chapter 10staff without background...chapter 10 commas series use commas
TRANSCRIPT
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning
management system for classroom use.
Chapter 10
Commas
Series
Use commas to separate three or more equally ranked elements (words, phrases, or short clauses) in a series.
A comma before the conjunction ensures separation of the last two items.
10-2© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Series of Words:
• He submitted all production,
distribution, sales, and financial data.
10-3
Series of Phrases:
• Government is of the people, by
the people, and for the people.
Series
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Series of Clauses:
• Lee investigated hiring, Kelly studied compensation, and Mark researched benefits.
10-4
Repeated Conjunctions (no
commas needed)
• I copied and Mike collated and Lisa
stapled.
Series
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Direct Address
Use commas to set off words and phrases of direct address.
• We assure you, Ms. Ortiz, that your bill will be corrected.
• Do you know when the results will be available, Dr. Martin?
10-5© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
10-6
Parenthetical Expressions
Use commas to set off nonessential words, phrases, and clauses
• Examples of parentheticals:
as a matter of fact
by the way
for example
in addition
incidentally
in fact
in the meantime
needless to say
no doubt
of course
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
10-7
• By the way, have you made your appointment yet? (Beginning of sentence)
• You did, no doubt, make payment with a
credit card. (Middle of sentence)
• We’ll need an answer immediately, needless to say. (End of sentence)
Exception:• We have no doubt that your plan will succeed.
Parenthetical Expressions
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Dates
Use commas to set off the second and following elements when dates contain more than one element.
10-8
• A sales record was set November 14 in Chicago.
No comma needed for one element.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
10-9
• A sales record was set Wednesday,November 14, in Chicago.
Two commas set off second element.
• A sales record was set Wednesday,November 14, 2014, in Chicago.
Commas set off second and third elements.
Dates
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
10-10
• In April 2013 we opened a second office.
Exception: The comma is omitted in writing month and year only.
Dates
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Time Zones
Use commas to set off time zones used with clock times.
• His flight left at 11:10 a.m., EST, and
arrived in Los Angeles at 1:50 p.m.,
PST.
10-11© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Addresses and Geographical Items
Use commas to set off the second and following elements in addresses and geographical items that contain more than one element.
• The letter from Jane Mangrum,
Miami-Dade Community College,
Miami, Florida 33176, was provocative.
10-12© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
• We received inquiries from San Antonio,
Texas, and Tampa, Florida, about the job.
• Last summer we traveled to Paris,France, and London, England, for our honeymoon.
10-13
Addresses and Geographical Items
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Appositives
Use commas to set off an appositive that provides information not essential to the identification of its antecedent.
10-14
• Douglas Dawson, the wireless
customer service rep, called.
The appositive adds nonessential information; commas set it off.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
10-15
• The wireless customer service rep Douglas Dawson called.
In this case, the appositive is needed to identify which customer service rep called; therefore, no commas are used.
• My brother Keith will visit in December.
One-word appositives do not require commas.
Appositives
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
1. Conservationists are working to save endangered tigers whales pandas and rhinos.
2. They fear as a matter of fact that the great apes will soon become another threatened species.
10-16
Insert needed commas.
, ,
,,
,
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
3. George Schaller who is a world-renowned field biologist said that conventional approaches have not worked.
4. Our next meeting is at 1 p.m. EST in Albany New York.
10-17
,
,
, ,,
Insert needed commas.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
5. Conservation International held an important meeting on Monday November 17 in Rio de Janeiro Brazil to discuss the Amazon ecosystem.
10-18
, ,,,Insert
needed commas.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Independent Adjectives
Separate two adjectives that equally modify a noun with a comma.
• How many laborious, inefficient
procedures can we eliminate?
10-19© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
With the Adverb Too
10-20
When the adverb too is used to mean “also”:--If too is at the end of sentence or clause: omit comma--If too is elsewhere in sentence: set off with commas
• Many employees voted for the proposal too.
• My supervisor, too, voted for the proposal.
When the adverb too is used to mean “excessively”: --Don’t set off with commas
• Some people talk too much during meetings.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Introductory Verbal Phrases
Follow verbal phrases that precede main clauses with commas.
• Hoping to get a seat, James arrived early.
• To complete the job, we must work overtime.
• Shocked, we listened to the CEO’s announcement.
10-21© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Prepositional Phrases
Follow one or more introductory prepositional phrases totaling four or more words with a comma.
• For the past six months,
wireless service has been erratic.
• In the spring of next year, we will try a new system.
10-22© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Introductory prepositional phrases of three or fewer words require no commas.
• By next Monday you will receive your order.
• In 2016 the new tax will be repealed.
• In this case we will not intervene.
• On Friday I placed an order on your Web site.
10-23
Prepositional Phrases
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
10-24
• We do not at this time anticipate layoffs.
Do NOT use commas to set off internal prepositional phrases that do not interrupt the sentence.
Prepositional Phrases
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Independent Clauses
When a coordinating conjunction joins independent clauses, use a comma before the conjunction.When short clauses (up to 13 words) are joined by the conjunction and, no comma is needed.• The computer is an efficient tool of
management, but it does not eliminate the need for managers.
• We have tried many times and we have failed. (No comma)
10-25© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Introductory Clauses
Follow dependent clauses that precede independent clauses with commas.
• When Mark was hired, his manager outlined his duties.
• If Jennifer applies, we will surely hire her.
10-26© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Terminal Dependent Clauses
Use a comma before a dependent clause at the end of a sentence ONLY if the clause adds nonessential information.
• Information is considered essential if it answers questions such as When? Why? and How?
10-27© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
10-28
• We are usually open from 10 until 5,
although we can make special
arrangements if necessary.
An although clause adds extra nonessential information.
• His duties were outlined when he was
hired.
When clause adds essential information.
Terminal Dependent Clauses
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Nonessential Clauses
Use commas to set off clauses that are used parenthetically or that supply information unneeded for the grammatical completeness of a sentence.
10-29
• Claudia Paredes, who teaches
in California, submitted excellent suggestions.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
1. Traveling across the country I wanted a hotel that was technically equipped.
2. I hoped for a room with an adjustable comfortable work station chair.
10-30
Insert needed commas. Some sentences are correct.
,
,
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
In the past I had difficulty finding rooms with high-speed wireless access and I was not hopeful this time.
10-31
,Insert needed commas. Some sentences are correct.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
I checked into a Hilton and immediately locked myself in my room and opened my laptop.
Our sales rep Tom Tyler prefers Marriott hotels.
10-32
Correct
Correct
Insert needed commas. Some sentences are correct.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
7. When I finished my report Iwent down to the hotel restaurant for a burger and some fries too.
8. Liz Cabiles who travels frequently recommends Hyatt hotels.
10-33
,
,,
Insert needed commas. Some sentences are correct.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Degrees and Abbreviations
Set off degrees, personal titles, and professional designations following individuals’ names with commas (except for Jr., Sr., and Roman numerals).
• Fritz Werner Jr. and Fritz Werner Sr.
attended Stafford Smith III’s graduation.
• Paul William Murphey, PhD, is the keynote speaker.
• Expert witness Todd James, MD,
supported the defense.
10-34© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Set off the abbreviations Inc. and Ltd.
with commas if the company’s legal name includes the commas.
• Scandia, Inc., advertised this dining set.
• Lamps Ltd. is now located in the mall. (Legal name does not include comma before Ltd.)
10-35
Degrees and Abbreviations
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Numerals
Separate unrelated figures appearing side by side with commas
• By 2016, 54 franchises will be in operation.
Numerals of more than three digits require commas.
4,321 43,210 4,321,000
10-36© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Omitted Words
Use a comma to show the omission of understood words.
• Some employees leave work at 5 p.m.; others, at 5:30 p.m.
10-37© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Contrasting Statements
Use commas to set off contrasting or opposing expressions.
• Managers are made, not born.
• The greater the sales, the greater
the profits.
10-38© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Clarity
Use commas to separate words repeated for emphasis and words that may be misread if not separated.
• We had a long, long meeting to iron out differences.
• In short, employees must be more courteous.
• What it is, is hard work.
10-39© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Short Quotations
Use a comma to separate a short quotation from the rest of the sentence.
Use two commas if the quotation is divided into two parts.
• Mark Twain said, “We all have our limitations in the matter of grammar.”
• “I have never seen a book,” he added,
“which had no grammatical defects in it.”
10-40© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
1. Speakers included William Lee PhD and Phyllis Wilson MD.
2. By December 1 45 people had applied for holiday jobs.
3. Last year we hired 120 temporary workers; this year only 50.
10-41
Insert needed commas.
,
,
,
,
,
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
4. Although tired workers tried to stay alert during the night shift.
5. Suzy said “Are you sure this is the last question?”
10-42
,
,Insert needed commas.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
10-43
Which is correct?
• The actress Amy Adams says Meryl Streep is the best actress in films.
OR
• The actress Amy Adams, says Meryl Streep, is the best actress in films.
See the difference?
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
10-44
Which is correct?
• Mr. Lee, the secretary is two hours late.
OR
• Mr. Lee, the secretary, is two hours late.
See the difference?
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
10-45
Which is correct?
• I’m hungry so let’s eat John.
OR
• I’m hungry so let’s eat, John.
See the difference?
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer