESPONSES TO ACT IONS

Puerto Ricosent military forces to Puerto Rico in 1898

Cuba

The Philippines

China

TERMS AND NAMESForaker Act Law which endedmilitary rule in Puerto RicoPlatt Amendment Provisions in theCuban constitution that gave theUnited States broad rights in thatcountryprotectorate A country that is partlycontrolled by another, strongercountryEmilio Aguinaldo Filipino rebelleaderJohn Hay U.S. secretary of stateOpen Door notes Message sent byJohn Hay to other countries toprotect U.S. trading rights in ChinaBoxer Rebellion Chinese rebellionagainst Western influence, 1900

Acquiring New Lands

Ruling Puerto Rico (pages 558–559)

How did Puerto Ricans feel about U.S. control?Puerto Rico had become an American territory asa result of the Spanish–American War. Americanforces landed in Puerto Rico in July 1898. Thecommanding officer declared that the Americanswere there to protect the Puerto Ricans. Butother U.S. military officials insulted the PuertoRicans. They spoke of them as children and set

limits on their personal freedom. Many PuertoRicans began to resent the military government.In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Actwhich ended military rule and set up a civilgovernment.

The United States kept strict control over thepeople and their government. In 1917, however,Congress made Puerto Ricans U.S. citizens.

1. Why did some Puerto Ricans resent U.S. control oftheir government?

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Cuba and the United States(pages 559–561)

How did the United States keep control over Cuba?Cuba was officially independent after the war. TheU.S. army, however, remained in Cuba for fouryears. It punished Cubans who did not like thisAmerican occupation.

In 1900, the new Cuban government wrote aconstitution. The United States insisted they addthe Platt Amendment. The amendment limitedCuba’s rights in dealing with other countries. Itgave the United States special privileges, includingthe right to intervene to preserve order.

Cuba became a U.S. protectorate—a countrywhose affairs are partially controlled by a strongerpower. The United States insisted on these rightsbecause of its economic interests in Cuba.

2. What did the United States do to protect businessinterests in Cuba?

Filipinos Rebel (page 561)

Why did the Filipinos rebelagainst the United States? Filipinos had been fighting for independence foryears. They were angry that the United States hadannexed their islands. Rebel leader EmilioAguinaldo believed that the United States hadpromised independence. He felt that the UnitedStates had betrayed the Filipinos after helpingthem win independence.

In 1899, Aguinaldo started a rebellion, whichlasted three years. After winning that war, theUnited States set up a government similar to theone it had set up in Cuba.

3. Why did Aguinaldo feel betrayed by the UnitedStates?

Foreign Influence in China(pages 562–563)

What were U.S. interests in China?By 1899, many countries had economic interests inChina. The United States wanted to be able to

trade with China. The Secretary of State John Haysent a statement of this policy to the other coun-tries. His policy statements were called the OpenDoor notes. They called for China’s ports toremain open and for China to remain independent.No country would have special trading rights. Theother countries agreed.

In 1900, a secret society in China started arebellion. They were protesting the influence ofWestern countries in China. Troops from manycountries including the United States foughtagainst the rebels, or Boxers. After the BoxerRebellion was defeated, the United States issuedmore Open Door notes to make sure other coun-tries did not make colonies out of China.

4. Why did Secretary of State John Hay issue the OpenDoor notes?

The Impact of U.S. Territorial Gains (page 564)

How did Americans feel about U.S. imperialism?President William McKinley was reelected in 1900.His opponent had been an anti-imperialist,William Jennings Bryan. The outcome of the elec-tion suggests that most Americans disagreed withBryan. Imperialism was popular.

An Anti-Imperialist League formed includingsome prominent Americans. Among its memberswere former president Grover Cleveland, AndrewCarnegie, Jane Addams, and Mark Twain. Eachhad their own reasons for being against imperial-ism. But all agreed it was wrong for the UnitedStates to rule other people without their consent.

5. What did McKinley’s reelection show aboutAmerican attitudes toward imperialism?

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BEFORE YOU READIn the last section, you learned about the growth ofAmerican imperialism.

In this section, you will learn how Roosevelt and Wilsonused American military and economic power.

AS YOU READUse this diagram to take notes. Fill in the boxes as you readabout Roosevelt’s and Wilson’s use of American power.

USING AMERICAN POWER

Roosevelt Wilson

Mediated settlement in Russo-Japanese War

TERMS AND NAMESPanama Canal A channel acrossCentral America, between the Atlanticand Pacific Oceans, opened in 1914Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt’s 1904extension of the Monroe Doctrine,stating that the United States has theright to protect its economic interestsin South and Central America byusing military forcedollar diplomacy The policy ofintervening in other countries toprotect U.S. business interestsFrancisco “Pancho” Villa MexicanrevolutionaryEmiliano Zapata Mexican rebelJohn J. Pershing U.S. general wholed troops to capture Villa

America as a World Power

Teddy Roosevelt and the World(pages 565–569)

How did Roosevelt use American power?In 1901, President McKinley was assassinated, andTheodore Roosevelt became president. Rooseveltcontinued the policies of imperialism. He first usedU.S. influence to help settle the Russo-Japanese War.

The war began in 1904. Both Russia and Japanwanted to control Korea. Japan captured Koreaand also invaded Manchuria, which was controlledby Russia.

Then Japan wanted to stop the fighting. TheJapanese asked President Roosevelt to mediate theconflict. In 1905, representatives of Russia andJapan met. Roosevelt used his personal charm tohelp them negotiate a compromise. They signed a

treaty, and Roosevelt received the 1906 NobelPeace Prize for his efforts.

Roosevelt also used his influence to help buildthe Panama Canal. The idea of a canal connectingthe Atlantic and Pacific Oceans had been discussedfor some time. Such a canal would cut travel timefor military and commercial ships. Ships would nolonger have to go all the way around South Americain order to get from one ocean to the other.

The narrow Isthmus of Panama was a logicalplace to cut a canal. Political problems stood in theway, however. Panama was a province of Colombia.When Colombia did not agree to the canal, theUnited States helped Panama to rebel againstColombia. Panama became independent. Then theUnited States got Panama’s permission to build thecanal.

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Construction of the Panama Canal was one ofthe world’s greatest engineering accomplishments.Work began in 1904 and took 10 years. In 1913,there were 43,400 workers on the project. Thework was hard and dangerous.

On August 15, 1914, the canal opened for busi-ness. It was a success from the start. More than1,000 ships passed through during its first year.However, relations between the United States andLatin America had been damaged by the takeoverof Panama.

President Roosevelt wanted the United Statesto be the major power in the Caribbean andCentral America. He declared his policy in a mes-sage to Congress in 1904. His statement was calledthe Roosevelt Corollary. A corollary is a logicalresult of another statement, in this case theMonroe Doctrine of 1823. That doctrine had saidthe United States would not allow European influ-ence in the Western Hemisphere. Roosevelt nowsaid that the United States had the right to inter-vene in Latin American countries to protect U.S.business interests.

In 1911, President Taft used this policy inNicaragua. A rebellion had left the country in debt.Taft arranged for U.S. bankers to loan Nicaraguamoney. In exchange, American business took con-trol of the railroads and banks in the country. Theyalso collected Nicaragua’s custom duties.

Nicaraguans did not like this arrangement.They rebelled. The United States then sent troopsto Nicaragua to preserve the peace. Those who didnot like this kind of intervention called it dollardiplomacy.

1. What are two ways Roosevelt used U.S. power inother countries?

Woodrow Wilson’s MissionaryDiplomacy (pages 569–571)

Why did President Wilson sendtroops to Mexico?President Woodrow Wilson took a step beyondPresidents Monroe and Roosevelt by adding amoral tone to Latin American policy. He said

that the United States must act in certaincircumstances.

This so-called “missionary diplomacy” meantthat the United States could not officially recognizegovernments that were oppressive, undemocratic,or opposed to U.S. business interests. The newdoctrine put pressure on countries to have democ-ratic governments. A revolution in Mexico testedthis policy.

In 1910, Mexican peasants and workersrebelled against their military dictator. Two newgovernments followed, the second headed byGeneral Victoriano Huerta.

Wilson refused to support the Huerta govern-ment because it came to power through violence.

Wilson sent in troops. When a new leader,Venustiano Carranza, took power in Mexico,Wilson withdrew the troops.

Mexico remained in turmoil. Under the leader-ship of Francisco “Pancho” Villa and EmilianoZapata, rebels revolted against Carranza. Some ofVilla’s followers killed Americans. The UnitedStates wanted to capture Villa.

Finally the Mexican government gave permis-sion to send in troops. Wilson sent General John J.Pershing with 15,000 soldiers. A year later, Villawas still free. Wilson then stationed 150,000National Guardsmen along the border.

Mexicans were angered by the U.S. invasion. In1916, U.S. troops fought with Carranza’s army. In1917, Wilson withdrew U.S. troops. At that time,he was facing possible war in Europe.

Finally, Mexico adopted a constitution. TheMexicans regained control of their own resourcesand put limits on foreign investment. Americanintervention in Mexico showed how far the UnitedStates was willing to go to protect its economicinterests.

In the early 20th century, the U.S pursued sev-eral foreign policy goals. It expanded its access toforeign markets. It built a modern navy to protectits interest abroad. It used its international policepower to get its way in Latin America.

2. What were two reasons Wilson sent troops to Mexico?

abolish Put an end toannex Add to a country as aterritory or protectoratebrutality Cruelty capitalist A person who investsmoney in businessdiplomat A person sent to anothercountry as a representativeduty-free Free from government taxengineering Applying science andmathematics to practical problemsFilipino A native or inhabitant of thePhilippines

in exile Not allowed to live in one’sown countryintervention To interfere in theaffairs of another countryisthmus A narrow strip of landmediate To help two sidesnegotiate, as a peacemakermoral Based on a judgment of rightand wrongnegotiate To try to reach anagreement by talkingoccupation The act of taking overand holding a place

oppressive Cruel, harshracist Based on the prejudice thatone race is better than anotherrecognize To accept officially that agovernment has the right to be inpowertechnology Practical devices andmachines invented by science territory Area under the control of acountry as a colonial possessionturmoil Confusion and upset

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Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________

Glossary CHAPTER 18 America Claims an Empire

_____ 1. U.S. naval officer who supported imperialism

_____ 2. Cuban poet and journalist who launched a revolution

_____ 3. Secretary of state who issued the Open Door notes

_____ 4. President who used missionary diplomacy

_____ 5. Mexican revolutionary leader American troops tried to capture

a. Francisco “Pancho”Villa

b. Alfred T. Mahanc. Theodore Rooseveltd. Woodrow Wilsone. John Hayf. José Martí

AFTER YOU READ

Terms and NamesA. Write the letter of the name that best matches each description.

B. Fill in the blank with the letter of the name or term that best completes each sentence.

a. Rough Ridersb. the Philippinesc. Sanford B. Doled. Roosevelt Corollarye. Platt Amendmentf. U.S.S. Maine

g. San Juan Hillh. Boxer Rebellioni. Panama j. Emilio Aguinaldo

1. American business groups created a government in Hawaii with_________ as president.

2. The United States declared war on Spain, soon after the _________exploded in a Cuban harbor.

3. After the Spanish–American War, the United States paid Spain $20 million to annex _________.

4. The _________ gave the United States broad rights in the affairs of Cuba.

5. The Filipino rebel leader _________ believed that the United Stateshad betrayed his people.

6. The United States helped to start a revolution in _________ in order toget land for a canal.

7. The battle of _________ in Cuba helped the United States defeat Spain.

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190 CHAPTER 18 AFTER YOU READ

Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________

AFTER YOU READ (continued) CHAPTER 18 America Claims an Empire

8. A Chinese secret society led the _________ to protest Western influence in their country.

9. The _________ stated that the United States could intervene in Latin American countries.

10. _________ was the nickname of Theodore Roosevelt’s cavalry unit.

Main Ideas1. What benefits did countries get from practicing imperialism?

2. How were Americans divided about Cuban independence?

3. What sparked the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 and how was it crushed?

4. How did the Roosevelt Corollary lead to dollar diplomacy?

5. How did President Wilson justify his invasion of Mexico?

Thinking CriticallyAnswer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of Admiral Mahan’s goals for becoming a world power do you consider most important? Why?

2. Do you think it was right for the United States to get involved in the affairs of Columbia, Nicaragua, and Mexico?Why or why not?

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