chapters. - online.wiseup.com

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Chapters.

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Walking Around p. 03

Directions p. 20

Bus p. 36

Subway p. 52

Cab p. 69

Ridesharing p. 90

Other Types of Transportation p. 109

8 Grammar Guide p. 126

Arquivo Interativo. Interações no menu ao lado, topo e base das páginas, e nas indicações do Grammar Guide no f inal de cada lesson.

Walking Around.

[Looking at Los Angeles from above]Casey:Big place, isn’t it? Look at those buildings! Today we’ll learn how to use the transportation system, and L.A. is going to be our example! When visiting a city, the best way to get to know that city is to walk around! This means sometimes turning right, turning left, and sometimes going straight. And also, it means stopping and asking for directions, and being able to understand those instructions. It also means that you’ll need to use the famous phrases “How do I get there?” and “How do I get here?” And we’ll go over all this! There are still a couple more forms of different or alternative transportation, such as renting or riding a bike. You can also rent or ride an electric scooter. Now, I’m really excited to get to experience these examples with you guys, so I say: let’s get started!

[Walking around Los Angeles]Casey:Some useful information to know, as you’re learning about transportation systems, is the types of roads. For example, we’re here on a very famous road: this is Hollywood Boulevard. A boulevard is a wide road in a city or town that typically has trees along the sides. I’m now here on the corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Argyle Avenue. As you can see from the sign behind me, we have Argyle Av. “Av.” is an abbreviation that stands for “avenue.” I’m on the corner of Argyle Avenue and Hollywood Boulevard, and now we’re going to walk one block, from Argyle Avenue to Vine Street.

WALKING AROUND

We all love to travel. In order to make the most of you trip, it would be nice to know some expressions and ways to say things. In this chapter, you will learn some expressions and constructions that will help you throughout your trips. Besides that, you will also see some language items that will help you improve your language skills.

Now look at the script of Walking Around.

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities

4< voltar para o índice

Part 1.

Now, you may be asking yourself: what is the difference between an avenue and a street? Well, for Americans, it’s interchangeable. It really just depends on what the city wants to name the road. So now we’ll walk one block to the corner of Vine Street and Hollywood Boulevard.

[Walking] Casey:So now we’re almost there on the corner of Vine Street and Hollywood Boulevard, just a little further. And now we’ve walked one block to the corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street. Well, I’ll keep on walking; there’s a lot to see in L.A., and I just love to walk around!

CAMINHANDO

[Olhando para Los Angeles de cima]Casey:Que lugar grande, não é mesmo? Olhem só para esses prédios. Hoje vamos aprender como usar o sistema de transporte, e Los Angeles será o nosso exemplo. Quando você está visitando uma cidade, às vezes a melhor maneira de conhecê-la é andando a pé. E isso signif ica ter que, às vezes, virar à direita, virar à esquerda, e, às vezes, seguir reto. Também signif ica parar e pedir informações e conseguir entender essas instruções. Isso também quer dizer que você terá que usar as famosas frases “Como chego lá?” e “Como chego aqui?”. E vamos ver tudo isso! Ainda temos alguns outros meios diferentes ou alternativos de transporte, como alugar ou andar de bicicleta. Você também pode alugar e andar de patinete elétrico. Estou muito animado para experimentar esses exemplos com vocês; então, vamos começar!

[Andando por Los Angeles]Casey:Algumas informações úteis de se saber, na medida em que você está aprendendo sobre meios de transporte, são os tipos de vias. Estamos em uma via muito famosa, que é o Hollywood Boulevard, por exemplo. Um boulevard é uma via larga em uma cidade ou município que geralmente é ladeada por árvores. Estou na esquina da Avenida Argyle com o Hollywood Boulevard. Como vocês podem ver pelas placas atrás de mim, temos a Av. Argyle. “Av.” é uma abreviação que signif ica



“avenida”. Estou na esquina da Avenida Argyle com o Hollywood Boulevard, e agora vou andar um quarteirão, da Avenida Argyle até a Rua Vine.

Agora, você pode estar se perguntando qual é a diferença entre uma avenida e uma rua. Bem, para os americanos, os dois termos podem ter o mesmo signif icado. Só depende de como a prefeitura quer chamar a via. Agora vamos caminhar um quarteirão, até a esquina da Rua Vine com o Hollywood Boulevard.

[Andando]Casey:Estamos quase na esquina da Rua Vine com o Hollywood Boulevard, falta pouco. E agora caminhamos um quarteirão até a esquina do Hollywood Boulevard com a Rua Vine. Bem, vou continuar caminhando! Há muito o que se ver em Los Angeles, e eu adoro passear a pé!



Turn left Dobre/Vire à esquerda

Go ahead on the main street Vá/Siga em frente na rua principal

In this chapter, you will learn all the information you need to get around the city. We will cover the most important means of transportation, as well as learn how to ask for directions and understand the information that is given to you.

Let’s start with examples of some key sentences to ask for directions:

How can I get to the subway station?Como posso chegar à estação de metrô?

How do I go to the museum?Como chego ao museu?

Could you tell me where the bus stop is?Você poderia me dizer onde é o ponto de ônibus?

If you need to go somewhere and ask for directions, or even enter an address in a GPS app, you will probably hear instructions such as:

Turn right Dobre/Vire à direita

Video Script VocabularyChapter 1 Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities


Part 2.

URBAN ROADS

Boulevard – Blvd./Bl.Boulevard

Avenue – Av./Ave.Avenida

Street – St.Rua

Road – Rd.Estrada

It is also important to learn some vocabulary related to streets and urban areas:

WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO URBAN AREAS

SidewalkCalçada

Crosswalk / Pedestrian crossing / Zebra crossing

Faixa de pedestres

Curb Meio-fio

But to move around the city, you will also need to understand addresses in English. In the U.S., it is very common to see references such as boulevard, avenue, street, etc. Not only will you need to learn what they are, but also what their abbreviations are. Take a look:

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar ActivitiesVocabularyVideo Script


Traffic lightSinal de trânsito

Corner Esquina

Block Quarteirão/Quadra

Now, when we travel, we don’t just walk around. Depending on the distance, we have to use some means of transportation. They may be:

MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION

Bus Ônibus

Taxi/Cab/TaxicabTáxi

SubwayMetrô

TrainTrem

Ridesharing services

Serviço de carona compartilhada

BikeBicicleta

Rental carCarro alugado

Electric scooterPatinete elétrico

There are many ways to move around when you are traveling.

Nowadays, a popular one is to rent some means of transportation.

Here are some means of transportation you can rent:



PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

But you can choose to use public transportation. In this case, you can:

Take the busPegar o ônibus

Take the subway Pegar o metrô

Take the trainPegar o trem

If you want to take a taxi or a ridesharing service car, you can say you will:

TAXI AND RIDESHARING SERVICE

Call a taxi Chamar um táxi

Take a taxiPegar um táxi

Call a ridesharing service carChamar um carro de carona compartilhada

Hail a taxiFazer sinal para um táxi

Rent a car Alugar um carro

Rent a bikeAlugar uma bicicleta

Rent a scooterAlugar um patinete

RENTALS



Now you know some types of streets and their abbreviations, vocabulary related to streets, some of the most common means

of transportation, and the verbs related to them.

A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word(s) according to the translation.

( 1 ) Ridesharing services

( 2 ) Electric scooter

( 3 ) Take a bus

( 4 ) Call a ridesharing service car

( 5 ) Hail a taxi

( 6 ) Take the subway

( 7 ) Curb

( 8 ) Take a taxi

( 9 ) Rent a bike

( 10 ) Traff ic light

( 11 ) Rental car

( 12 ) Block

( ) Fazer sinal para um táxi

( ) Serviços de carona compartilhada por aplicativo

( ) Pegar um táxi

( ) Meio-fio

( ) Patinete elétrico

( ) Sinal de trânsito

( ) Quarteirão/Quadra

( ) Carro alugado

( ) Pegar um ônibus

( ) Alugar uma bicicleta

( ) Pegar o metrô

( ) Chamar um carro compartilhado

a) How can I get to the ? Como posso chegar à estação de metrô?

b) left. Vire à esquerda.

c) How do I to the museum? Como chego ao museu?

d) on the main street. Siga em frente na rua principal

e) Could you tell me where the is? Você poderia me dizer onde é o ponto de ônibus?

f) Turn . Dobre à direita.

Vocabulary ActivitiesChapter 1 Vocabulary Grammar Grammar ActivitiesVideo Script


Activity A – Answers5 / 1 / 8 / 7 / 2 / 10 / 12 / 11 / 3 / 9 / 6 / 4

Activity B – Answersa. subway stationb. Turnc. go/get

d. Go ahead / Go / Go straight ahead e. bus stopf. right

Part 3.

Activities

In this chapter, we will talk about word class. We will cover nouns, pronouns, verbs, and learn how to use them in an aff irmative sentence.

Let’s begin with the nouns. There are many types of nouns and, in general, they name:

If you want to describe the characteristic of a noun, you will pair the noun with an adjective. For example:

ThingsCoisas

PeoplePessoas

PlacesLugares

Nouns are used to name:Substantivos são usados para nomear:

FeelingsSentimentos

NOUNS

ADJECTIVES + NOUNS

Wide avenue Avenida ampla

(adjective “wide” + noun “avenue”)

Busy street Rua movimentada

(adjective “busy” + noun “street”)

Fast train Trem veloz

(adjective “fast” + noun “train”)

Crowded bus Ônibus cheio

(adjective “crowded” + noun “bus”)

Vocabulary Activities GrammarChapter 1 Vocabulary Grammar ActivitiesVideo Script


Part 4.

Note that in all these examples the adjectives come before the nouns. And the same goes for numbers:

NUMBERS + NOUNS

One bus Um ônibus

(number “one” + noun “bus”)

When the nouns are used in a sentence, they may be part of a verb’s subject or object. So, let’s talk about verbs. There are two main types of verbs:

VERBS

Action verbs represent actions Verbos de ação representam ações

Linking verbs indicate state or condition Verbos de ligação indicam estado ou condição

Verbs may be inflected in different verb forms, but every time you refer to a verb in its base form, you will refer to the infinitive. In English, the infinitive form is preceded by the particle “to.” Check it out:

VERBS IN THE INFINITIVE

Two buses Dois ônibus

(number “two” + noun “bus”)

To walkAndar

To runCorrer

To driveDirigir

To rentAlugar

To beSer/Estar

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Grammar ActivitiesGrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script


In order to make a complete aff irmative sentence in English, the basic structure is known as SVC – Subject + Verb + Complement.

Let’s analyze a few examples in the aff irmative form. Check out these sentences:

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

Tourists rent bikes in the city.Turistas alugam bicicletas na cidade.

(Subject: “tourists” + Verb: “rent” + Complement: “bikes in the city”)

Verbs also have complements. Take a look at some complements of the verb to take related to means of transportation:

TAKE + COMPLEMENT

Take a taxiPegar um táxi

Take a busPegar um ônibus

Take the subway Pegar o metrô

Take the trainPegar o trem

Travelers like to walk on the streets.Viajantes gostam de andar pelas ruas.

(Subject: “travelers” + Verb: “like” + Complement: “to walk on the streets”)

When we want to convey a message, we can use several SVC sentences together. Take a look:

SVC sentence 1 SVC sentence 2

Travelers walk all over the city. They learn about the city this way.Viajantes andam por toda a cidade. Eles aprendem sobre a cidade desta forma.



SUBJECT PRONOUNS

Notice that travelers is the subject of SVC sentence 1. If we keep making reference to travelers, we don’t need to repeat this word. We can replace it with a subject pronoun, in this case, we used they, which is the third person plural subject pronoun.

Pronouns are used to replace nouns and avoid repetition. Subject pronouns replace nouns that function as the subjects of sentences. Let’s see them:

OBJECT PRONOUNS

Nouns can also be objects in a sentence. When the noun is the object of a sentence, and we want to replace it with a pronoun, we will use object pronouns. Here they are:

Singular Plural

1st personI

euwenós

2nd personyou

tu/vocêyou

vós/vocês

3rd person

heele

theyeles/elas

sheela

itele/ela/isso

Singular Plural

1st personme

me/mimus

nos/nós

2nd personyou

te/vocêyou

vocês

3rd person

himele/o/lhe

themeles/elas/os/as/lhes

herela/a/lhe

itele/ela/o/a/lhe



AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

In order to distinguish the subject from the object, we f irst need to identify the main verb. In aff irmative sentences, the subject always comes before the main verb, and the object comes after the main verb.

Then it becomes easy to replace nouns with either subject or object pronouns.

So, to sum up, we can say that:

This rule goes for every sentence in English—except for the interrogative sentences in which the verb to be is the main verb.

Let’s see some examples of subject and object pronouns being used in aff irmative sentences:

SUBJECTSujeito

It comes before the main verb Vem antes do verbo principal

You can replace nouns in this position with subject pronounsVocê pode substituir substantivos nesta posição por subject pronouns

OBJECTObjeto

It comes after the main verbVem depois do verbo principal

You can replace nouns in this position with object pronounsVocê pode substituir substantivos nessa posição por object pronouns

I usually take the bus. They are cheaper than taxis.Eu geralmente pego ônibus. Eles são mais baratos do que táxis.

(Sentence 1: subject pronoun “I” before the main verb “take”)(Sentence 2: subject pronoun “they” before the main verb “are”)



This subway line will take you to your hotel. It’s the yellow line.Essa linha de metrô vai te levar para o seu hotel. Ela é a linha amarela.

(Sentence 1: object pronoun “you” after the main verb “take”)(Sentence 2: subject pronoun “it” before the main verb “is”)

Julia has to buy a subway ticket. Where can she get it?Julia tem que comprar um bilhete de metrô. Onde ela pode comprá-lo?

(Sentence 1: subject pronoun “she” before the main verb “get”)(Sentence 2: object pronoun “it” after the main verb “get”)

Now, let’s analyze each sentence separately:

I usually take the bus.Eu geralmente pego o ônibus.

We used the subject pronoun I before the main verb take. The first-person pronoun leaves no question as to whom we are referring.

Now check how we keep talking about the same topic:

They are cheaper than taxis.Eles são mais baratos do que táxis.

Here we used the third person plural subject pronoun they. As we have already mentioned the bus before, it is clear in the context that they refers to buses.

Let’s see how the following example starts:

This subway line will take you to your hotel.Essa linha de metrô vai te levar para o seu hotel.



In this chapter, we have seen nouns, subject pronouns, object pronouns, verbs in the infinitive, and also how to put them together to form an

affirmative sentence. If you want to learn more about these topics, check the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Affirmative Form Page 130Infinitive Page 156Nouns 0Object Pronouns Page 183Subject Pronouns Page 230

In this case, we use the pronoun you, which is an object pronoun, since it comes after the main verb take. This pronoun refers to the person to whom we are talking, so it is also clear in the context.

Now, see how we keep talking about the same topic:

It’s the yellow line.Ela é a linha amarela.

Now we have the pronoun it working as the subject of the main verb is, which in the contracted form becomes it’s. It is clear in the context that it refers to subway line because we mentioned the noun in the previous sentence.

Let’s see one last example:

Now we have she before the main verb get, so it is a subject referring to Julia. And there is also it after the main verb, working as the object and referring to subway ticket.

Julia has to buy a subway ticket. Where can she get it?Julia tem que comprar um bilhete de metrô. Onde ela pode comprá-lo?



A. Classify the following words and expressions.

B. Complete the sentences with either a subject or object pronoun.

( a ) Verb in the infinitive

( b ) Noun

( c ) Subject Pronoun

( d ) Object Pronoun

( ) to take

( ) they

( ) Julia

( ) to rent

( ) bus

( ) her

( ) me

( ) him

( ) taxis

( ) to buy

( ) ticket

( ) subway

a) ’s the yellow line. Let’s take . Ela é a linha amarela. Vamos pegá-la.

b) I usually take the bus. are cheaper than taxis. Eu geralmente pego ônibus. Eles são mais baratos do que táxis.

c) Julia needs a ticket. Where can get ? Julia precisa de um bilhete. Onde ela pode comprá-lo?

d) usually take the bus when I’m traveling. Eu geralmente pego ônibus quando estou viajando.

e) learn about the city this way. Eles aprendem sobre a cidade desta forma.

f) Could tell where the bus stop is? Você poderia me dizer onde é o ponto de ônibus?

Grammar ActivitiesChapter 1 Vocabulary GrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script


Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

s( a

) to

take

( b )

bus

( b )

taxi

s( c

) th

ey

( d )

her

( a )

to b

uy( b

) Ju

lia( d

) m

e

( b )

ticke

t( a

) to

rent

( d )

him

( b )

subw

ay

Act

ivity

B –

Ans

wer

sa.

It –

itb.

The

yc.

She

– it

d. I

e. T

hey

f. yo

u –

me

Part 5.

Activities

Directions.



Part 1.

[Walking around Downtown Los Angeles]Casey:Sometimes while traveling, you may want to get to a specif ic location, like a museum, or a tourist attraction. Addresses are very important for maneuvering around a city, so let’s learn about addresses. Some important information that we need to know when talking about addresses is the use of prepositions, such as “at,” “in,” or “on,” But don’t worry! I’m going to make this very easy for you guys! If we want to be more specif ic about our location, we can use the prepositions “on” or “at.” Let’s talk about “on” f irst! We use “on” to refer to streets or roads that we are standing “on.” So, for example, I am “on” Hollywood Boulevard. But I could also be “on” Argyle Avenue, or I could be “on” Vine Street. If we want to refer to our locations using address numbers, like the ones behind me, we can use the preposition “at.” So, I am “at” 6633 Hollywood Boulevard. So, what’s our full address? I am “in” Los Angeles, “in” Hollywood, and we’ll use “on,” “on” Hollywood Boulevard. Now, if I wanted to use “at,” I could say I am “in” Los Angeles, “in” Hollywood, “at” 6633 Hollywood Boulevard. When asking for directions, it’s common for people to give you points of reference. These can be stores, churches, squares, buildings, banks or hospitals, or even bars! So, if I wanted to give you my current location using points of reference, I could tell you that I’m on the corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Las Palmas, right in front of the bar.

DIRECTIONS

You have seen some ways to get around the city. Now, we are going to see how to ask some questions in case we get lost. Not only that, we will also go through some more useful prepositions of place.

Now look at the script of Directions.



Sometimes, when you ask about a location, someone won’t give you a point of reference or a preposition of place. Instead, they’ll give you a distance. So, for example, if I were to ask: where is the Chinese Theater? I know it’s 0.2 miles in that direction. So the Chinese Theater is 322 meters in that direction, which is well within walking distance; so I say we walk this way!

[Casey looks a bit lost]Casey:You know, guys, sometimes when you’re visiting a city, you might get lost like I am right now. What do you do in that situation? Ask for directions.

[Approaching someone on the street] Casey:Hi, excuse me, could you tell me how do I get to the Chinese Theater?

Danielle:You want to just cross the street, go up about two blocks; it’ll be on your right side.

Casey:OK! Great! So it’s close by?

Danielle:Yes, it is!

Casey:Don’t panic if you don’t understand the information. You’ll come across people from different places, with different accents and different rhythms of speech. So, it’s absolutely alright if you need to ask the person to repeat the information. Or you could just try to repeat the information you’ve just received to confirm if you have understood it correctly.

[Talking to Danielle]Casey:Oh, you said the Chinese Theater was…I go right and take four blocks?

Danielle:No! It was you go two blocks and it is on the right!

Casey:OK, great! So, I just repeated what I thought Danielle said back to her, and she corrected me because I heard her wrong! And now that you’ve mastered that, I think that’s it!



[Andando pelo centro de Los Angeles]Casey:Algumas vezes, quando se está viajando, você pode querer chegar a um lugar específ ico, como um museu ou uma atração turística. Endereços são muito importantes para se locomover em uma cidade; então, vamos aprender sobre eles! Algumas informações importantes que devemos saber quando falamos sobre endereços são os usos das preposições. Como “at”, “in”, ou “on”, por exemplo. Mas não se preocupem! Eu vou facilitar isso para vocês! Se quisermos ser mais específ icos com relação à nossa localização, podemos usar as preposições “on” ou “at”. Vamos falar sobre “on” primeiro. Usamos “on” para nos referirmos a ruas ou estradas sobre as quais estamos. Eu estou “on Hollywood Boulevard”, por exemplo. Mas eu também posso estar “on Argyle Avenue”, ou poderia estar “onVine Street”.

Se queremos indicar a nossa localização usando números na rua, como o que está atrás de mim, podemos usar a preposição “at”. Estou “at Hollywood Boulevard, 6633”. Portanto, qual é o nosso endereço completo? Eu estou “in” Los Angeles, “in” Hollywood, e usaremos “on”, “on” Hollywood Boulevard. Agora, se eu quisesse usar “at”, eu poderia dizer que estou “in” Los Angeles, “in” Hollywood, “at” Hollywood Boulevard, número 6633.

Quando estamos pedindo informações, é normal que nos deem pontos de referência. Eles podem ser lojas, igrejas, praças, prédios, bancos ou hospitais, e até mesmo bares! Portanto, se eu quisesse informar minha localização atual usando pontos de referência, eu poderia lhes dizer que estou na esquina do Hollywood Boulevard com a Las Palmas, bem na frente do bar.

Às vezes, quando perguntamos sobre um local, pode ser que alguém não dê um ponto de referência ou use uma preposição de lugar. Em vez disso, podem nos dar uma distância. Por exemplo, e se eu perguntasse onde f ica o Teatro Chinês? Eu sei que ele f ica a 0,2 milhas naquela direção. Logo, o Teatro Chinês f ica 322 metros naquela direção, a uma distância que é perto o bastante para ir andando; então, vamos a pé!

DIREÇÕES



[Casey parece um pouco perdido]Casey:Sabe, pessoal, às vezes, quando visitamos uma cidade, podemos nos perder, como eu me perdi agora. O que fazemos nessa situação? Pedimos informações!

[Abordando alguém na rua]Casey:Oi! Você poderia me dizer como chego ao Teatro Chinês? Danielle:Você deve atravessar a rua, andar dois quarteirões, e ele f ica à sua direita. Casey:OK! Então é perto! Danielle:Sim, é mesmo! Casey:Não entre em pânico se você não entender a informação dada. Você vai conhecer pessoas de vários lugares, com sotaques e ritmos de fala diferentes. Então, não há problema em pedir para a pessoa repetir a informação. Ou então você pode tentar repetir a informação passada para confirmar se você a entendeu corretamente.

[Falando com Danielle de novo]Casey:Você falou que, para chegar ao Teatro Chinês, eu tinha que virar à direita e andar quatro quarteirões?

Danielle:Não! Eu falei que eram dois quarteirões, e que ele f ica à sua direita!

Casey:OK, ótimo! Então, eu repeti para a Danielle o que achava que ela havia me dito, e ela me corrigiu porque eu a havia ouvido errado. E agora que você f icou craque, eu acho que é isso!



Part 2.

Where is the Thai restaurant? Onde f ica o restaurante tailandês?

In the last chapter, we saw what there is to see when walking around the city. When visiting a new place, it is common to get lost. What to do in such cases? We have already discussed the GPS apps that may help us a great deal, but if you experience any diff iculty accessing online maps, it is important to know how to ask for directions.

Here are a few ways on how to do it:

How can I get to the Thai restaurant?Como posso chegar ao restaurante tailandês?

What’s the best way to get to the Thai restaurant?Qual é a melhor maneira de chegar ao restaurante tailandês?

Do you know how I can go to the Thai restaurant? Você sabe como posso chegar ao restaurante tailandês?

Could you tell me how to get to the Thai restaurant? Você poderia me dizer como chegar ao restaurante tailandês?

You can choose whichever sentence you prefer. Just bear in mind that Could you tell me…? sounds more polite than Do you know how I can go to…? And don’t forget that when we approach someone, especially strangers, we should start the conversation by saying excuse me.

If you wish to be more straightforward, you can ask:



When you ask this question, you will probably get a reference point or an address as an answer. Have a look at some:

To confirm the information you have just received, you can say it back to the person:

By the bus stop Perto do ponto de ônibus

Across the street from the stationEm frente à estação, do outro lado da rua

In front of the café Em frente ao café

Within walking distance from hereDá para ir a pé daqui

On the corner of West St. and Marshall Rd. Na esquina da West Street com a Marshall Road

Two blocks away in that directionA duas quadras daqui, naquela direção

So I walk that way, and the store is in front of the newsstand? Então eu ando naquela direção, e a loja f ica em frente à banca de jornal?

Let me see if I understand: I turn left and then I turn right. Deixe-me ver se entendi: eu dobro à esquerda e, depois, à direita.

Do you mean I walk straight and then I turn right on thecorner of East 17 and Roberts St.?

Você quer dizer que eu tenho que seguir em frente e depois dobrar à direita na esquina das ruas East 17 e Roberts?



As you can see, depending on how specif ic the piece of information is, we will use different prepositions. We use in for more general locations, such as countries, cities, and neighborhoods. We use on before the name of the street. And, f inally and more specif ically, we use at to refer to the number of the place and the street, in this order.

You may say, for example:

It’s on Vine Street. Fica na Vine Street.

It’s at 234 Vine Street. Fica na Vine Street, número 234.

It’s in Los Angeles. Fica em Los Angeles.

Now you know how to ask for directions and clarifications, how to understand reference points, and how to talk about addresses.

Where are you?Onde você está?

Where is the restaurant you told me to go?Onde f ica o restaurante que você me disse para ir?

Another possible way to refer to location is the exact address. If someone asks:



Activity A – Answers4 / 10 / 1 / 8 / 2 / 5 / 6 9 / 3 / 7 / 11 / 12

Activity B – Answersa. How can I get / How do I get b. in front ofc. to get to

d. turn lefte. how I can go / how I can getf. Where

Part 3.

ActivitiesA. Number the columns according to the translation of the words and expressions.


( 1 ) Bus stop

( 2 ) Right

( 3 ) In front of

( 4 ) Within walking distance from here

( 5 ) On the corner of

( 6 ) Across the street

( 7 ) Two blocks from here

( 8 ) Walk straight

( 9 ) Newsstand

( 10 ) Address

( 11 ) Left

( 12 ) Neighborhood

( ) Dá para ir a pé daqui

( ) Endereço

( ) Ponto de ônibus

( ) Siga em frente

( ) Direita

( ) Na esquina de

( ) Do outro lado da rua

( ) Banca de jornal

( ) Em frente a

( ) A duas quadras daqui

( ) Esquerda

( ) Bairro

a) to the Thai restaurant? Como posso chegar ao restaurante tailandês?

b) So I walk that way, and the store is the newsstand? Então eu ando naquela direção, e a loja f ica em frente à banca de jornal?

c) What’s the best way the Thai restaurant? Qual é a melhor maneira de chegar ao restaurante tailandês?

d) Let me see if I understand: I and then I turn right. Deixe-me ver se entendi: eu dobro à esquerda e, depois, à direita.

e) Do you know to the Thai restaurant? Você sabe como posso chegar ao restaurante tailandês?

f) are you? Onde você está?



Part 4.

In this chapter, we will learn how to ask questions using the question words where, what, and how. But in order to do that, f irst we need to understand how to make up sentences in the affirmative and interrogative forms.

In the last chapter, we saw how to make up sentences in the aff irmative form by following the SVC – Subject-Verb-Object – order. Now, to make the interrogative form of the simple present with the verb to be, there is a slight difference in how we organize the words. Have a look:

Here we have the subject, the restaurant, the verb to be conjugated in the present, is, and the complement on Vine Street, which indicates the restaurant’s location.

When we put this sentence in the interrogative form, the verb switches places with the subject. Look:

The restaurant is on Vine Street. O restaurante f ica na Vine Street.

Is the restaurant on Vine Street?O restaurante f ica na Vine Street?

SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BEAffirmative form

SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BEInterrogative form



First we have the verb To Be in the simple present, is, followed by the subject the restaurant, and then the complement.

When making an interrogative sentence with the verb to be, we may even change the intonation, but it is the sentence structure that changes most:

INTERROGATIVE FORM – VERB TO BE

To Be + Subject + ComplementVerbo To Be + Sujeito + Complemento

This structure works perfectly with the verb to be, but when you use another verb, you will need an auxiliary verb. So, the structure for the interrogative form becomes:

In this sentence, we have the main verb to know in the simple present. To ask questions in the simple present, we will use the auxiliaries do or does. As the subject here is you, we use do. Notice that the auxiliary verb do has no meaning. It is merely a tool to form the question.

Now take a look at this other example:

INTERROGATIVE FORM – OTHER VERBS

Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + ComplementVerbo Auxiliar + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento

For example:

Do you know how I can go to the Thai restaurant? Você sabe como posso chegar ao restaurante tailandês?

Could you tell me how to get to the Thai restaurant? Você poderia me dizer como chegar ao restaurante tailandês?



We use where to ask about location. In this example, we used where and the interrogative form of the verb to be.

Take a look at another example with the verb to be:

Where is the restaurant you told me to go?Onde f ica o restaurante que você me disse para ir?

Here we can see an example with the modal verb could, which is used to ask for favors. Modal verbs add meaning to the main verb, and they are considered auxiliary verbs as well. Therefore, they will follow the same structure for interrogative forms. So, in this case, we have the modal verb could, the subject you, the main verb tell, and the complement.

All these questions we have seen up to this point are answered with yes or no. But if we want to know specif ic information, we will use question words.

Let’s start with the question word where:

WHERE Onde/Aonde

WHERE Onde/Aonde

WHERE Onde/Aonde


Here, we have where, the verb to be in the third person singular, is, the subject the restaurant, and the complement.

Now, let’s now see an example with an auxiliary verb:

Where do you want to go?Aonde você quer ir?



WHATO que / Qual

HOWComo

Here we have the question word where, followed by the auxiliary verb do, the subject you, then the main verb want, and the complement.

We can ask questions using the question word what the same way. Check it out:

In this case, we have the structure Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Complement, for the main verb is want in the simple present.

Another question word we will see is how. We use it to ask about someone’s state or condition, such as in the question, How are you? It is also used to ask for information and instructions on how to get somewhere. For example:

Here we use the question word what followed by the interrogative form of the verb to be, that is, to be + subject. There is no complement because that’s exactly the information you need.

Now, if you use an auxiliary verb, we will have the following question:

What is the best way to get to the Thai restaurant?Qual é a melhor maneira de chegar ao restaurante tailandês?

What do you want to do in the museum?O que você quer fazer no museu?

How can I get to the Thai restaurant?Como posso chegar ao restaurante tailandês?

WHAT O que / Qual



Here we have the question word how, followed by the modal verb can, which is used to make informal requests, plus the subject, the main verb, and the complement.

In this next example, we have another kind of auxiliary verb. Have a look:

For example:

We use in because Los Angeles is a city. It works as if you were inside a place.

As you can see, we followed the same structure as in the previous sentence. However, the auxiliary verb do adds no meaning to the main verb.

The last topic of this chapter will help you f ind yourself in the city and locate places around town. We are going to focus now on prepositions of place.

Usually, when we give an address, set up a date, or tell someone where we are, we use prepositions of place. Let’s begin with the most common ones: in, on, and at:

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

How do I know I need to get off? Como eu sei que tenho que descer?

It’s in Los Angeles. Fica em Los Angeles.

It’s on Vine Street. Fica na Vine Street

In a city/neighborhood/country Em uma cidade/bairro/país

On a street/avenueEm uma rua/avenida

At a specific place / an address

Em um lugar específ ico / endereço

Since it is a street, we use on. This preposition brings the idea of contact to a surface.



Notice that here we have the complete address. If you want to talk about a specific place, like a museum or the city hall, you may also use at.

If you are talking to someone about a meeting place or a reference point to find another place, you may use other prepositions.

For instance:

Meet me by the bus stop. Encontre-me perto do ponto de ônibus.

Meet me on the corner of West St. and Marshall Rd. Encontre-me na esquina da West Street com a Marshall Road.

The bus stop is in front of the café.O ponto de ônibus f ica em frente ao café.

The hotel is across from the subway station.O hotel f ica do outro lado da estação de metrô.

It’s at 234 Vine Street. Fica na Vine Street, número 234.

Now you know how to ask questions using question words and how to talk about location using prepositions of place. If you want to learn more about

these topics, go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Affirmative Form Page 130Interrogative Form Page 158Negative Form Page 175Present Continuous Page 196



Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

sa.

1b.

2c.

2d.

1e.

1

f. 2

Act

ivity

B –

Ans

wer

sa.

in

b. b

yc.

on

d. in

fron

t of

e. a

tf.

acro

ss fr

om

A. Write ( 1 ) for interrogative sentences with the verb to be and ( 2 ) for interrogative sentences with auxiliary verbs.

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate preposition of place according to the translation.

a) It’s Los Angeles. Fica em Los Angeles.

b) Meet me the bus stop. Encontre-me perto do ponto de ônibus.

c) It’s Vine Street. Fica na Vine Street.

a) ( ) What is the best way to get to the Thai restaurant? Qual é a melhor maneira de chegar ao restaurante tailandês?

b) ( ) What do you want to do in the museum? O que você quer fazer no museu?

c) ( ) How do I know I need to get off? Como eu sei que tenho que descer?

d) ( ) Where are you? Onde você está?

e) ( ) Where is the restaurant you told me to go? Onde f ica o restaurante que você me disse para ir?

f) ( ) Where do you want to go? Aonde você quer ir?

d) The bus stop is the café. O ponto de ônibus f ica em frente ao café.

e) It’s 234 Vine Street. Fica na Vine Street, número 234.

f) The hotel is the subway station. O hotel f ica do outro lado da estação de metrô.

Part 5.

Activities

[Walking around Los Angeles]Casey:So, guys, when you’re moving around a city and you want to take some transportation, when something is not within walking distance, you can take the bus! And like I’ve mentioned at the beginning, there are pros and cons to taking the bus. Some of the pros are that the bus is inexpensive and that you can actually see the places that you are traveling through. One of the cons is that sometimes you may get stuck in a traff ic jam. And that means that a place that you thought would take 20 minutes to get to takes more like 40, 45. Well, let’s f ind a bus stop and we’ll explore some of the specif ics of taking the bus.

[Next to a bus stop]Casey:Let’s go over a couple more specif ics about the bus line. You can typically f ind a bus stop by looking for a sign about like this. It’ll look different in every city, so the sign might not look exactly like this. But it’ll probably be something about like this. So, you can see here, in L.A. this bus system is called the “Metro.” And these numbers next to it are the different lines for different places where the bus goes. So, in different cities, the bus lines might not be indicated by a series of numbers; they could be colors or even letters. So do your research and watch out for that. And if you found it a bit weird to read Metro on the bus stop sign, let me set it out for you! Metro is the company that runs the transportation systems in L.A., including the subway and the bus lines! In L.A., the bus system is called the Metro. But in San Francisco it is called the “Muni.” And in New York it’s called the “MTA”.

BUS

You already know how to get around town and ask for directions. In this chapter, you will learn some vocabulary that will help you take buses in the U.S. Besides that, you will also see some grammar that will help you improve your language skills.

Now look at the script of Bus.



Part 1.

So, make sure you do your research, before you go out and take a bus, on what the name of the system actually is, so you don’t accidentally get on the wrong form of transportation. Now we’ll go over more specif ics about the bus as we wait here and when the bus arrives. Let’s talk about a couple of specif ic things you’ll need to know while taking the bus in a city. One of them is to have exact change. Most buses in America will not make change if you bring more money than what the bus costs. So, research how much the bus you’re taking costs and have that exact change prepared. Because if you come with more money and you try to pay at the bus, they’ll take all of your money and they won’t give you change. So, research online and make sure you have that exact amount when you get on the bus. Another thing you can do is also get a pass. Most cities in America will operate a bus pass that you can preload with money. It’s faster and probably more cost-effective than if you are expecting change back. One more thing to know is once you get onto the bus, the drivers are not supposed to answer questions. You can ask them short questions, maybe some directions, but you’re not supposed to talk to the driver when the bus is actually in motion.A third thing to remember is that especially the front seats of the bus have to be given up for elderly people or seniors, women who are pregnant, or people with disabilities. This is obligated by law. But the rest of the seats you should probably also give up if a senior needs your seat. OK, so we’ve talked about the bus; that’s one way to get around the city. Another way is the subway. And that’s where we’re going to be exploring next.

ÔNIBUS

[Andando por Los Angeles]Casey:Então, pessoal, quando você está andando por uma cidade e quer usar algum transporte, e quando algo não é perto o bastante para ir andando, você pode pegar o ônibus! E como eu disse no início, existem prós e contras quando se anda de ônibus. Alguns dos prós são: o ônibus é barato e você pode ver os lugares pelos quais está passando.



Um dos contras é que, às vezes, você pode f icar preso em um engarrafamento. E isso signif ica que você acaba levando algo como 40, 45 minutos para chegar a um lugar a que você achava que chegaria em 20. Bem, vamos achar um ponto de ônibus e vamos explorar as partes específ icas de se pegar um ônibus.

[Perto de um ponto de ônibus]Casey:Vamos falar sobre algumas características de linhas de ônibus. Normalmente você consegue achar um ponto de ônibus procurando por uma placa como esta. Ela será diferente em outras cidades; logo, a placa talvez não seja exatamente igual a esta. Mas ela deve ser algo parecido com isso. Como você pode ver, em Los Angeles, o serviço de ônibus é chamado de “Metro”. E esses números abaixo são as diferentes linhas dos diferentes locais por onde o ônibus passa. Em outras cidades, as linhas de ônibus talvez não sejam indicadas por uma série de números; elas podem ser indicadas por cores ou até mesmo por letras. Então, pesquise e f ique atento a isso. Se você achou estranho ver o nome “Metro” num ponto de ônibus, deixe-me explicar melhor! Metro é a empresa que opera os meios de transporte em Los Angeles, incluindo o metrô e as linhas de ônibus. Em Los Angeles, o sistema de ônibus é chamado de “Metro”. Mas, em São Francisco, ele é chamado de “Muni”. E em Nova York ele é chamado de “MTA”. Logo, não se esqueça de pesquisar o nome do sistema antes de sair e pegar um ônibus, assim você não pegará o transporte errado sem querer. Vamos ver mais características sobre ônibus enquanto esperamos ele chegar. Vamos falar sobre algumas coisas específ icas de que você precisará saber quando pegar um ônibus em uma cidade. Uma delas é ter o troco exato. A maioria dos ônibus nos Estados Unidos não dá troco se você der uma quantia superior ao preço da passagem. Logo, pesquise quanto custa o ônibus que você vai pegar e tenha o dinheiro trocado preparado. Porque se você der mais dinheiro para tentar pagar a passagem, eles vão pegar todo o seu dinheiro e não te darão troco. Então, pesquise on-line e certif ique-se de que você está com a quantia exata. Outra coisa que você pode fazer é comprar um passe. A maioria das cidades nos Estados Unidos opera com um passe de ônibus que você pode carregar com dinheiro. É mais rápido, e provavelmente o custo-benefício é melhor do que você esperar receber seu troco. Mais umacoisa a se saber é que, quando você entrar no ônibus, o motorista não deve responder às suas perguntas. Você pode fazer perguntas curtas, talvez pedir alguma informação, mas você não deve conversar com o motorista quando o ônibus estiver em movimento.



Uma terceira coisa a se lembrar é que, especialmente os assentos na parte frontal do ônibus devem ser cedidos para idosos, mulheres grávidas, ou pessoas com deficiência. Isso é obrigatório por lei. Mas os outros assentos também devem ser cedidos caso uma pessoa idosa precise do seu assento. OK, então falamos sobre o ônibus, que é um dos jeitos de se locomover pela cidade. Outro modo é o metrô, que vamos explorar a seguir!



NumbersNúmeros

Letters Letras

ColorsCores

Means of transportation are different according to the city, so it is important to know how to use them. When it comes to taking the bus, it is important to identify the bus stops. They are normally indicated with signs that contain the bus system’s name and the bus lines.

Depending on the city, buses can be identif ied through:

You will also be able to check the bus routes on the bus-stop sign. If you can’t understand them very well, you may ask for information by saying:

IDENTIFYING BUSES

Excuse me. Does the 137 bus go to the city museum?Com licença. O ônibus 137 vai para o museu da cidade?

Excuse me. Does the 137 bus stop here? Com licença. O ônibus 137 para aqui?

Excuse me. Do I take the 137 bus here? Com licença. Eu pego o ônibus 137 aqui?

Excuse me. Which bus do I take to go to Hollywood Boulevard? Com licença. Que ônibus eu pego para ir para o Hollywood Boulevard?



Part 2.

Buses are inexpensive. Ônibus são baratos.

You can watch the streets and see where you’re going by. Você pode observar as ruas e ver por onde está passando.

It takes longer to get to places. Leva mais tempo para chegar aos lugares.

You might get stuck in a traffic jam. Você pode f icar preso em um engarrafamento.

There are some positive aspects about taking a bus:

The downside is the time it takes:

And each city has its own bus system. Check this out:

New York – MTA

Chicago – CTA

Atlanta – MARTA

Philadelphia – SEPTA

Los Angeles – Metro

BUS SYSTEM NAMES



Pay special attention to the word metro, because this is also a name used in other cities for the underground transportation system: the subway.

After you f ind a bus stop, you will need to:

When the driver stops, you get on the bus or hop on it. Here is some important advice about taking buses in the U.S.:

Since drivers only take cash and don’t give any change back, the bus pass is a safe choice. In L.A., for example, you may get a bus pass at one of several points of sale spread around town or from the ticket machines at the rail station.

Here is another important aspect of riding the bus:

Flag the bus / Hail the bus Fazer sinal para o ônibus

Always pay the fare. Sempre pague a tarifa.

When paying cash, make sure you have the exact change. Quando for pagar em dinheiro, certif ique-se de ter a quantia exata.

You can buy a bus pass. Você pode comprar um passe de ônibus.

Give up your seat for the elderly, people with disabilities, and pregnant women.Ceda seu lugar para idosos, pessoas com deficiência e gestantes.



In fact, you should give up any seat for those who need it.

When you get to your destination, you will:

To do so, you must indicate it to the driver:

Get off the bus / Hop off the bus Descer do ônibus

Pull the cord or ring the buzzer to let the driver know you’ll get off at the next stop.Puxe a cigarra ou toque o sinal para avisar ao motorista que você vai descer no próximo ponto.

Now pay close attention to what not to do on the bus:

Don’t speak to the driver when the bus is moving. Não fale com o motorista quando o ônibus estiver em movimento.

Don’t block the pathway with your belongings. Não bloqueie a passagem com seus pertences.

Don’t rush onto or off the bus.

Não corra ao entrar ou sair do ônibus.



Now you know what to do and not to do when taking a bus in the United States, what bus systems are called in some

American cities, and how to find a bus stop and take a bus.



( 1 ) Subway

( 2 ) Bus

( 3 ) Bus stop

( 4 ) Cord

( 5 ) Belongings

( 6 ) Elderly

( 7 ) Fare

( 8 ) Colors

( 9 ) Change

( 10 ) Numbers

( 11 ) Bus pass

( 12 ) Letters

( ) Letras

( ) Pertences

( ) Metrô

( ) Cores

( ) Tarifa

( ) Ônibus

( ) Idosos

( ) Cigarra

( ) Passe de ônibus

( ) Números

( ) Ponto de ônibus

( ) Troco

a) Always pay the . Sempre pague a tarifa.

b) When paying , make sure you have the exact change. Quando for pagar em dinheiro, certif ique-se de ter a quantia exata.

c) You can buy a . Você pode comprar um passe de ônibus.

d) Give up your seat for the , people with disabilities, and pregnant women. Ceda seu lugar para idosos, pessoas com deficiência e gestantes.

e) Don’t speak to the when the bus is moving. Não fale com o motorista quando o ônibus estiver em movimento.

f) Don’t block the pathway with your . Não bloqueie a passagem com seus pertences.



Activity A – Answers12 / 5 / 1 / 8 / 7 / 2 / 6 4 / 11 / 10 / 3 / 9

Activity B – Answersa. fareb. cashc. bus pass

d. elderlye. driverf. belongings

Part 3.

Activities

In this chapter, we will talk about determiners. Determiners can be articles, which can be definite or indefinite, demonstrative pronouns, and possessive adjectives. They are used to specify the nouns to which they refer. Check out some examples:

Let’s see these determiners one by one. We will begin with the definite article the.

There is only one definite article in English, and we use it for masculine, feminine, singular, and plural. The article the is used to identify something that is clear in context or that has been mentioned before. Check out some examples:

Definite articleThe museum

O museu

Indefinite articleA museumUm museu

Demonstrative pronounsThis museumEste museu

Possessive adjectivesMy favorite museumMeu museu favorito

Excuse me. Does the 137 bus stop here? Com licença. O ônibus 137 para aqui?

When paying cash, make sure you have the exact change.

Quando for pagar em dinheiro, certif ique-se de ter o valor exato.



Part 4.

We do not use the definite article before names. For example:

The John knows which bus goes to the city museum. O John sabe qual ônibus vai para o museu da cidade.

Here, as we mention the name, we assume it is clear which John we refer to, so we don’t use the article. However, if it is necessary to specify which John we refer to, then we must use the definite article. Take a look:

INDEFINITE ARTICLE – A

John knows which bus goes to the city museum. O John sabe qual ônibus vai para o museu da cidade.

The John I know doesn’t usually take buses.

O John que eu conheço não costuma pegar ônibus.

Another determiner is the indefinite article a. Depending on the word that comes immediately after the article, it may suffer a variation and become an. Have a look:

Let’s see some examples with the indefinite article a:

INDEFINITE ARTICLE

A – before nouns that start with a consonant sound

A – antes de substantivos que começam com som de consoante

AN – before nouns that start with a vowel sound

AN – antes de substantivos que começam com som de vogal

A busUm ônibus

A university Uma universidade

A uniformUm uniforme

A yearUm ano



As you can see, all the nouns in the previous examples start with a vowel sound. The letter H in the word hour is voiceless, which makes this word start with a vowel sound. That’s why we must use an before it.

Indefinite articles are used only in the singular. Observe:

You can buy a bus pass. Você pode comprar um passe de ônibus.

You might get stuck in a traffic jam. Você pode f icar preso em um engarrafamento.

Riding buses is an amazing idea. Andar de ônibus é uma ideia incrível.

Sometimes, walking around is an intelligent choice. Às vezes, andar pela cidade é uma escolha inteligente.

All the nouns in the previous examples start with a consonant sound. Notice that this rule is related to pronunciation, not spelling. So, even though university and uniform are spelled with the vowel U, that does not change the fact that they start with a consonant sound.

Let’s now see a few examples with the variation of the indefinite article an:

INDEFINITE ARTICLE - AN

An elephant Um elefante

An object Um objeto

An apple Uma maçã

An hour Uma hora



The article always refers to the noun, even when we use adjectives before that noun. Take the previous example, an intelligent choice. Intelligent is an adjective, but the article refers to the noun choice. If the noun were in the plural, we wouldn’t use the indefinite article. However, when adding the article, we must pay attention to the sound that comes immediately after it. In this case, intelligent starts with a vowel sound, so we must use an.

Another word group that functions as determiners are the demonstratives. They are used according to how far you are from what you are talking about. The demonstratives are:

We use this to refer to objects that are in the singular form, and near us. And we use these to refer to objects that are also near us, but in the plural form. Check out these examples:

We use that to refer to objects that are in the singular form, and far from us. And we use those to refer to objects that are also far from us, but in the plural form. Have a look at some examples:

Does this bus go to the mall?Este ônibus passa no shopping?

Is that the bus stop for the 987 bus? Aquele é o ponto do ônibus 987?

Are these taxis available? Estes táxis estão disponíveis?

Are those buses going downtown?Aqueles ônibus estão indo para o centro da cidade?

DEMONSTRATIVES

Singular Plural

NearPerto

ThisEste/EstaEsse/Essa

TheseEstes/EstasEsses/Essas

FarLonge

ThatAquele/Aquela

Those Aqueles/Aquelas



The last determiners we will mention in this chapter are the possessive adjectives. They are considered determiners because they help specify and identify something or someone.

The possessive adjectives are:

In the singular, we have my for the first person, and your for the second person. For the third person singular, there are three possibilities—his, for people, male; her, for people, female; and its for all the rest, except for people.

In the plural, we have our for the first person, your for the second person, and their for the third person.

The possessive adjectives are called this way because they come together with the noun to which they refer, adding the idea of possession to it. Let’s see some examples:

As you can see, the possessive adjectives come right before the noun to which they refer.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Mymeu(s), minha(s)

Ournosso(s), nossa(s)

Yourseu(s), sua(s)

Hisseu(s), sua(s), dele

Itsseu(s), sua(s), dele,

dela

Yourseus, suas, de

vocês

Herseu(s), sua(s), dela

Theirseu(s), sua(s), deles, delas

Your bus is coming.Seu ônibus está chegando.

I have to check my map for the bus I need. Eu tenho que verif icar meu mapa para ver o ônibus de que preciso.

In this chapter, you learned about some determiners: definite and indefinite articles, demonstratives, and possessive adjectives. If you want to learn more about these topics,

go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Definite Article Page 137Demonstratives Page 140Determiners Page 145Indefinite Article Page 152Possessive Adjectives Page 187



B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate determiner according to the translation.

A. Write ( DA ) for definite article, ( IA ) for indefinite article, ( PA ) for possessive adjectives, and ( D ) for demonstratives.

a) You can buy bus pass. Você pode comprar um passe de ônibus.

b) Don’t block the pathway with belongings. Não bloqueie a passagem com seus pertences.

c) Riding buses is amazing idea. Andar de ônibus é uma ideia incrível.

d) Are taxis available? Estes táxis estão disponíveis?

e) When paying cash, make sure you have exact change. Quando for pagar em dinheiro, certif ique-se de ter o valor exato.

f) Sometimes, walking around is intelligent choice. Às vezes, andar pela cidade é uma escolha inteligente.

g) Is the bus stop for the 987 bus? Aquele é o ponto do ônibus 987?

h) I have to check map for the bus that I need. Eu tenho que verif icar meu mapa para ver o ônibus de que preciso.

a) ( ) Its Dele/Dela/Disso

b) ( ) A/An Um/Uma

c) ( ) My Meu(s)/Minha(s)

d) ( ) The O(s)/A(s)

e) ( ) This Este/Esta/Esse/Essa

f) ( ) Those Aqueles/Aquelas



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Ans

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c. P

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Act

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Ans

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Activities

Part 5.

Subway.

[In front of a subway station]Casey:Just like the bus, when you’re visiting a new town and you want to get somewhere that’s outside of walking distance, you could also take the subway. I’m standing here in front of the Hollywood/Vine station entrance, on the red line. The red line is indicated by that small red dot. Now keep in mind that this is also called “The Metro,” just like the bus, because they’re run by the same system. It’s called the “subway” here in L.A., “the Metro subway,” but if you were to travel to, say, London, they would call it the “tube” or “underground.” Just keep in mind that subway, tube, metro, underground, all mean the same thing. Now let’s see more specif ics on this map here behind me. When you’re in the subway station, you’re going to see a map about like this. This particular one has information about the line that you are on, in this case, the red line, as well as subway stops along that line, important buildings around that line, and connections to the bus system, once you get to the subway exits. And now we’re going to take a look at how to buy a subway ticket. When you want to take the subway, there are a few things that you should plan on doing f irst. First, you may want to research how late the subway operates. In New York, the subway runs 24/7, whereas in San Francisco, the subway system called “BART” closes at midnight. So, make sure you do your research, and make sure you don’t get stranded wherever it is that you want to go.

SUBWAY

You have already seen some ways to get around town. Now you are going to learn how to take the subway and buy tickets and passes; and you will see some useful ways to ask for information in case you get lost. Finally, you will also see some language items that will help you improve your language skills.

Now look at the script of Subway.



Part 1.

[Na frente de uma estação de metrô]Casey:Assim como o ônibus, quando você está visitando uma cidade nova e quer chegar a um lugar que é longe demais para se ir andando, você também pode usar o metrô! Estou aqui em frente à entrada da estação Hollywood/Vine, na linha vermelha. A linha vermelha é indicada por aquele pequeno ponto vermelho. Não se esqueça de que ele também é chamado de “The Metro”, assim como o ônibus, porque são operados pelo mesmo sistema. Aqui em Los Angeles, ele é chamado de “subway”, ou “Metro subway”, mas se você viajasse a Londres, as pessoas o chamariam de “tube” ou “underground”. Só lembrem que “subway”, “tube”, “metro”, e “underground” signif icam a mesma coisa!

Another thing that you need to research is different types of tickets. Different types of tickets may be available where you’re staying. Here in L.A. you can buy a one-way trip if you just want to visit one place; or if you’re staying for one day, or multiple days, and think you’re going to be taking the train a lot, it may be more cost-effective to buy a one-day or seven-day, or even thirty-day pass. And then, once you’ve got all of that f igured out, then it’s time to take the last step, and that is to f inally hop on board. OK, guys! Now that you know all about how to take the bus, or how to take the subway, I’m going to give a couple of f inal phrases or questions that you may want to ask in order to get some last information. And those are: The fare: you may want to ask, “how much is the fare for the subway?” or “how much is the fare for the bus?” The other one is the time: Be sure to ask, “how late does the subway run?” or “how late do the buses run?” Another one is: “Does this bus line or this subway line go through this place?” And the last one is: “Do I need to transfer once I get to this station or that station?” And now that you have all of those, you now know how to take the bus or the subway just about anywhere. Now, if you want to get to a place a lot faster than the bus or the subway, you may want to take a cab, and that is what we’re going to be talking about next!

METRÔ



Agora, vamos ver esse mapa atrás de mim mais de perto! Quando você entrar na estação de metrô, você vai ver um mapa assim. Este mapa em particular tem informações sobre a linha em que você se encontra, neste caso, a linha vermelha, assim como as paradas dentro desta linha, prédios importantes no entorno, e baldeações com o sistema de ônibus quando você sair do metrô. E agora vamos dar uma olhada em como comprar um bilhete de metrô! Quando você for pegar metrô, deve planejar algumas coisas antes! Primeiro, você talvez queira pesquisar até que horas o metrô opera. Em Nova York, o metrô funciona todos os dias, vinte e quatro horas por dia. Já em São Francisco, o sistema de metrô BART, fecha à meia-noite. Então, lembre-se de fazer sua pesquisa para garantir que você não f icará sem opção, independentemente de onde você queira ir. Outra coisa para se pesquisar são os diferentes tipos de bilhetes.Existem diferentes tipos de bilhetes, dependendo de onde vocêse encontra! Aqui em Los Angeles, você pode comprar uma viagem só de ida, caso queira visitar somente um lugar. Ou, caso você esteja visitando por um ou mais dias e acha que vai usar bastante o metrô, talvez seja melhor comprar um bilhete para um, sete, ou até mesmo trinta dias! E, quando tiver decidido tudo isso, chega a hora do último passo, queé f inalmente embarcar! OK, pessoal! Agora que vocês sabem tudo sobre como pegar o ônibus, ou como pegar o metrô, vou ensinar algumas frases ou perguntas que vocês podem querer usar para obter mais informações! São elas: O preço: você talvez queira perguntar “quanto custa o bilhete do metrô?” ou “quanto custa a passagem de ônibus?”. A outra é o horário: não se esqueça de perguntar “até que horas funciona o metro?” ou “até que horas passam os ônibus?”. Outra pergunta é: “Essa linha de metrô ou ônibus passa por esse lugar?” E a última é: “Eu preciso fazer transferência quando chegar nessa ou naquela estação?” E agora que você sabe dessas dicas, você sabe como pegar metrô ou ônibus para qualquer lugar! Agora, se você quer chegar ao seu destino mais rápido do que de ônibus ou de metrô, talvez você queira pegar um taxi! E é sobre isso que vamos falar a seguir!



In this chapter, you will see how to take the subway in different English-speaking cities and countries around the world. You will also learn how to understand subway maps, how to purchase subway tickets, and you will learn some useful sentences to use in the subway.

In many American cities, the subway system and the bus system share the same name, so, we have to pay attention to the names used to refer to them:

In the U.S. and the U.K., they have different names for the underground transportation system:

UNDERGROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM – U.S. VS. U.K.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Subway (U.S.)Metrô (EUA)

Underground (U.K.)Metrô (RU)

Tube (U.K.)Metrô (RU)

Bus service Serviço de ônibus

Subway system Sistema de metrô

Rail service Serviço de trens



Part 2.

New York City Subway Map L.A. Subway Map

In general, this is what you will f ind on a subway map:

Take a look at a section of the L.A. subway map:

Taking the subway has its particular features. First of all, we need to know which line to take and where to get off. Subway lines are usually identif ied by letters, numbers, colors, or names. Sometimes they are all together. Take a look at the New York subway map:

WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS ON A SUBWAY MAP

The subway lines As linhas de metrô

The subway stops/stationsAs paradas / estações de metrô

Transfers Pontos de transferência / baldeação

Nearby buildings and landmarks Prédios e marcos / pontos de

referência próximos

The subway is the fastest means of transportation in big cities. O metrô é o meio de transporte mais rápido nas grandes cidades.

In important cities such as London and New York, the subway systems are quite modern and widely used, for they are a way to avoid traff ic:



In many cases, you will have to change lines to get somewhere. Just refer to the map.

In order to take the subway, it is important to understand how to buy the tickets. There are ticket machines at the stations. You may also buy them at the ticket booths.

If you decide to get your ticket from the booth, you may have to speak to the attendant and ask for a ticket. Let’s see a few ways to do that:

After getting your subway pass, all you need to do is tap it on the reader and pass the turnstiles.

If you get lost, here are some sentences to help you. Supposing you get to the platform and you aren’t sure you are at the right stop, you can ask:

You can choose the tickets according to the number of days you will need them.

They are called passes:

One-day pass Passe de um dia

Seven-day passPasse de sete dias

Thirty-day pass Passe de trinta dias

I’d like a one-day pass, please. Eu gostaria de um passe de um dia, por favor.

Is this where I take the train to Hollywood/Vine? É aqui que eu pego o trem para Hollywood/Vine?

A one-day pass, please. Um passe de um dia, por favor.

Does this train go to Hollywood/Vine? Esse trem vai para Hollywood/Vine?

PASSES



You may also ask questions about the fare or the working hours of the transportation system:

How much is the fare?Quanto custa a tarifa?

How much is the seven-day pass?Quanto custa o passe de sete dias?

What time does the last train to Hollywood Boulevard leave?Que horas sai o último trem para Hollywood Boulevard?

How late does the subway run?Até que horas o metrô funciona?



Now you know how to understand subway maps and purchase subway tickets, as well as some useful sentences to use in the subway.



( 1 ) Bus Service

( 2 ) Subway Lines

( 3 ) Rail Service

( 4 ) Subway Stations

( 5 ) Transfers

( 6 ) Fare

( 7 ) Underground/Tube

( 8 ) Buildings and landmarks

( 9 ) Pass

( 10 ) Seven-day pass

( 11 ) Subway

( 12 ) Means of transportation

( ) Pontos de transferência

( ) Linhas de metrô

( ) Tarifa

( ) Passe de sete dias

( ) Meios de transporte

( ) Serviço de ônibus

( ) Prédios e marcos/pontos de referência

( ) Metrô (EUA)

( ) Serviço de trens

( ) Estações de metrô

( ) Metrô (RU)

( ) Passe

a) I’d like a , please. Eu gostaria de um passe de um dia, por favor.

b) Is this where I the train to Hollywood/Vine? É aqui que eu pego o trem para Hollywood/Vine?

c) is the seven-day pass? Quanto custa o passe de sete dias?

d) How late does the subway ? Até que horas o metrô funciona?

e) What time does the to Hollywood Boulevard leave? Que horas sai o último trem para Hollywood Boulevard?

f) Does this train to Hollywood/Vine? Esse trem vai para Hollywood/Vine?




Activity B – Answersa. one-day passb. takec. How much

d. rune. last trainf. go

Part 3.

Activities

In this chapter, we will talk about adjectives, compound words, and superlatives, which are structures derived from adjectives. Besides that, you will see how to ask questions using how and what.

Let’s start with the adjectives, which are widely used structures to express characteristics and a person’s opinion about something.

You could say:

The words good, fast, bad, and crowded are adjectives. In these examples, they express opinions. As you can see, they came after the verb to be, which is quite common.

You will also see adjectives that pair up with a noun. In this case, they will come before the noun to which they refer. Have a look:

Old and historical are examples of single adjectives. But we may also see compound adjectives. Have a look:

The subway is good because it’s fast. O metrô é bom porque é rápido.

The subway is bad because it’s too crowded.O metrô é ruim porque é muito cheio.

ADJECTIVES + NOUNS

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

Old bus Ônibus velho

One-day pass Passe de um dia

150-year-old trainTrem de 150 anos de idade

One-century-old station Estação de um século de idade

Historical subway station Estação de metrô histórica



Part 4.

As you can see in the previous examples, compound adjectives are composed of two or more words joined by hyphens.

Adjectives also have a superlative form. Superlatives are a degree of comparison that denotes an extreme. For example: the biggest; the best; the most incredible.

Superlatives have different structures for short adjectives and for long adjectives.

Let’s start with short adjectives. Take a look at this example:

The subway is the fastest means of transportation in big cities. O metrô é o meio de transporte mais rápido nas grandes cidades.

SUPERLATIVE: SHORT ADJECTIVESThe + Adjective + -EST

Fast Rápido(a)

OldVelho(a)

The fastest O(A) mais rápido(a)

The oldest O(A) mais velho(a)

Fast is a one-syllable adjective, therefore it is considered a short adjective. To form the superlative, we use the before the adjective and then add the suff ix -EST to it. Have a look at these examples:

Depending on the adjective, the termination may vary—it could be -IEST or just -ST. Take a look:

Taking the subway on New Year’s Eve is the craziest thing.Pegar o metrô na véspera de Ano Novo é a coisa mais louca.

The subway is the safest means of transportation in some cities. O metrô é o meio de transporte mais seguro em algumas cidades.

Since the adjective crazy ends in Y, we must remove the Y and add -IEST. The adjective safe ends in E, so we only have to add -ST to it to form the superlative. Look:



SUPERLATIVE: SHORT ADJECTIVESThe + Adjective ending in Y + -IEST

SUPERLATIVE: SHORT ADJECTIVESThe + Adjective ending in E + -ST

Crazy Louco(a)

BusyOcupado(a)

Safe Seguro(a)

NiceLegal

The craziest O(A) mais louco(a)

The busiest O(A) mais ocupado(a)

The safestO(A) mais seguro(a)

The nicest O(A) mais legal

For long adjectives, we use the structure the most + adjective. That means we do not add any suff ixes to them. Let’s see some examples:

Normally, the subway is the most expensive public transportation. Normalmente, o metrô é o transporte público mais caro.

Taxis can be the most comfortable means of transportation.Os táxis podem ser os meios de transporte mais confortáveis.

The structure for long adjectives is even simpler. Have a look:

SUPERLATIVE: LONG ADJECTIVESThe Most + Adjective

ExpensiveCaro(a)

ComfortableConfortável

The most expensive O(A) mais caro(a)

The most comfortable O(A) mais confortável



Some adjectives take a different form when used in the superlative. They are called irregular superlatives. Check some examples out:

IRREGULAR SUPERLATIVES

Good – the best Bom/Boa – o(a) melhor

The subway is the best way to move around the city. O metrô é a melhor forma de se locomover pela cidade.

Bad – the worst Ruim – o(a) pior

The rush hour is the worst time to take the subway.A hora do rush é a pior hora para se pegar o metrô.

Far – the farthest / the furthest Distante – o(a) mais distante

What is the farthest distance you can go by subway?Qual é a maior distância que se pode percorrer de metrô?

How late is used to ask about the closing time of companies or services.

Let’s see another case:

How old is the London Underground?Quantos anos tem o metrô de Londres?

How old are you?Quantos anos você tem?

Adjectives can also appear combined with the question word how. We normally use this question word to ask for instructions or to ask about someone, but when combined with adjectives or adverbs it becomes a specif ic question about specif ic things. For example:

How late does the subway run?Até que horas o metrô funciona?

How late will you stay here? Até que horas você vai f icar aqui?



How old is used to ask about age. Notice that we must use the verb to be in the question.

And for the answer, we will also use the verb to be. We can say:

The London Underground is over 100 years old. O metrô de Londres tem mais de cem anos.

I’m 30 years old.Eu tenho (estou com) 30 anos de idade.

We may also combine how with the adverb much. The question phrase how much is used to ask about the quantity of uncountable nouns, or about prices, which is the case of the next examples. Take a look:

How much is the fare?Quanto custa a tarifa?

How much is the seven-day pass?Quanto custa o passe de sete dias?

Another widely used question word is what. Let’s see some examples:

What is the oldest subway station in the world? Qual é a estação de metrô mais antiga do mundo?

What is the fastest subway in the world?Qual é o metrô mais rápido do mundo?



In this chapter, you have seen adjectives, compound words, superlatives, questions with how and what, and some of their combinations. If you want to learn more about these topics, go to the Grammar Guide section at the

end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Adjectives Page 127Compound Words Page 132Question Word How Page 199Question Word What Page 205Superlatives Page 234

As with how, we can also combine what with other words to form more specific questions. For example, what time:

What time does the last train to Hollywood Boulevard leave?

Que horas sai o último trem para Hollywood Boulevard?

What time will you take the subway?Que horas você vai pegar o metrô?



A. Write:

B. Fill in the blanks with how or what.

a) much is the fare? Quanto custa a tarifa?

b) is the fastest subway in the world? Qual é o metrô mais rápido do mundo?

c) late does the subway run? Até que horas o metrô funciona?

( 1 ) for short adjectives in the superlative form;( 2 ) for long adjectives in the superlative form; and ( 3 ) for irregular adjectives in the superlative form.

a) ( ) The subway is the fastest means of transportation in big cities. O metrô é o meio de transporte mais rápido nas grandes cidades.

b) ( ) The subway is the best way to move around the city. O metrô é a melhor forma de se locomover pela cidade.

c) ( ) Taxis can be the most comfortable means of transportation. Os táxis podem ser os meios de transporte mais confortáveis.

d) ( ) The rush hour is the worst time to take the subway. A hora do rush é a pior hora para se pegar o metrô.

e) ( ) Normally, the subway is the most expensive public transportation. Normalmente, o metrô é o transporte público mais caro.

f) ( ) The subway is the safest means of transportation in some cities. O metrô é o meio de transporte mais seguro em algumas cidades.



Part 5.

Activities

d) is the oldest subway station in the world? Qual é a estação de metrô mais antiga do mundo?

e) time will you take the subway? Que horas você vai pegar o metrô?

f) old is the London Underground? Quantos anos tem o metrô de Londres?

68

Chapter 4 Vocabulary GrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script Grammar Activities

< voltar para o índice

Activity A – Answersa. 1b. 3c. 2

Activity B – Answersa. How b. Whatc. How

d. 3e. 2f. 1

d. Whate. Whatf. How

[Walking around Los Angeles]Casey:When visiting a new city, there are a couple of different aspects that may affect whether you take a bus, or a subway, or even a cab. For instance, if you want to travel somewhere across the city, keep in mind that, while taking a bus or a subway is inexpensive and sometimes convenient, the line that you’re taking may not run right through where you’re trying to go, but maybe in the vicinity, or it may not be in the area where you’re trying to go at all. In situations like this, you may want to take a taxi or some other kind of ridesharing service. Now, there are a couple of ways to get, hail or take a cab. One of them is to be in a densely populated tourist area; there are often a lot of taxis there. Another way is, if you see one traveling down the road, and the light on top of the cab is on, just wave your hand and they’ll see you. They’ll pull over and you can get in. Keep in mind that there are some cities where you may not have cabs as an option. Like, for instance, in New York or London, there are a lot of taxis. But in a place like Dallas, Texas, there are few, if any. So, do your research when visiting a new place to see if taxicabs will even be a transportation option for you. Now, in order to go over more of the specif ic dialogue options you’ll have once you get into a taxi, I’m going to try and f lag one down right now, and we’ll get in and we’ll go over a few more specif ics. Let me call one right now.

[Inside the cab]Casey:Now let’s go through the steps of taking a cab. The f irst thing is: you want to greet the driver when they arrive. It’s very simple.

CAB

You already know how to get around by subway. Now you will see how to do it by taxi, as well as learn some important language items related to the topic to help you improve your language skills.

Now look at the script of Cab.



Part 1.

[Talking to the driver] Casey: Hello, sir! How are you doing?

Cab Driver: Hi! Good! How are you?

Casey: Hi! I’m doing pretty good!

[Explaining the procedures] Casey: The next step is directions: you want to be able to tell the driver where it is that you want to go.

[Talking to the driver] Casey: Sir, could you take us to Miracle Mile?

Cab Driver: Sure!

Casey: Fantastic!

[Explaining the procedures] Casey: Another thing that you can do is give them more specif ic directions.

[Talking to the driver] Casey: Do you know of a better way to get to Miracle Mile? Are you using a highway or an expressway?

Cab Driver: I would probably take the 170, take that to the 101, and drop down off on Highland.

Casey: OK! If you think that’s faster, I think that sounds great!

[Explaining the procedures] Casey: The next thing that you want to do is, when you arrive at the place you’re going, you’ll want to inform the driver of where you’d like to get out of the car. You can tell them where to park.



[Talking to the driver] Casey: So, anywhere you could park alongside here to drop us off, that would be great!

[Explaining the procedures] Casey: The next thing that you’ll need to know is how to pay!

[Talking to the driver]

Casey: How much do I owe you?

Cab Driver: It’s going to be about US$4.25.

Casey: US$4.25 sounds about right to me! Your service was excellent, and feel free to keep the change! Thanks!

Cab Driver: Thank you!

[Explaining the procedures] Casey: Most taxicabs will have card readers, so you can pay with a credit card or cash, but also keep in mind that, when traveling in America, you’ll need to tip. This will be 10%, 15% or 20% on top of your original bill, depending on the quality of the service. This is very important to keep in mind!

And then the sixth step is to simply say goodbye!

[Talking to the driver] Casey: Sir, thank you again! I appreciated it! I hope you have a good day!

Cab Driver: Thank you, you too!



TÁXI

[Andando por Los Angeles] Casey: Quando você está visitando uma cidade nova, existem diferentes aspectos que podem influenciar sua decisão de pegar um ônibus, o metrô ou até mesmo um táxi. Por exemplo, se você quer ir a um lugar do outro lado da cidade, lembre-se que, por mais que um ônibus ou o metrô sejam mais baratos e às vezes mais convenientes, a linha que você pegar talvez não passe exatamente onde você quer ir, mas talvez passe perto, ou talvez não passe nem naquela área. Nessas situações, é possível que você queira pegar um táxi ou algum outro tipo de serviço de compartilhamento de viagens.

Existem algumas formas de pegar ou chamar um táxi. Uma delas é estar em uma área turística com muita gente, porque geralmente há muitos táxis nessas áreas.

Outra maneira é, se você vir um táxi passando pela rua com o luminoso aceso, você só precisa acenar. Ele vai te ver e parar para que você possa entrar. Tenha em mente que, em algumas cidades, pegar táxi não é uma opção. Por exemplo, em Nova York ou Londres, há muitos táxis. Mas, em um lugar como Dallas, Texas, há poucos ou quase nenhum. Portanto, pesquise antes de visitar um lugar novo para saber se o táxi será uma opção de transporte para você.

Agora, para aprendermos outras opções de diálogo mais específ icas que você terá quando embarcar em um táxi, vou tentar chamar um táxi agora mesmo; vamos embarcar e ver algumas outras particularidades. Vou já chamar um!

[Entrando em um táxi] Casey: Vamos ver o passo a passo para se pegar um táxi! A primeira coisa é cumprimentar o motorista quando ele chegar. É muito simples.

[Falando com o taxista] Casey: Olá, senhor! Tudo bem?

Taxista: Oi! Bem, e você?

Casey: Oi! Eu vou muito bem!

[Explicando os procedimentos] Casey: O próximo passo são as instruções, dizer ao motorista aonde você deseja ir.



[Falando com o taxista] Casey: Senhor, você poderia nos levar para Miracle Mile?

Taxista: Claro!

Casey: Fantástico!

[Explicando os procedimentos] Casey: Outra coisa que você pode fazer é dar instruções específ icas ao taxista.

[Falando com o taxista] Casey: Você sabe de um caminho melhor para chegarmos em Miracle Mile? Você vai pegar uma rodovia ou uma via expressa?

Taxista: Eu provavelmente pegaria a 170, até a 101, e sairia na Highland.

Casey: OK! Se você acha mais rápido, eu acho ótimo!

[Explicando os procedimentos] Casey: A próxima coisa a se fazer é: quando você chegar ao seu destino, informe ao motorista onde quer desembarcar do táxi. Você pode falar onde quer que ele pare.

[Falando com o taxista] Casey: Qualquer lugar em que você possa parar por aqui para desembarcarmos, seria ótimo!

[Explicando os procedimentos] Casey: A próxima coisa que você precisa saber é como pagar o táxi.

[Falando com o taxista] Casey: Quanto eu lhe devo?

Taxista: Fica em US$4,25.



Casey: US$4,25 me parece correto! Seu serviço foi excelente. Fique com o troco! Obrigado!

Taxista: Obrigado!

[Explicando os procedimentos] Casey: A maioria dos taxis terá máquinas de cartão, e você pode pagar com seu cartão de crédito ou com dinheiro. Não se esqueça de que, quando você viajar pelos Estados Unidos, precisará dar gorjeta, que será de 10%, 15% ou 20% sobre o valor da corrida, dependendo da qualidade do serviço. É muito importante lembrar isso! E o sexto passo é simplesmente se despedir!

[Falando com o taxista] Casey: Muito obrigado novamente, senhor! Espero que tenha um bom dia!

Taxista: Obrigado, igualmente!



You can hail or flag a taxi.Você pode fazer sinal para um táxi.

Taxis are more comfortable than other means of transportation.Os táxis são mais confortáveis do que outros meios de transporte.

Taxis are more convenient when you don’t have a bus stop or subway station nearby.Os táxis são mais convenientes quando não há ponto de ônibus ou estação de metrô por perto.

Taxis can be one of the most expensive means of transportation to go around town, because they have some advantages over the other kinds of transportation:

There are a few ways you can take a taxi:

You just have to check the light on the top of the car to see if the taxi is available or not:

AVAILABILITY

AvailableLivre / Disponível

Unavailable Ocupado / Indisponível



Part 2.

INFORMATION PROVIDED TO THE APP

Taking a taxi involves interacting with the driver, and it follows certain steps that will often be the same. First, you get in the cab. So, you greet the driver:

After greeting the driver, you must tell them your destination, which can be done by saying:

Another possibility is to call a taxi. You can use an app to do it. In this case you have to type in some information:

Your nameSeu nome

Hello, how are you?Olá, como vai?

Could you take me to Miracle Mile?Você poderia me levar para Miracle Mile?

Please, take me to Miracle Mile. Por favor, me leve a Miracle Mile.

I would like to go to Miracle Mile, please. Eu gostaria de ir até Miracle Mile, por favor.

Good afternoon!Boa tarde!

Good morning!Bom dia!

Good evening! Boa noite!

Your locationSua localização

Your destinationSeu destino

Payment methodForma de pagamento



You can also ask about the route they will take:

And then it is time to pay for the ride. Nowadays, you can pay:

In cash Em dinheiro

By credit cardNo cartão de crédito

Which way do you usually take to Miracle Mile? Que caminho você costuma fazer para Miracle Mile?

When you get to your destination, you may tell the driver where you want them to stop:

Would you know a faster way to Miracle Mile?Você conhece um caminho mais rápido para Miracle Mile?

Could we go through the highway?Poderíamos ir pela rodovia?

PAYING FOR THE RIDE

You can drop me off by that snack bar.Pode me deixar próximo àquela lanchonete.

Pull over here, please. Encoste aqui, por favor.

I’ll stay here, please.Ficarei aqui, por favor.

You can leave me on the corner. Pode me deixar na esquina.



Now, a cultural aspect: in the U.S., drivers expect you to leave a tip, which is usually 10, 15, or 20% on top of the final fare, depending on the quality of the service. A pretty common sentence when paying for the ride is:

Keep the change. Pode f icar com o troco.

But this is a cultural matter, so it is important to research local customs before traveling.

Finally, you should just say farewell to the driver.

Thank you, bye! Obrigado(a), tchau!

Have a nice day!Tenha um bom dia!

Good night! Boa noite!



Now you know how to take a taxi, how to interact with the driver, and some cultural aspects related to taking a cab.



( 1 ) Payment method

( 2 ) Good night!

( 3 ) In cash

( 4 ) Change

( 5 ) Highway

( 6 ) Hail a taxi

( 7 ) Pull over (the car)

( 8 ) Available

( 9 ) Have a nice day!

( 10 ) By credit card

( 11 ) Thank you!

( 12 ) Unavailable

( ) Fazer sinal para um táxi

( ) Obrigado(a)!

( ) Livre / Disponível

( ) No cartão de crédito

( ) Ocupado / Indisponível

( ) Encostar (o carro)

( ) Método de pagamento

( ) Boa noite!

( ) Tenha um bom dia!

( ) Rodovia

( ) Troco

( ) Em dinheiro

a) . Could you take me to Miracle Mile? Boa noite. Você poderia me levar para Miracle Mile?

b) Hello, ? Olá, como vai?

c) I’ll stay here, please. Thank you, ! Ficarei aqui, por favor. Obrigado, boa noite!

d) Which do you usually take to Miracle Mile? Que caminho você costuma fazer para Miracle Mile?

e) Would you know a way to Miracle Mile? Você conhece um caminho mais rápido para Miracle Mile?

f) here, please. Encoste aqui, por favor.



Activity A

– Answ

ers6 / 11 / 8 / 10 / 12 / 7 / 1 / 2 / 9 / 5 / 4 / 3

Activity B

– Answ

ersa. G

ood eveningb. how

are youc. good night

d. way/route

e. fasterf. Pull over

Part 3.

Activities

In this chapter, you will learn the imperative form, a few modal verbs, and how to ask questions using the question word which.

We use the imperative to:

The imperative form is very straightforward, so it is important to use the appropriate tone of voice according to the meaning you wish to convey. Saying please may be an alternative to convey polite requests.

Take a look at some examples in the aff irmative form:

Pull over here, please. Encoste aqui, por favor.

Please, take me to Miracle Mile. Por favor, me leve para Miracle Mile.

IMPERATIVEAffirmative Form

IMPERATIVE FORM – USES

Give ordersDar ordens

Make requestsFazer pedidos

Give directions and instructions Dar informações e instruções



Part 4.

To make the negative form, we must add don’t in the beginning of the sentence. The rest of it remains the same: the main verb in the base form and the complement.

Modal verbs are also an alternative when making requests and giving instructions. As you know, modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that add meaning to the main verb.

Let’s start with the modal verb can. Its structure in the aff irmative form is:

CAN

Affirmative FormSubject + CAN + Main Verb + Complement

Sujeito + CAN + Verbo Principal + Complemento

As you can see, to make the aff irmative form, we use the main verb in the base form, plus the complement.

We may also use the negative form:

In the affirmative form, can may carry the idea

Don’t take the main street, please. Não pegue a rua principal, por favor.

Don’t go too fast, please.Não corra muito, por favor.

Present abilityHabilidade no presente

PossibilityPossibilidade

PermissionPermissão

CAN – AFFIRMATIVE FORM: USES

IMPERATIVENegative Form



In both sentences, the person is giving instructions to a taxi driver. By using can, they sound more polite.

If you wish to make requests, you will use the interrogative form of can. Check out the structure:

CAN

Interrogative FormCAN + Subject + Main Verb + Complement

CAN + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento

Let’s see some examples:

CAN

CAN

You can drop me off by that snack bar.Pode me deixar próximo àquela lanchonete.

You can leave me on the corner. Pode me deixar na esquina.

Can you stop here?Você pode parar aqui?

Can we go through the highway?Podemos ir pela rodovia?

Take a look at some examples:



As you can see, the modal verb can conveys the idea of a neutral request. In case you want to sound more polite or even more formal, you can use the interrogative form of the modal verb could. For instance:

The negative form of can obeys the following

We can use it to talk about impossibilities or prohibitions. For instance:

Could we go through the highway?Poderíamos ir pela rodovia?

Could you take me to Miracle Mile? Você poderia me levar para Miracle Mile?

COULDFormal Requests

CAN

Negative FormSubject + CANNOT/CAN’T + Main Verb + Complement

Sujeito + CANNOT/CAN’T+ Verbo Principal + Complemento

CANNOT (CAN’T)

You can’t drop me off by that snack bar.Você não pode me deixar próximo àquela lanchonete.

You cannot leave me on the corner. Você não pode me deixar na esquina.



In both previous cases, the person is being informed of what not to do.

There is still another common modal verb used to make requests: would. It is specially used in the phrase would like. Take a look:

Would like is a formal or polite way to express a wish, to refer to something you want.

When used in the interrogative form, it will generally refer to offers. For example:

As you can see in the example, to make an offer, we can use the interrogative construction: would you like.

But would is not used only with the verb like. It may be combined with other verbs. For instance:

In this case, would conveys an idea of a hypothetical situation. Take a look at some examples:

WOULD + MAIN VERB

WOULD LIKE

I would like to go to Miracle Mile, please. Eu gostaria de ir para Miracle Mile, por favor.

Would you like me to turn on the air conditioner? Você gostaria que eu ligasse o ar-condicionado?

We would arrive faster if we went through the highway.Nós chegaríamos mais rápido se fôssemos pela rodovia.

We would not (wouldn’t) be on time if we took the main avenue.Nós não chegaríamos a tempo se pegássemos a avenida principal.

Would you know a faster way to Miracle Mile?Você conheceria um caminho mais rápido para Miracle Mile?

Would likeGostaria

Would goIria

Would driveDirigiria

WOULD Hypothetical Situation



WHAT vs. WHICH

What is your favorite means of transportation?Qual é o seu meio de transporte favorito?

WHAT vs. WHICH

Which way do you usually take to Miracle Mile? Que caminho você costuma fazer para Miracle Mile?

Notice that the contracted form wouldn’t is quite more common in spoken English than the complete form would not.

Also, in order to make the interrogative form, it is necessary to invert would and the subject of the sentence.

Speaking of questions, there is a very common question word to be mentioned at this point: which. Depending on the context, which and what can have similar meanings, for they are used to refer to choices and preferences.

However, in general, what refers to a wider universe than which. Check it out:

In this case, we use what to emphasize that the choice can be made among all the various existing transportation options.

Now have a look at this other example:

WHICH

Which + Noun + Interrogative FormWhich + Substantivo + Forma Interrogativa

Here, we are referring to the route the person normally takes to get to a specific destination, so the options are limited.

Have a look at how to form questions with which:

In the previous example, we used which way followed by the interrogative structure of the simple present. In this case, way is the noun that comes right after the question word.



In this chapter, you learned how to form the imperative in the affirmative and negative forms, and how to use the modal verbs can, could and would, and the question word which. If you want to learn

more about these topics, go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Imperative Page 149Modal Verb Can Page 161Modal Verb Could Page 164Modal Verb Would Page 172Question Word Which Page 217



A. Change the sentences into the negative or affirmative form.

B. Choose the best option to fill in the blanks according to the translation.

a) We faster if we went through the highway. Nós chegaríamos mais rápido se fôssemos pela rodovia. ( ) can arrive ( ) would arrive

b) here? Você pode parar aqui? ( ) Can you stop ( ) Stop

a) Pull over here, please Encoste aqui, por favor. (Negative)

b) You can’t drop me off by that snack bar. Você não pode me deixar próximo àquela lanchonete. (Affirmative)

c) Don’t take the main street, please. Não pegue a rua principal, por favor. (Affirmative)

d) You can leave me on the corner. Pode me deixar na esquina. (Negative)

e) I would like to go to Miracle Mile, please. Eu gostaria de ir para Miracle Mile, por favor. (Negative)

f) You can stop here. Você pode parar aqui. (Negative)



Part 5.

Activities

c) You me off by that snack bar. Pode me deixar próximo àquela lanchonete. ( ) would drop ( ) can drop

d) through the highway? Poderíamos ir pela rodovia? ( ) Could we go ( ) Would we go

e) me to Miracle Mile? Você poderia me levar para Miracle Mile? ( ) Don’t take ( ) Could you take

f) a faster way to Miracle Mile? Você conheceria um caminho mais rápido para Miracle Mile? ( ) Know ( ) Would you know

89



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Ridesharing.

[Sitting on a park bench in Los Angeles]Casey:So far, we’ve covered some of the most common ways to get around the city. One way to get around the city is to take the subway. The subway is a train that runs underground; sometimes, but not always. A couple of things that you need to know about taking the subway are subway lines, subway stations and how to buy subway tickets. Another way to get around the city is to take the bus. It’s nice because it’s less expensive than the subway, and you can actually see the places that you’re passing through. The only downside is that you might get stuck in a traff ic jam. As a matter of fact, you might get stuck in a traff ic jam if you choose to take a cab as well. Your journey will probably be more comfortable than when you take the bus, but the cost will also be way higher. Now, instead of taking a cab, you might want to use a ridesharing service, since it’s usually cheaper. This is a great option for when you’re abroad for several reasons. You will pay for the ride through the app, enter the destination on the app, so the driver knows where you are going. You can track the driver’s arrival. You will get information about the driver beforehand, and you can share the route with friends. If you already use ridesharing services in your home city, you are probably familiar with this process. But, if you haven’t tried it yet, this might be a good time to start.

RIDESHARING

You have already seen some ways to get around town. In this chapter, we will review the means of transportation seen up to now, how to call a ridesharing service car, and how casual conversations between drivers and passengers go. You will also see some vocabulary and grammar that will help you improve your language skills.

Now look at the script of Ridesharing.



Part 1.

Here’s what you should do: f irst, download the app; then, create an account and add a payment method. Done! You can start using the app now! Enter your destination and check the estimated fare. After that, all you have to do is confirm the ride! As soon as your ride is matched to a nearby driver, you’ll be able to check the driver’s ratings and reviews. Then you can just track the driver and wait at your pick-up location. It’s that damn easy, you guys!

[On a street downtown]Casey:Well, in fact, if your pick-up location is on the street, instead of a building, the driver might text you or call you, to get the specif ics of where you are and ask for a landmark. If someone were to ask me where I am, I could tell them that I’m next to or beside a tree. I am next to a tree, or I am beside a tree. But this isn’t very specif ic. So, I could also tell them that I’m in front of an electronics store, or, if they needed more information, I could tell them that I’m across from a minimarket. When you use a ridesharing service, you don’t need to tell the driver where you’re going because it’s already in the app, but it’s always polite to greet the driver!

[In the car] Casey:So, now we’re actually on the way to where we’re going. So, now comes the part where we can have a little bit of small talk, or maybe some conversation.

[Talking to the driver]Casey:Sir, are you from around here?

Driver:

Yeah, from L.A.

Casey:You’re from L.A; great! What are some places around Miracle Mile that you think that we should see while we’re in town?

Driver:There are a couple different areas you could go. They have LACMA museum, which is over there, they have the L.A tar pits. And the Grove is pretty close to there, which is a big kind of shopping mall area you can go to...

Casey:

OK, great! So now we have a couple more things that we can do now that we’re in L.A. because we’ve made some small talk and we got some more suggestions from our driver!



TRANSPORTE POR APLICATIVO

[Sentado em um banco de um parque em Los Angeles] Casey: Até agora, nós vimos alguns dos meios mais comuns de se locomover pela cidade. Um deles é pegar o metrô. O metrô é um trem que viaja pelo subsolo na maioria das vezes, mas nem sempre. Algumas coisas que você precisa saber sobre pegar o metrô são: as linhas, as estações, e como comprar seu bilhete.

Outra forma de andar pela cidade é pegar um ônibus. É uma boa opção por ser mais barato do que o metrô, e você pode ver os lugares por onde está passando! O único ponto contra é que você pode f icar preso em um engarrafamento! Aliás, você pode f icar preso em um engarrafamento caso escolha pegar um táxi. Sua viagem provavelmente será mais confortável do que no ônibus, mas o custo também será bem maior.

Agora, em vez de pegar um táxi, você pode querer usar um serviço de transporte por aplicativo, pois eles geralmente são mais baratos. Essa é uma ótima opção quando você está no exterior por vários motivos. Você pagará pela corrida pelo aplicativo, e nele vai inserir seu destino para que o motorista saiba para onde você quer ir. Você pode rastrear a chegada do motorista, receber informações sobre ele e compartilhar sua rota com amigos. Se você já usa esses serviços na sua cidade natal, provavelmente já está familiarizado com o processo. Mas, caso você ainda não tenha experimentado, essa talvez seja uma boa hora para começar!

Isso é o que você deve fazer: primeiro, baixe o aplicativo; então, crie uma conta e adicione um método de pagamento. Pronto! Agora você pode começar a usar o aplicativo! Insira seu destino e confira o preço estimado da corrida; depois disso, tudo o que você tem que fazer é confirmar a corrida! Assim que sua corrida for selecionada por um motorista que esteja próximo, você poderá conferir a classif icação e as avaliações dele. Então, você pode rastrear o motorista e esperar no local de embarque! É fácil assim, pessoal!

[Em uma rua no centro] Casey: Aliás, se o seu local de embarque for na rua, em vez de em um prédio, o motorista pode mandar uma mensagem ou te ligar, para saber exatamente onde você se encontra e pedir um ponto de referência. Se alguém me perguntasse onde estou, eu poderia responder que estou próximo, ou ao lado, de uma árvore. Eu estou próximo, ou ao lado, de uma árvore. Mas isso não é muito específ ico; então, eu também poderia falar que estou na frente de uma loja de eletrônicos.



Ou, se precisarem de mais informações, eu poderia falar que estou em frente a um minimercado, do outro lado da rua.

Quando você usa um serviço de transporte por aplicativo, você não precisa dizer ao motorista o seu destino, pois ele já consta no aplicativo, mas é sempre educado cumprimentar o motorista!

[Dentro do carro] Casey: Agora estamos a caminho do nosso destino, e chegou o momento em que podemos bater um papo com o motorista.

[Conversando com o motorista] Casey: O senhor é daqui da região?

Motorista: Sim, sou de Los Angeles!

Casey: O senhor é de Los Angeles? Ótimo! Que lugares perto de Miracle Mile o senhor acha que devemos conhecer durante a nossa estadia?

Motorista: Temos algumas regiões diferentes que você poderia visitar. Temos o museu LACMA, lá por perto, e os poços de piche de Los Angeles. E o Grove é próximo também, que é um tipo de shopping grande que você pode visitar...

Casey: OK, ótimo! Já temos mais algumas coisas que podemos fazer agora que estamos em Los Angeles, porque conversamos um pouco e conseguimos algumas sugestões do nosso motorista!



Cabs are convenient when you’re far from a bus stop or from a subway or train station.

Táxis são convenientes quando você está longe de um ponto de ônibus ou de uma estação de trem ou metrô.

Cabs aren’t cheap. Táxis não são baratos.

Cabs are comfortable. Táxis são confortáveis.

Buses are inexpensive.Ônibus são baratos.

Buses are good because you can see the streets. Ônibus são bons porque você consegue ver as ruas.

We have seen a few means of transportation commonly used to move around the city along this topic. Now let’s review their pros and cons and take a look at some adjectives too.

The positive aspects of taking buses are:

Journeys can be longer because of that. As viagens podem ser mais longas por causa disso.

The downsides are:

In fact, these are also negative aspects of taking taxis. Taking a cab is another common way to explore the city, and its main characteristics are:

You might get stuck in traffic jams. Você pode f icar preso em engarrafamentos.



Part 2.

PERSONAL INFORMATION

In order to use this service, you will need a cell phone with internet connection and an app. If you are using the app for the first time, you have to enter some data:

You have also seen the subway. It is very important to learn how to read the subway map, buy tickets, and how to behave while in the subway.

The subway is widely used around the world, and its main characteristics are:

Ridesharing is comfortable and convenient. O transporte por aplicativo é confortável e conveniente.

Ridesharing is cheap when compared to taxi fares. O transporte por aplicativo é barato se comparado às tarifas de táxi comum.

Your name Seu nome

Your phone number Seu número de telefone

You have also seen that one way to visit the city is by walking around.

But let’s not forget the ridesharing service. It is a good option because:

The subway is a train that runs underground.O metrô é um trem que anda pelo subsolo.

The subway is fast. O metrô é rápido.

This is required to make your registration. You can also include payment information such as:

Your credit card number O número do seu cartão de crédito



Nowadays, you can call a car just for yourself or you can call a carpool car, which means you will share your ride with other people.

After you have called your car, all you have to do is wait. If you are not at a specif ic address, the driver will probably ask:

Then you can say where you are using prepositions of place:


I am in front of an electronics store. Eu estou em frente a uma loja de eletrônicos.

I am across from a minimarket. Estou do lado oposto a um mercadinho.


In some countries, you can just pay cash. Once you are registered, this is how you call a car:

First, enter your location. Primeiro, insira sua localização.

Finally, include the method of payment. Por f im, inclua a forma de pagamento.

Then, add your destination. Depois, adicione o seu destino.

I am next to/beside a tree. Estou ao lado de uma árvore.



In this part of the chapter, we reviewed the means of transportation we have seen so far. In addition to that,

you learned how to use a ridesharing service and how to interact with the driver.

What is the nicest restaurant in town? Qual é o melhor restaurante da cidade?

Do you know a good place to hang out at night?Você conhece um bom lugar para sair à noite?

What do you suggest for a nice day in the city?O que você sugere para um dia legal pela cidade?

When you board the car, greet the driver and start some small talk, such as talking about the weather:

It is warm today, isn’t it? Está quente hoje, não?

Can you turn the air conditioner on? Você pode ligar o ar-condicionado?

Or you can ask them for some tips about the city:

Are you from around here? Você é daqui?

Is the city museum worth it? O museu da cidade vale a pena?




B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word(s) according to the

( 1 ) Ridesharing

( 2 ) Cheap

( 3 ) Underground

( 4 ) Comfortable

( 5 ) Good

( 6 ) The nicest

( 7 ) Fast

( 8 ) Expensive

( 9 ) Get stuck

( 10 ) Longer

( 11 ) Traff ic jam

( 12 ) Method of payment

( ) Confortável

( ) O(A) melhor

( ) Ficar preso(a)

( ) Mais longo(a)

( ) Caro

( ) Carona compartilhada

( ) Rápido

( ) Forma de pagamento

( ) Engarrafamento

( ) Barato

( ) Bom

( ) Subsolo

a) I am an electronics store. Eu estou em frente a uma loja de eletrônicos.

b) What the nicest restaurant in town? Qual é o melhor restaurante da cidade?

c) Do you know a good to hang out at night? Você conhece um bom lugar para sair à noite?

d) I am a minimarket. Estou do lado oposto a um mercadinho.

e) the city museum ? O museu da cidade vale a pena?

f) I am a tree. Estou ao lado de uma árvore.




Activity B – Answersa. in front ofb. isc. place

d. across frome. is – worth itf. next to / beside

Part 3.

Activities

In this chapter, you will learn how to use the simple present of the verb to be and other verbs. You will also learn some of the prepositions of place and tag questions.

Let’s start with the simple present of the verb to be—first, because it is by far the most frequently used verb in English; the other reason is that it is also the most irregular verb in English, and its form differs from that of all the other verbs.

The simple present is used to express:

Let’s take a look at some examples of sentences in the simple present, starting with the verb to be.

SIMPLE PRESENT – USES

Habits and routineHábitos e rotina

FactsFatos


The subway is fast. O metrô é rápido.

Buses are inexpensive.Ônibus são baratos.



Part 4.

In all previous examples, we used the verb to be to express facts. And each sentence has a different conjugation of this verb. The verb to be in the affirmative goes like this:

SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BEAffirmative form

SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BENegative form

He isEle é/está

He is not (isn’t)Ele não é/está

You areVocê é/está

You are not (aren’t)

Você não é/está

I am Eu sou/estou

I am not (’m not)Eu não sou/estou

We areNós somos/

estamos

We are not (aren’t)

Nós não somos/estamos

It isEle/Ela/Isto é/está

She isEla é/está

She is not (isn’t)Ela não é/está

You areVocês são/estão


Vocês não são/estão

It is not (isn’t)Ele/Ela/Isto não é/

está

They are not (aren’t)

Eles não são/estão

They areEles são/estão

Cabs are not (aren’t) cheap. Táxis não são baratos.

Now have a look at an example in the negative form of the verb to be:

As you can see, to form the negative, we simply add not right after the verb to be. It is possible to use the contracted form—in this case, aren’t—, which is quite common in spoken English. Have a look at the complete conjugation:



Finally, to form the interrogative form of the verb to be, it is necessary to invert the subject with the verb. Have a look at some examples:

Are you from around here? Você é daqui?

Is the city museum worth it? O museu da cidade vale a pena?

INTERROGATIVE FORM: VERB TO BE

In both examples, we started the sentence with the verb, and we added the subject and the complement.

Now, let’s see some examples with other verbs in the simple present:

Buses are good because you see the streets. Ônibus são bons porque você vê as ruas.

The subway is a train that runs underground.

O metrô é um trem que anda pelo subsolo.

The simple present of the other verbs follows different rules than the ones applied for the verb to be. Take a look at the conjugation of the verb to run for the persons I, you, we, and they:

SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBSAffirmative form(I, You, We, They)

We runNós corremos

You runVocê corre

I runEu corro

You runVocês correm

They runEles correm



As you can see, for the subjects I, you—both in the singular and plural—we, and they, the conjugation of the verb is the same, that is, the same as the base form of the verb.

Now observe what happens with the third person singular:

SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBSAffirmative form

(He, she, it)

He runsEle corre

She runsEla corre

It runs Ele/Ela/Isto corre

As you can see, in the third person singular, we will add the suff ix -S to the verb.

Now, look at what happens when we change it to the negative form:

The subway doesn’t work on national holidays. O metrô não funciona em feriados nacionais.

The negative form for the other verbs in the simple present is built by adding the auxiliary verb DO + NOT. Check it out:

SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBSNegative form

HeEle

DOES NOT (DOESN’T)não

runcorre

She Ela

ItEle/Ela/Isto

IEu

DO NOT (DON’T)não

runcorro/corremos

corre/correm

WeNós

YouVocê/Vocês

They Eles/Elas



As you can see, do + not becomes don’t in the contracted form. Moreover, in the third person singular, the auxiliary verb do is conjugated and it becomes does + not, or, in the contracted form, doesn’t. Notice that the main verb will remain in the bare inf initive for all persons.

To make the interrogative form of other verbs in the simple present, we will also have to add the auxiliary verb. But this time it will be before the subject. Check it out:

SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBSInterrogative form

Do you know a good place to hang out at night?Você conhece um bom lugar para sair à noite?

Does the museum open at night? O museu abre à noite?

In both examples, we started with the auxiliary verb, followed by the subject, and then the main verb in its base form.

If you want to use a question word to ask questions in the simple present, all you have to do is place the question word before the interrogative sentence. That rule applies to the simple present as whole, be it with the verb to be or with any other verb. Take a look:

What is the nicest restaurant in town?Qual é o melhor restaurante da cidade?

What do you suggest for a nice day in the city?O que você sugere para um dia legal pela cidade?

QUESTION WORD + INTERROGATIVE FORMSimple Present



In the f irst example, what is followed by the interrogative form of the verb to be, whereas in the second example it is followed by the interrogative form of the verb to suggest.

There is another type of question that has a very specif ic use. It is the tag questions, whose function is to simply confirm a piece of information.

They are usually contrary to the main statement: if the main sentence is in the affirmative form, the tag question will be in the negative. Check it out:

Ling’s is the best Chinese restaurant in town, isn’t it? O Ling’s é o melhor restaurante chinês da cidade, não é?

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT NEGATIVE TAG QUESTION

Here we have an aff irmative statement with the verb to be: Ling’s is. To confirm that statement with a tag question, we need to replace the subject with a subject pronoun. In this case, Ling’s refers to a restaurant, so the subject pronoun would be it. Then, we must build the tag question following the rules of the interrogative form of the verb to be—we invert to be and the subject: is it. Since it must be a question contrary to the statement, it will be built in the negative form. So, it becomes isn’t it.

Now take a look at an example with a different verb in the simple present:

You have change for a 50-dollar bill, don’t you?Você tem troco para uma nota de 50 dólares, não tem?

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT NEGATIVE TAG QUESTION

In this case, the statement is made with the verb to have: you have. The tag question will be formed by following the rule of the simple present for other verbs, so we will need to add the auxiliary verb do. As a result, we have: do you. Since the tag must be contrary the statement, it will be in the negative form: don’t you.

Notice that, in this case, we do not use the main verb in the tag question. It will be formed only by the subject and the auxiliary verb.

And f inally, our last topic for this chapter: prepositions of place. You can use them to give information about where you are, for example. Take a look:




I am across from a minimarket. Estou do lado oposto a um mercadinho.

I am next to/beside a tree. Estou ao lado de uma árvore.


When we talk about addresses, we tend to use the prepositions ON, IN, and AT. Here is how they work:

ADDRESSES

On a streetEm uma rua

I’m on Third Avenue.

Estou na Third Avenue.

I’m on the main street.Estou na rua principal.

The store is at 25 Space Alley.A loja f ica na Space Alley, 25.

I’m at the bus stop.Estou no ponto de ônibus.

I’m at Nick & Sons.

Estou na Nick & Sons.

In a neighborhood/In a country/In a cityEm um bairro/Em um país/Em uma cidade

New York is in the U.S.

Nova York é/f ica nos EUA.

I’m in Los Angeles.Estou em Los Angeles.

We also use at to refer to our own house. We say:

AT

I’m at home.Eu estou em casa.

AT SPECIFIC ADDRESSES/PLACESEm endereços/lugares específicos



In this chapter, you have seen the simple present of the verb to be, the simple present of other verbs, prepositions

of place, and tag questions. If you want to learn more about these topics, check the Grammar Guide section at

the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Prepositions of Place Page 191Simple Present – Other Verbs Page 220Simple Present – Verb to Be Page 226Tag Questions Page 240



A. Complete the table with the missing forms of the verb to be.

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition of place.

a) I’m the bus stop. Estou no ponto de ônibus.

b) I’m Los Angeles. Estou em Los Angeles.

c) New York is the U.S. Nova York é/fica nos EUA.

d) I am a minimarket. Estou do lado oposto a um mercadinho.

e) I am an electronics store. Eu estou em frente a uma loja de eletrônicos.

f) I’m the main street. Estou na rua principal.

I’m You

He/She/It

We

You are

They

I am not (I’m not) You ( )

He/She/It is not (isn’t)

We are not ( )


They ( )

…? Are you…?

Is he/she/it…?

we…?

Are ?

Are they…?

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form



Activity A – Answersa. Am I…?b. are – are not (aren’t)c. isd. are – aren’t - Aree. youf. are – are not (aren’t)

Activity B – Answersa. at b. inc. ind. across frome. in front off. on

Part 5.

Activities

OtherTypes of Transportation.

[On the street, near an electric scooter]Casey:Sometimes when you’re visiting a city and you don’t want to take the subway or the bus or a cab, you can take an alternative form of transportation like a cable car or ferry, or maybe even rent a bike. Cities now will also have an electric scooter that you can rent, like the kind I have next to me here. These scooters are sponsored by different companies. So, if you want to rent one, make sure you observe what company actually owns this kind of scooter. You’ll have to download a mobile app specif ic to that type of scooter that you want to take. You can do this very easily by downloading a QR scanner for your phone—some have them built into the camera—and scanning this little symbol here on top of the scooter. Once you have that scanned, it’ll take you to that specif ic app that you then have to put in credit card information. This will be things like your credit card number, the expiration date and the validation code, as well as your zip code. Sometimes the instructions for inputting this information will be in English. But the information that you have to put in is relatively the same no matter what service or city you’re trying to rent the scooter in. So now that you know how to rent one of these scooters, I’m going to show you how to ride it, and we’ll catch the sunset. It’s that easy!

OTHER TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION

This is the last chapter about transportation, and you will see some other means of transportation and the rules for riding electric scooters. You will also see ways to give and receive advice on which means of transportation to choose. Finally, you will learn some language items that will help you improve your language skills.

Now look at the script of Other Types of Transportation.



Part 1.

[On the scooter]Casey:OK, guys! A couple of things to remember when renting a scooter like this is that you’re supposed to drive on the road. That means that you have to obey road signs, like the one right next to me that says: “right lane must turn right.” If I was driving in that lane, it means I need to turn right even though I’m on a scooter and not in a car. Be mindful of other cars, be smart about it. Don’t use your cell phone and watch out for pedestrians as well. Because this is very fast, try to keep your balance, don’t be distracted, and, if you can, try to rent a helmet. It is legally required in some places, so make sure you research that as well. And once you’re good with that, you’ll be able to rent a scooter like a pro!

[On a rooftop] Casey:We have talked about a lot of things today, everything from roads, addresses, points of reference, and prepositions of place. How to ask a stranger for directions, how to take the subway, a cab, a bus and even a bike! That’s a lot to take in! But I still have three f inal pieces of advice for you! The f irst has to do with money. Think about how much money you want to spend on transportation when you get to a place. A bus is less expensive, but you have to take into consideration the next piece of advice, which is time. A bus is less expensive, but it takes more time than a cab. If you want to spend a lot of time where you’re going, you may want to spend more money to get there quickly. And then the third and f inal piece of advice is to think about the cultural differences between places where you’re traveling. Some places might have more subways; some places might have more buses. Some places might use something like a cable car, or a ferry, which might be easier than both. You have to do the research and f igure out what transportation is going to be the best for you in the place where you are traveling. And then I guess I do have one f inal piece of advice, and that is simply to enjoy your trip, while I enjoy this L.A. view.



OUTROS TIPOS DE TRANSPORTE

[Na rua, ao lado de um patinete elétrico]Casey:Às vezes, ao visitar uma cidade, você não quer pegar metrô, ônibus ou táxi. Você pode usar um meio alternativo de transporte, como um bondinho, ou uma balsa, ou até mesmo alugar uma bicicleta. Algumas cidades agora também têm patinetes elétricos que você pode alugar, como este aqui do meu lado. Esses patinetes são administrados por diferentes empresas. Logo, caso você queira alugar um, observe de que empresa ele é. Você precisará baixar um aplicativo específ ico para o patinete que você quer pegar. Você pode fazer isso facilmente baixando um leitor de QR code no seu celular—alguns deles já têm o leitor no aplicativo da câmera—e escaneando esse pequeno símbolo no topo do patinete. Uma vez escaneado, ele vai te levar para um aplicativo específ ico em que você deve colocar as informações do seu cartão de crédito. Serão coisas como o número do seu cartão, a data de validade e o código de segurança, assim como seu CEP. Às vezes as instruções para inserir essas informações estarão em inglês. Mas as informações que você vai inserir são mais ou menos as mesmas, independentemente do serviço ou cidade onde você está tentando alugar o patinete. Agora que você sabe alugar um desses patinetes, vou te mostrar como andar em um, e vamos tentar pegar um pôr do sol. É simples assim!

[No patinete]Casey:OK, galera! Lembrem que, quando forem alugar um patinete como este, vocês devem andar com ele na rua. Isso signif ica que vocês devem obedecer às placas de trânsito, como esta aqui ao meu lado, que diz “conversão obrigatória à direita”. Se eu estivesse dirigindo naquela faixa, eu teria que virar à direita, mesmo estando de patinete, não de carro. Fique atento aos carros, seja inteligente. Não use o celular e f ique atento aos pedestres também. Como esse patinete é muito rápido, tente manter o equilíbrio, não se distraia, e, se possível, tente alugar um capacete. Ele pode ser obrigatório por lei em alguns lugares; então, lembre-se de pesquisar isso também. Com tudo isso pronto, você poderá alugar um patinete como um profissional!

[No topo de um prédio]Casey:OK, pessoal! Nós falamos sobre muitas coisas hoje. Falamos de vias, endereços, pontos de referência e preposições de lugar. Como pedir informações a um estranho, como pegar metrô, táxi, ônibus e até bicicleta! Isso é bastante coisa para se aprender! Mas eu ainda tenho mais três conselhos para vocês.



E o primeiro tem a ver com dinheiro. Pense em quanto você quer gastar com transporte quando visitar um lugar. Um ônibus é mais barato, mas você tem que levar em consideração o próximo conselho, que é o tempo. Um ônibus é mais barato, mas demora mais do que um táxi. Se você quiser passar mais tempo no seu destino, talvez prefira gastar um pouco mais para chegar lá rapidamente.

E o terceiro e último conselho é pensar sobre as diferenças culturais entre os lugares para os quais você está viajando. Alguns lugares podem ter mais linhas de metrô, outros podem ter mais ônibus. Alguns podem usar algo como um bondinho, ou uma balsa, que pode ser mais fácil. Você tem que pesquisar e descobrir qual é o melhor transporte para você no lugar para onde você está viajando.

E acho que tenho um último conselho, que é: aproveite sua viagem, enquanto eu aproveito esta vista de Los Angeles.



Besides buses, cabs, and the subway, cities offer other means of transportation:

We can also use the train, which is quite similar to the subway. Depending on the city, one or another means of transportation will be mostly used.

OTHER MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION

Cable car / Streetcar / TramBondinho / Bonde

FerryBarca / Balsa

Bicycle/Bike Bicicleta

Electric scooterPatinete elétrico



Part 2.

In large urban areas, mobility and the environment are important issues, so you may f ind rental bikes and electric scooters available. Here is what you have to do in order to use them:

As you ride them on the street, you must follow the local traffic rules:

You must download a mobile app. Você tem que baixar um aplicativo para celular.

You should have a QR scanner on your cell phone. Você deve ter um leitor de QR code no seu celular.

You need a credit card to pay. Você precisa de um cartão de crédito para pagar.

You must ride scooters on the road. Você tem que andar de patinete pela rua.

You must obey the road signs. Você tem que obedecer às placas de trânsito.

You should rent a helmet. Você deve alugar um capacete.

You must watch out for other people and vehicles, so:

Be mindful of other cars.Fique atento aos outros carros.

Watch out for pedestrians. Tenha cuidado com os pedestres.

Follow the rules. Siga as regras.

Don’t use your cell phone while riding the scooter. Não use o celular enquanto estiver andando de patinete.



You have already seen pretty much every possible means of transportation and reference points, and by now you know:

Not to mention the other possibilities of transportation. But now the question is:

How to take a bus Como pegar um ônibus

How to take the subwayComo pegar o metrô

How to take a cab or some ridesharing service Como pegar um táxi ou um serviço de carona compartilhada

Which means of transportation to choose? Qual meio de transporte escolher?

Here are some important aspects to consider when deciding which means of transportation to choose:

You should consider the time you want to spend in a place.Você deve considerar o tempo que quer f icar em um lugar.

You should consider how long you’ll take to get to the place where you’re going.Você deve considerar quanto tempo levará para chegar ao lugar aonde está indo.

You should research the cultural differences between the places where you are traveling.Você deve pesquisar as diferenças culturais entre os lugares por onde estiver viajando.

You should think about how much money you want to spend on transportation.Você deve pensar em quanto você quer gastar com transporte.



Now you know other means of transportation, how to rent a bike or an electric scooter, and the important aspects to consider when choosing a means of

transportation.



( 1 ) Helmet

( 2 ) Cable car / Streetcar / Tram

( 3 ) Road signs

( 4 ) Mobile app

( 5 ) Be mindful

( 6 ) Electric scooter

( 7 ) Ferry

( 8 ) Download

( 9 ) Watch out

( 10 ) Road

( 11 ) Rules

( 12 ) Place

( ) Balsa/Barca

( ) Capacete

( ) Lugar

( ) Regras

( ) Tenha cuidado

( ) Aplicativo para celular

( ) Bondinho/Bonde

( ) Fique atento

( ) Placas de trânsito

( ) Baixar

( ) Rua

( ) Patinete elétrico

a) Which means of to choose? Qual meio de transporte escolher?

b) You should consider you’ll take to get to the place where you’re going. Você deve considerar quanto tempo levará para chegar ao lugar aonde está indo.

c) You should the cultural differences between the places where you are traveling. Você deve pesquisar as diferenças culturais entre os lugares por onde estiver viajando.

d) You must ride scooters the road. Você tem que andar de patinete pela rua.

e) You must the road signs. Você tem que obedecer às placas de trânsito.

f) You must a mobile app. Você tem que baixar um aplicativo para celular.




Activity B – Answersa. transportationb. how longc. research

d. one. obeyf. download

Part 3.

Activities

In this chapter, you will learn how to use the modal verbs should and must and how to create questions using the question words what, which, and how.

Let’s begin with the modal verbs—you have already seen can and could in this module. Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that add meaning to the main verb.

When we think about the structure of modal verbs, we need to remember that:

A modal verb will add the idea of formality, informality, request, permission, or other meanings to the main verb. Let’s see how it works with must and should.

The modal verb must conveys the idea of obligation. Let’s analyze a few examples:

We don’t use to between the modal verb and the main verb.Não usamos to entre o modal verb e o verbo principal.

Modal verbs add meaning to the main verb. Os modal verbs adicionam sentido ao verbo principal.

MUST Obligation

You must obey the road signs.Você tem que obedecer às placas de trânsito.

You must ride scooters on the road. Você tem que andar de patinete pela rua.

You must download a mobile app. Você tem que baixar um aplicativo para celular.



Part 4.

It is not very common to ask questions using must, but in case you want to, follow the structure:

When used in the negative form, must conveys an idea of prohibition. Take a look:

MUSTInterrogative structure

MUST NOT Prohibition

Must + Subject + Main Verb + ComplementMust + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento

You mustn’t run a red light. Você não pode avançar no sinal vermelho.

You mustn’t ride scooters on the sidewalk. Você não pode andar de patinete na calçada.

As you can see, the contracted form mustn’t is more frequently used, unless you wish to emphasize the prohibition.

In short, we can say that the meaning of must is different in the negative and in the aff irmative forms:

Affirmative FormMUST – Obligation

Obrigação

Negative FormMUST NOT / MUSTN’T – Prohibition

Proibição



Differently from must, the modal verb should conveys the same idea in the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms. We will use should to give advice. Check out some examples:

Let’s put the sentences we analyzed before in the interrogative form:

To ask a question using should, all you have to do is follow the regular structure of a question with a modal verb:

SHOULD Advice – Affirmative Form

SHOULD Advice – Interrogative Form

SHOULD Interrogative structure

You should have a QR scanner on your cell phone. Você deve ter um leitor de QR code no seu celular.

You should rent a helmet.

Você deve alugar um capacete.

You should consider the time you want to spend in a place.Você deve considerar o tempo que quer f icar em um lugar.

Should I have a QR scanner on my cell phone?Eu devo ter um leitor de QR code no meu celular?

Should I wear a helmet?Eu devo usar capacete?

Should + Subject + Main Verb + ComplementShould + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento



As you can see, in the interrogative form, the modal verb should sounds like a request for advice; so the general idea remains.

For the negative form, all you have to do is add not right after the modal verb:

In these cases, we have advice on what not to do.

Now let’s take a look at some question words. We will begin with which and what, which are quite similar.

What may be used to ask questions about activities and things in general. It will usually be followed by an action verb. Take a look at these examples:

As you can see, these are questions about things in general.

But, if you ask a question with the verb to be, the meaning of what changes a bit, and it becomes very similar to which. But here is the difference:

SHOULD Advice – Negative Form

WHAT

WHAT VS. WHICH

You shouldn’t ride too fast.Você não deve conduzir muito rápido.

Drivers shouldn’t disobey the rules.

Os motoristas não devem desobedecer às regras.

What do you want to rent?O que você quer alugar?

What do you prefer to ride? O que você prefere conduzir?

WHAT – unlimited options O que/Qual/Quais – opções ilimitadas

WHICH – limited optionsQual/Quais – opções limitadas



Compare the examples:

In the previous examples, it is clear that what allows a wider variety of answers, whereas questions with which refer to a strict group of options.

Another question word we need to see is how. We may ask:

We may also combine how with adjectives and adverbs to ask specif ic questions:

WHAT VS. WHICH

HOW

HOW + ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS

What is the safest means of transportation?Qual é o meio de transporte mais seguro?

Which is your favorite: rental scooters or bikes?

Qual é o seu favorito: patinetes ou bicicletas de aluguel?

How do I get to the bus station? Como eu chego na rodoviária?

How are you? Como você está?

How long Quanto tempo

How many Quantos(as)

How late Até que horas

How far Qual distância

How much Quanto(a)



In this chapter, you have seen the modal verbs should and must and the question words what, which, and how. If you want to learn more about these topics, check the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Modal Verb Must Page 167Modal Verb Should Page 169Question Word How Page 199Question Word What Page 205Question Word Which Page 217


How long does it take to go from here to San Francisco?Quanto tempo leva para ir daqui até São Francisco?

How much does the ticket cost?Quanto custa o bilhete?

How late does the station close?Até que horas a estação f ica aberta?



A. Write:

B. Fill in the blanks with How or How + Adverb.

( 1 ) for advice;

( 2 ) for obligation;

( 3 ) for prohibition.

a) ( ) You shouldn’t ride too fast.

Você não deve conduzir muito rápido.

b) ( ) You must ride scooters on the road.

Você tem que andar de patinete pela rua.

c) ( ) Should I wear a helmet?

Eu devo usar capacete?

d) ( ) You mustn’t run a red light.

Você não pode avançar no sinal vermelho.

e) ( ) Drivers shouldn’t disobey the rules.

Os motoristas não devem desobedecer às regras.

f) ( ) You must obey the road signs.

Você tem que obedecer às placas de trânsito.

a) do I get to the bus station? Como eu chego na rodoviária?

b) does it take to go from here to San Francisco? Quanto tempo leva para ir daqui até São Francisco?

c) are you? Como você está?

d) does the station close? Até que horas a estação fica aberta?



Part 5.

Activities

e) does the ticket cost? Quanto custa o bilhete?

f) You should consider you’ll take to get to the place where you’re going. Você deve considerar quanto tempo levará para chegar ao lugar aonde está indo.

Act

ivity

A –

Ans

wer

sa.

1b.

2c.

1

d. 3

e. 1

f. 2

Act

ivity

B –

Ans

wer

sa.

How

b.

How

long

c. H

ow

d. H

ow la

tee.

How

muc

hf.

How

long

125



Grammar Guide.


Adjectives are used to describe things. We can use adjectives to describe objects, people, places, the weather, and food, for example.

Adjectives don’t have singular or plural forms or feminine and masculine, and they always refer to nouns or pronouns.

Adjectives are used mainly in two positions. In the first one, a noun or a pronoun is the subject of the sentence, followed by the verb and the adjective.

Mary is smart.Mary é esperta.

(subject: Mary + verb: is + adjective: smart)

John is smart.John é esperto.

(subject: John + verb: is + adjective: smart)

Mary and John are smart.Mary e John são espertos.

(subject: Mary and John + verb: are + adjective: smart)

ADJECTIVESSubject + Verb + Adjective

Mary has a great job.Mary tem um ótimo emprego.

(determiner: a + adjective: great + noun: job)

John has a great job.John tem um ótimo emprego.

(determiner: a + adjective: great + noun: job)

Mary and John have great jobs.Mary e John têm ótimos empregos.

(no determiner + adjective: great + noun: job)

ADJECTIVES(Determiner) + Adjective + Noun

The other position for adjectives is right before the noun to which they refer. In this case, we’ll have a determiner (if necessary), the adjective and the noun.

Take a look:

Adjectives


Article: the/a/anArtigo: o(a) / um(a)

Demonstratives: this; these / that; thosePronomes demonstrativos: este(a), esse(a); estes(as) esses(as) / aquele(a); aqueles(as)

Possessive adjectives: my / your / his / her / its / our / theirPronomes possessivos: meu(s); minha(s) / teu(s); tua(s); seu(s); sua(s) /

seu; sua; dele; dela / nosso(s); nossa(s) / seus; suas; deles; delas

DETERMINERS

In this second structure, it’s possible to use a determiner or not. But what is a determiner?

A determiner can be an article, such as the, a, or an; a demonstrative, such as this, that, these, or those; or a possessive adjective, such as my, your, his, her, its, our, or their.

Chris is the best student in the class.Chris é o melhor aluno da sala.

(determiner: the + adjective: best + noun: student)

Look at those cute dogs!Olha aqueles cachorros fofos!

(determiner: those + adjective: cute + noun: dogs)

Chocolate is my favorite dessert.Chocolate é minha sobremesa favorita.

(determiner: my + adjective: favorite + noun: dessert)

ADJECTIVES(Determiner) + Adjective + Noun

Let’s see some examples with determiners before the adjective and the noun.


Carnival is a beautiful big old festival.O Carnaval é uma grande e bonita festa antiga.

(determiner: a + adjectives: beautiful, big, and old + noun: festival)

ADJECTIVES

It’s possible to use two or more adjectives in a sentence. Look at the example:

When you use more than one adjective in a sentence, there is an order to be followed. Check it out:

It’s not common to use many adjectives for the same noun, but it’s possible.

1st – OpinionExample: Amazing, beautiful, nice.

Exemplo: Incrível, bonito(a), legal.

5th – AgeExample: Old and young.

Exemplo: Velho(a) e novo(a).

3rd – Physical characteristicsExample: Thin, tall, short.

Exemplo: Magro(a), alto(a), baixo(a).

3rd – Physical characteristicsExample: Japanese, Italian, American.

Exemplo: Japonês(esa), Italiano(a), Americano(a).

9th – Type Example: General, specific.

Exemplo: Geral, específ ico(a).

2nd – SizeExample: Big, small, tall, short.

Exemplo: Grande, pequeno(a), alto(a), baixo(a).

6th – ColorExample: Blue, red, yellow.

Exemplo: Azul, vermelho(a), amarelo(a).

4th – ShapeExample: Round, square, rectangular.

Exemplo: Redondo(a), quadrado(a), retangular.

8th – MaterialExample: Wooden, plastic, glass.

Exemplo: De madeira, de plástico, de vidro.

10th – PurposeExample: Cooking, cleaning, teaching.Exemplo: Para cozinhar, limpar, ensinar.

ADJECTIVE ORDER

This is how adjectives are used in English.


Subject + (Auxiliary Verb) + Main Verb + (Complement)Sujeito + (Verbo Auxiliar) + Verbo Principal + Complemento

The basic affirmative sentence structure in English is the subject, depending on the verb form, an auxiliary verb, the main verb, and the complement, if necessary.

In English, all verb forms will take a subject that cannot be omitted from the sentence. The only verb form in which the subject is usually omitted is the imperative.

The subject may be omitted in the imperative form in English because it is always used to refer to the person or people we are talking to.

BASIC AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE STRUCTURE

IMPERATIVE FORM

Affirmative Structure: Main Verb + Complement

Open your books.Abram seus livros.

(Main Verb: open; Complement: your books)

Speak slowly, please.Fale pausadamente, por favor.

(Main Verb: speak; Complement: slowly, please)

Affirmative Form


In the affirmative of the simple forms, that is, the simple present and simple past, the auxiliary verb is generally not used. Thus, the structure for the aff irmative form is:

Apart from the imperative and the simple forms, every other verb form will take one or more auxiliary verbs in the affirmative.

The auxiliary will vary according to the verb form. Modal verbs and the verbs be, have, or do can function as auxiliaries. In the aff irmative form, they will always be placed in between the subject and the main verb. Some verb forms require more than one auxiliary verb.

Check it out:

AFFIRMATIVE STRUCTURESubject + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)

AFFIRMATIVE STRUCTURESubject + Auxiliary Verb(s) + Main Verb + (Complement)

We go to work at 7 a.m.Nós vamos para o trabalho às 7h da manhã.

(Subject: we; Main Verb: go; Complement: to work at 7 a.m.)

I went to the movies yesterday.Eu fui ao cinema ontem.

(Subject: I; Main Verb: went; Complement: to the movies yesterday)

I’m reading an excellent book.Eu estou lendo um livro excelente.

(Subject: I; Auxiliary Verb: am; Main Verb: reading; Complement: an excellent book)

You should travel with us.Você deveria viajar conosco.

(Subject: You; Auxiliary Verb: should; Main Verb: travel; Complement: with us)

Julia has been working hard this month.Julia vem trabalhando duro neste mês.

(Subject: Julia; Auxiliary Verbs: has been; Main Verb: working; Complement: hard this month)

And now you know the basic sentence structure of the affirmative form in English.


This is a red wall.Isto é uma parede vermelha.

These men are sticking wallpaper.Estes homens estão colando papel de parede.

These are pieces of paper.Estes são pedaços de papel.

Compound words are two or more words together that form a new word with a different meaning.

In the f irst picture, we can see a red wall. “Wall” is a noun; in the second picture, we see some pieces of paper, which is also a noun. But when we join these two words, wall + paper, we make another word, which is wallpaper.

COMPOUND WORDSNoun + Noun

Compound Words


We can make compounds with several word classes, like adverbs, verbs, pronouns, numerals, prepositions, conjunctions, and adjectives.

It is important to notice that words in different classes can form a new compound. For example: Day is a noun, and dream is a verb; together they form the compound verb to daydream.

Check out some examples.

Compound words may be written as a single word formed by joining two words, or as two or more words that might be separated by a hyphen.

When it is written as one word, we call it a solid or closed compound.

tooth + brushdente + escova

day + dreamdia + sonho

now + daysagora + dias

every + onetodo + um

twenty + threevinte + três

in + toem + para

how + evercomo + sempre

fat + freegordura + livre

noun: toothbrushsubstantivo: escova de dente.

verb: daydreamverbo: sonhar acordado.

adverb: nowadaysadvérbio: hoje em dia.

pronoun: everyonepronome: todos

numeral: twenty-threenumeral: vinte e três

preposition: intopreposição: para dentro

conjunction: howeverconjunção: contudo

adjective: fat-freeadjetivo: sem gordura

COMPOUND WORDS

COMPOUND WORDSClosed or Solid Compound

The greenhouse effect is a consequence of pollution.O efeito estufa é uma consequência da poluição.

(“Greenhouse” is formed by joining the adjective “green” + the noun “house,” but it is written as one word.)


However, when compound adjectives are formed by two or more words, they are either hyphenated, which means a hyphen separates the words, or open, which means it’s formed by two isolated words.

When a compound adjective with two or more words comes before the noun, we use a hyphen, even if the adjective is not spelled with a hyphen.

Although compound adjectives with two words may not have hyphens, they are often needed, regardless of their position in the sentence. Check some examples.

COMPOUND WORDS

COMPOUND WORDSHyphenated

HyphenatedHe is a world-famous soccer player.

Ele é um jogador de futebol mundialmente famoso.(It is hyphenated because the compound adjective “world-famous”

comes before the noun “soccer player.”)

He is a good-looking guy.Ele é um cara bonito / de boa aparência.

(In this sentence, the word “good-looking” is linked by a hyphen and works as an adjective.)

She is an open-minded person.Ela é uma pessoa de mente aberta.

(Here, we used “open” and “minded” to say what we think about the way she thinks and sees things.)

OpenThis restaurant is world famous.

Este restaurante é mundialmente famoso.(In this sentence, the compound adjective “world famous” is referring to

“this restaurant,” but it is not placed before it, so we don’t use a hyphen.)


They are good-looking guys.Eles são caras de boa aparência.

(The subject and the verb are in the plural. The noun is also in the plural, but the adjective remains the same).

They are open-minded people.Eles são pessoas de mente aberta.

(Here, we used “open” and “minded” to say what we think about the way they think and see things.)

He is 6 years old.Ele tem 6 anos.

He is a 6-year-old boy.Ele é um garoto de 6 anos de idade.

(In this sentence, “6-year-old” functions as an adjective that modif ies the noun boy.)

It is important to say that adjectives have no plural form in English. The subject, the verb, and the noun have plural forms, but the compound adjectives remain the same, that is, with no plural. Check it out:

It’s important to notice that there are many possibilities to create compound adjectives, and the speaker often has the choice to use them or not. It typically happens with numbers informing age, f igures, measurements, etc.

COMPOUND WORDSPlural Sentences

COMPOUND WORDSNumerals


And now you can recognize, use, and create compound words.

COMPOUND WORDSStatements

Compounds can also be created out of statements that do not contain numerals as well.

He is a journalist, and he has won a Pulitzer Prize. He is a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist.Ele é um jornalista, e ganhou um prêmio Pulitzer. Ele é um jornalista vencedor do prêmio Pulitzer.

The cost of these products is low. These are low-cost products.O custo destes produtos é baixo. Estes são produtos de baixo custo.

Check some other examples in which compound adjectives contain numerals.

I only have a 100-dollar bill.Eu só tenho uma nota de 100 dólares.

(Here, “100-dollar” works as an adjective; that’s why it’s hyphenated.)

A daily 2-mile run keeps Bob in shape.Uma corrida diária de 2 milhas mantém o Bob em forma.(“2-mile” qualif ies the run, functioning as an adjective).

We bought a three-day ticket to the park.Nós compramos um ingresso de três dias para o parque.

(In this sentence, “three-day ticket” is a type of ticket, so “three-day” functions as an adjective).

COMPOUND WORDSNumerals


The definite article is a determiner. Determiners are groups of words that will always precede a noun, since they are used to “mark” nouns.

In English, there is only one definite article: the.

Unlike other languages, the definite article in English does not change according to gender. This means that it will remain the same before a feminine, masculine, or neutral noun.

Take a look:

The same goes for number. The definite article in English does not change in number either. So, there’s no article variation, whether it is referring to a singular or a plural noun.

Theo(a); os(as)

Masculine noun Feminine noun Neutral nounthe boy the girl the kido menino a menina a criança

Masculine noun Feminine noun Neutral nounthe boys the girls the kidsos meninos as meninas as crianças

DEFINITE ARTICLE

DEFINITE ARTICLEGender

DEFINITE ARTICLENumber

Definite article


We use the definite article when we believe the listener or reader knows or is familiar with the noun to which we are referring.

The article is placed before the noun to which it refers. And although it is not always immediately before the noun, articles are always determining a noun.

Take a look:

This is the place I told you about.Este é o lugar do qual eu te falei.

Get the phone. It’s ringing.Pegue o telefone. Está tocando.

The moon is beautiful tonight.A lua está bonita hoje.

The car is outside.O carro está lá fora.

(article: the + noun: car)

The red car is outside.O carro vermelho está lá fora.

(article: the + adjective: red + noun: car)

DEFINITE ARTICLE

DEFINITE ARTICLE

In English, there are some situations in which we will not use articles before nouns. Articles are not used before generalizations, possessive adjectives, and most proper nouns.

Let’s see each of these cases:

The shopping bags are on the bed.As bolsas de compras estão na cama.

(Specif ic shopping bags and specif ic bed = article)

Your shopping bags are on my bed.Suas bolsas de compras estão na minha cama.

(Specifying the owner of the objects with possessive adjectives = no article)

DEFINITE ARTICLENo article before generalizations


In most cases, we do not use the definite article before proper nouns either.

Europe Russia California JuliaThe Europe The Russia The California The Julia

DEFINITE ARTICLEGeneral rule: no article before proper nouns

Proper nouns that include a common noun as part of their name, such as states, kingdom, and republic in the following examples.

The United States The United Kingdom The Czech Republic Os Estados Unidos O Reino Unido A República Tcheca

Names of seas, rivers, deserts, mountain groups, and island groups

The Atlantic The Sahara The Caribbean O Atlântico O Saara O Caribe

Geographical regions

The South The East The Midwest O sul O leste O Centro-Oeste

DEFINITE ARTICLEExceptions: definite article before proper nouns

But there will be some exceptions to this general rule. We’ll use the definite article before proper nouns in some situations, as we can see in the following table.

This is how we use the definite article in English.


Demonstratives can be used as determiners or as pronouns. The difference is in how they function. When they are placed before the noun to which they refer, they function as determiners; when they are used to replace a noun, they function as pronouns.

QuestionThat baby in the picture is so cute. Is he your son?

Aquele bebê da foto é tão fofo. Ele é seu f ilho?(Demonstrative, that, placed before the noun it refers to, baby determiner)

Shorter Answer: Option 1Yes, that is my son.

Sim, aquele é meu f ilho.(Demonstrative that replacing the noun baby pronoun)

Longer Answer: Option 2Yes, that baby is my son.

Sim, aquele bebê é meu f ilho.(Demonstrative, that, placed before the noun it refers to, baby determiner)

DEMONSTRATIVES

QuestionLet’s watch that movie you mentioned tonight.

Vamos assistir àquele f ilme que você mencionou hoje à noite.(Demonstrative, that, placed before the noun it refers to, movie determiner)

DEMONSTRATIVES

We can also use the demonstrative as a pronoun to replace longer structures.

Demonstratives


Demonstratives have singular and plural forms. We use this in the singular or these in the plural to talk about people or things that are near us.

Shorter Answer: Option 1That’s a great idea. (that pronoun)

Essa é uma ótima ideia.(Demonstrative that replacing the longer structure watch that movie pronoun)

Longer Answer: Option 2Watching that movie is a great idea. Assistir àquele f ilme é uma ótima ideia.

(Demonstrative, that, placed before the noun it refers to, movie determiner)

SingularThis book is amazing.

Este/Esse livro é incrível.

PluralShe needs to read all these books.

Ela tem que ler todos estes/esses livros.

DEMONSTRATIVESPosition—Near


If we want to talk about people or things that are not near us, we use that or those.

DEMONSTRATIVESPosition—Far

PluralI’ve been working really hard these past few months.Eu venho trabalhando muito duro nestes últimos meses.

We can also use demonstratives to refer to time. When we use this or these, we are referring to the present moment, something that is ongoing or about to start.

SingularThis week I’ll finish reading John’s book.

Esta semana eu vou terminar de ler o livro do John.

DEMONSTRATIVESTime—Present

SingularThat blouse over there is beautiful.

Aquela blusa lá é bonita.

PluralThose shoes back there are nice.

Aqueles sapatos lá atrás são legais.


The demonstratives have some special uses and meaning.

When referring to people, we can also use the subject pronoun it to identify a person or ourselves, but we’ll use the demonstrative this to introduce someone.

Identifying a person

Look! It’s Anne.Olha! É a Anne.

Saying who the person is

This is Anne.Essa é a Anne.

DEMONSTRATIVESIt or This?

PluralThose days were the best!

Aqueles dias foram os melhores!

That and those can also be used to refer to time. We use them to talk about something that has just f inished or that is more distant in the past.

SingularDo you remember that month we spent at the ranch with the kids?

Você se lembra daquele mês que passamos na chácara com as crianças?

DEMONSTRATIVESTime—Past


That’s it. Now you know the main uses and functions of demonstratives.

The demonstratives this and that can also be used to emphasize adjectives and adverbs, having the function of an intensifier.

DEMONSTRATIVESEmphasize an adjective or adverb

OMG! He proposed to you. I never thought he’d be that fast.Meu Deus! Ele te pediu em casamento. Eu nunca pensei que ele seria tão rápido.

(Demonstrative that emphasizing the adjective fast)

I didn’t expect the exam to be this hard. I’m surprised.Eu não esperava que a prova fosse tão dif ícil assim. Estou surpreso.

(Demonstrative this emphasizing the adjective hard)

I can’t believe you still have that job.Não acredito que você ainda está naquele trabalho.(Demonstrative that showing disapproval or dislike)

We can also use this or these to show approval or interest in something, and that or those to show disapproval or dislike.

Tell me about this new job of yours.Conte-me sobre esse seu novo trabalho.

(Demonstrative this showing interest or approval)

DEMONSTRATIVESApproval or Disapproval


Determiners are words used to limit or specify the nouns that follow them. Several word classes can function as determiners: articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, numbers, and possessive adjectives.

Check some examples with each of these determiners in a context and note how determiners are also refer to nouns. There may be an adjective in between the determiner and the noun, but they always determine the nouns.

DETERMINERS

Definite article

Indefinite article

Demonstratives

Possessive adjectives

Quantifiers

Numbers

theo, a, os, as

a – anum, uma, uns, umas

this – thatesse, essa, este, esta, isso, isto – aquele, aquela, aquilo

these – thoseesse, essa, este, esta, isso, isto – aquele, aquela, aquilo

my – your – his – her – its – our – your – theirmeu(s), minha(s) – teu(s), tua(s), seu(s), sua(s) – dele(s), dela(s) – nosso(s), nossa(s) – vosso(s), vossa(s), de vocês

(a) few / (a) little – many/much – some – anypoucos, poucas – muitos, muitas – alguns, algumas – nenhum, nenhuma, qualquer um, qualquer uma

one – thirdum – terceiro

Determiners


DETERMINERS

DETERMINERS

I feel like going to a park to chill.Eu estou com vontade de ir a um parque para relaxar.

(The indefinite article a is the determiner before the noun park.)

Have you seen my cell phone?Você viu o meu telefone?

(My determines which cell phone I am talking about.)(Meu determina de qual celular eu estou falando.)

I want to go to that park.Eu quero ir àquele parque.

(The demonstrative that is the determiner before the noun park.)

There are many parks in the city.Há muitos parques na cidade.

(The quantif ier many is the determiner before the noun parks.)

Let’s go to the park.Vamos para o parque.

(The definite article the is the determiner before the noun park.)

My favorite place in town is Central Park.O meu lugar preferido na cidade é o Central Park.

(The possessive adjective my is a determiner before the noun place.)

This is the second park they closed this year.Esse é o segundo parque que eles fecham este ano.

(The ordinal number second is the determiner before the noun park.)

Determiners define nouns. They can specify quantity, proximity, or relationship.


This is the girl I told you.Essa é a garota de que eu te falei.

(It’s not any girl. It’s the girl I told you.)(Não se trata de qualquer garota. É a garota de que eu te falei.)

I am thirsty. I need some water.Eu estou com sede. Eu preciso de um pouco de água.

(Some expresses how much water I need. I can’t count water, but I can quantify it.)(Um pouco mostra de quanta água eu preciso. Não dá pra contar água,

mas dá para quantif icá-la).

Five people won the last lottery.Cinco pessoas ganharam a última loteria.

(Five is used to quantify the noun people. How many people won in the lottery? Five.)(Cinco quantif ica o substantivo pessoas. Quantas pessoas ganharam na loteria? Cinco.)

Some words used as determiners can also be used as pronouns. So, it’s important to understand the difference between them:

DETERMINERS VS. PRONOUNS

THIS demonstrative adjective; determiner (modifies a noun)

This shirt is beautiful.Essa camisa é bonita.

THIS demonstrative pronoun (replaces a noun)

This is beautiful.Isso é bonito.


When demonstratives work as determiners, they are placed before the noun to which they refer. When used as pronouns, they replace the noun to which they refer. It is important to highlight that demonstratives will have the same form no matter if they function as a determiner or as a pronoun, so we’ll always use this, these, that, or those.

There are different words regarding possessives—possessive adjectives are placed before a noun and function as determiners, and possessive pronouns which replace a possessive adjective and a noun. Thus, it’s easier to spot when the possessive is a determiner and when it’s a pronoun. Only possessive adjectives work as determiners.

Check the examples out:

This is my purse; which one is yours?Essa é a minha bolsa; qual é a sua?

(My qualif ies the noun purse = Determiner / Yours replaces your purse = Pronoun)(Minha qualif ica o substantivo bolsa = Determiner / A sua substitui sua bolsa =

My dog is white, yours is brown.O meu cachorro é branco, o seu é marrom.

(My refers to dog = Determiner / Yours replaces your dog = Pronoun)(Meu se refere a cachorro = Determiner / O seu substitui seu cachorro = Pronome)

DETERMINERS VS. PRONOUNS

Now you know what determiners are, some examples, and the difference between determiners and pronouns.


The imperative form is used to tell people what to do and for this reason it does not have an interrogative form. The Imperative is only used in the affirmative and negative forms.

In English, the imperative performs many functions. It can be used to give orders or to demand something, to instruct, to give advice or recommendation, or to encourage someone.

Affirmative FormMain Verb in the Base Form + Complement

Go there.Vá lá.

Negative FormAuxiliary Verb Do + Not (Don’t) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

Don’t come here.Não venha aqui.

IMPERATIVE FORMStructure

IMPERATIVE FORMFunctions

1. Order; demand

Open your book. Don’t get in. Abra o seu livro. Não entre.

2. Instructions

Mix the ingredients and add salt. Don’t put too much salt. Misture os ingredientes e adicione sal. Não coloque muito sal.

Imperative


3. Advice, suggestions

Have a cup of tea and rest. Don’t forget to take your coat.Tome uma xícara de chá e descanse. Não se esqueça de levar seu casaco.

4. Requests; favors

Bring it to me, please. Don’t tell John, please. Traga isso para mim, por favor. Não conte para o John, por favor.

5. Encouragement

Try again! You can do it. Don’t give up. You can do it. Tente novamente! Você consegue. Não desista. Você consegue.

Imperative sentences are always addressed to the listener or listeners. So, the subject is always in the second person, which is “you,” in the singular or plural forms. For that reason, in most imperative sentences, the subject is omitted.

However, the subject can be included in imperative sentences to add emphasis to the action. In such cases, it will be placed before the main verb, in both aff irmative and negative sentences.

Affirmative FormSubject (second person) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

You sit down now.Sente-se agora.

Negative FormAuxiliary Verb Do + Not (Don’t) + Subject (second person) +

Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

Don’t you lie to me.Não minta para mim.

IMPERATIVE FORMUsing the Subject to Add Emphasis


In English, we can only use the imperative form to address the person or people to whom we are talking. But if we want to make suggestions or requests in the first person, we can use the verb let in the imperative.

We’ll use the verb let in the imperative form, the object pronoun for the first person, which is either “me” or “us,” a verb in the infinitive form (without to), and the complement.

Let (Imperative Form) + Object Pronoun in the First Person (me/us) + Verb in the Infinitive Form (without “to”)

Let me see.Deixe-me ver.

Let me help you.Deixe-me ajudá-lo.

Let’s meet tomorrow. (Let’s Let us)Vamos nos encontrar amanhã.

Let’s watch a movie tonight. (Let’s Let us)Vamos assistir a um filme hoje à noite.

INDEFINITE ARTICLEMaking Suggestions or Requests in the First Person

We can use the same structure to make suggestions or requests for a third person. To do that, we just have to use the object pronouns in the third person.

Let (Imperative Form) + Object Pronoun in the Third Person (him/her/it/them) + Verb in the Infinitive Form (without “to”)

Let it go.Deixe isso para lá.

Let him stay.Deixe-o f icar.

Let them talk.Deixe-os falar.

IMPERATIVE FORMMaking Suggestions or Requests for a Third Person

And this is how we use the imperative in English.


Articles are determiners. Determiners are a group of words that will always precede a noun, since they are used to “mark” nouns.

The indefinite article “a” or its variation “an” are used to refer to things in general. In opposite to the definite article, which is used to talk about specific things.

In English, the articles do not change according to gender. This means that no matter if the noun is feminine or masculine, there will be no variation.

Regarding number, it is important to notice that the English indefinite article is only used before singular nouns.

I gave Mark a book.Eu dei um livro ao Mark.

(Things in general = indefinite article “a” or “an”)

He loved the book I gave him.Ele adorou o livro que eu dei a ele.

(Specif ic things = definite article “the”)

Singular

a girluma menina

a boyum menino

Plural

girls (umas) meninas

boys (uns) meninos

ARTICLESIndefinite x Definite

INDEFINITE ARTICLE

Indefinite Article


Take a look at the following examples to see how it works in a sentence:

We should also pay special attention to the variation of the indefinite article in English.

The indefinite article in English will vary depending on the initial sound of the word that comes after it. If the following word begins with a consonant sound, we’ll use a, and if the following word begins with a vowel sound, then we’ll use an.

Notice that the variation occurs based on the initial sound and not on the spelling. Considering the vowels, sound and spelling will coincide in all words starting with the vowels A, E, and I. That means that these words are spelled with initial vowels and have an initial vowel sound. Therefore, they will be preceded by an.

Have a look:

The baby is a girl / a boy.O bebê é uma menina / um menino.

(Singular noun = we can use the indefinite article)

The babies are girls/boys.Os bebês são meninas/meninos.

(Plural noun = we cannot use the indefinite article)

INDEFINITE ARTICLE

Words spelled with initial vowels and pronounced as vowels.Palavras que começam com vogais que são pronunciadas como vogais.

A E I an army an elephant an island an avenue an event an institution an alien an employee an immigrant

INDEFINITE ARTICLEIndefinite Article + Words Starting with A, E, and I


Words starting with O and U require more attention because, although they are spelled with an initial vowel, they may have an initial consonant sound.

As for words spelled with an initial O, most will be pronounced as vowels. Among the most frequent words in English, we should pay special attention to the word “one,” which has an initial consonant sound.

As for words spelled with an initial U, we should pay more attention to the difference in pronunciation, since there are a considerable number of words spelled with initial U but pronounced as a consonant.

Take a look at the difference:

an objectum objeto

(pronounced as vowel)(pronunciada como vogal)

a one-way streetuma rua de mão única

(pronounced as a consonant – sounds like /w/ as in the verb want)(pronunciada como consoante – como o som inicial do verbo “want”)

an umbrellaum guarda-chuva

(pronounced as vowel – sounds like / / as in the word “other”)(pronunciada como vogal – como o som inicial da palavra “other”)

a universityuma universidade

(pronounced as a consonant – sounds like /j/ as in the pronoun you)(pronunciada como consoante – como o som inicial do pronome “you”)

INDEFINITE ARTICLEIndefinite Article + Words Starting with O

INDEFINITE ARTICLEIndefinite Article + Words Starting with U


We must also pay attention to the initial consonant H. Words spelled with an initial H may carry initial vowel sounds – in case the H is silent – or consonant sounds.

an houruma hora

(pronounced as vowel – silent initial H)(pronunciada como vogal – o H inicial é mudo)

an honest manum homem honesto

(pronounced as vowel – silent initial H)(pronunciada como vogal – o H inicial é mudo)

a houseuma casa

(pronounced as consonant – the initial H is not silent)(pronunciada como consoante – o H inicial não é mudo)

a hurricaneum furacão

(pronounced as consonant – the initial H is not silent)(pronunciada como consoante – o H inicial não é mudo)

INDEFINITE ARTICLEIndefinite Article + Words Starting with H

And this how we use the indefinite article in English.


The infinitive form of the verb is the verb in its base form. In English, the infinitive form is preceded by the particle “to.”

Have a look at some examples of verbs in the infinitive form:

Just like it happens in most languages, the infinitive form is used in several instances in English. One of the most common uses of the infinitive in English is to follow other verbs.

To eatComer

To speakFalar

To goIr

To travelViajar

To studyEstudar

To workTrabalhar

We want to travel next month.Nós queremos viajar mês que vem.

(verb: want in the simple present + inf initive: to travel)

She needs to study for the exam.Ela tem que estudar para a prova.

(verb: need in the simple present + inf initive: to study)

Did you have to work last week?Você teve que trabalhar semana passada?

(verb: have in the simple past interrogative + infinitive: to work)

INFINITIVE FORM

VERB + INFINITIVE

Infinitive Form


And the infinitive form is also frequently used after some adjectives.

All of these sentences have examples of verbs in the infinitive form, which is also called to-infinitive, because it is composed of two words in English: the particle to + the verb.

But in English we also use the bare infinitive, which is the verb in the infinitive form, but not preceded by the particle “to.” This is how verbs appear in the dictionary, and it’s also used after some verbs.

And this is how we use the infinitive form in English.

I’m happy to see you!Eu estou feliz em ver você!

(adjective: happy + inf initive: to see)

You are not allowed to stay here.Você não tem permissão para f icar aqui.(adjective: allowed + inf initive: to stay)

I’m ready to start.Estou pronto para começar.

(adjective: ready + inf initive: to start)

They watched me do the job before they tried it.Eles me viram fazer o trabalho antes de tentarem.

(verb: watch in the simple past + object: me + bare inf initive do)

We can’t travel with you this weekend.Nós não podemos viajar com vocês neste f im de semana.

(modal verb can in the negative + bare inf initive travel)

They will finish this job tomorrow.Eles vão terminar esse trabalho amanhã.(modal verb will + bare inf initive finish)

ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE

VERB + BARE INFINITIVE


Interrogative sentences in English follow some basic structures.

In a sentence with the verb to be as the main verb in the simple present or the simple past, there is no need to use an auxiliary verb. Therefore, the sentence will have the following structure: the verb to be as the main verb, the subject, and the complement.

Sentences that have one auxiliary or modal verb are made by placing the auxiliary right before the subject, and then the main verb, which may be followed by a complement.

In the case of verb forms that have more than one auxiliary, the structure is the first auxiliary verb, the subject, and then the second or third auxiliary verbs, followed by the main the verb and a complement, if necessary.

Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (Simple Present and Simple Past)Verbo To Be + Sujeito + Complemento (Simple Present and Simple Past)

Auxiliary or Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)Verbo Auxiliar ou Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento (se necessário)

First Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Other Auxiliaries + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)

Primeiro Verbo Auxiliar + Sujeito + Outros Auxiliares + Verbo Principal + Complemento (se necessário)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESStructures

Interrogative Form


However, in the case of verb forms in which the main verb is not the verb to be, one auxiliary verb or a modal verb is required.

Check out some examples with these structures. In verb forms such as the simple present and the simple past, in which the verb to be is the main verb, we don’t need an auxiliary to ask a question.

Structure: Verb To Be + Subject + Complement

Is she a lawyer?Ela é advogada?

Were you home last night?Você estava em casa na noite passada?

Structure: Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)

Does she work as a lawyer? (main verb: work)Ela trabalha como advogada?

(The verb to do works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple present)

Did you do your homework? (main verb: do)Você fez sua lição de casa?

(The verb to do works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple past)

Can you help me? (main verb: help)Você pode me ajudar?

(The modal verb can works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple present)

Are you studying for the test? (main verb: study in the -ING form)Você está estudando para a prova?

(The verb to be works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the present continuous)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESVerb forms with the verb to be as the main verb (simple present and simple past)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESVerb forms with other verbs as the main verb


Question Full Answer Short Answer Wrong Answer

Do you like chocolate? Yes, I like chocolate. Yes, I do. Yes, I like.Você gosta de chocolate? Sim, eu gosto de chocolate. Sim, eu gosto.

Depending on the verb form, there may be more than one auxiliary verb before the main verb, which is the case of the present perfect continuous.

Notice that in English when someone asks a question using auxiliaries, we can give a long or a short answer, and to give a short answer we need to use the auxiliary verb.

Structure: First Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Other Auxiliaries + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)

Have you been studying for the test? (main verb: study in the -ING form)Você tem estudado para a prova?

(The verb to have works as the f irst auxiliary, and the verb to be in the past participle, as the second)

Have you been waiting for a long time? (main verb: wait in the -ING form)Você está esperando há muito tempo?

(The verb to have works as the f irst auxiliary, and the verb to be in the past participle, as the second)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESVerbs forms with more than one auxiliary verb

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESLong and short answers

And this is how we use the interrogative form in English. Now, you know its basic sentence structure.


I can’t drive.Eu não posso dirigir.

(subject: I + modal verb: can + not (can’t) + main verb: drive)

I can’t play the piano.Eu não posso tocar piano.

(subject: I + modal verb: can + not (can’t) + main verb: play + complement: the piano)

I can drive.Eu posso dirigir.

(subject: I + modal verb: can + main verb: drive)

I can play the piano.Eu posso tocar piano.

(subject: I + modal verb: can + main verb: play + complement: the piano)

Modal verbs function as auxiliary verbs, adding meaning to the main verb. Modal verbs express possibility, probability, ability, permission, assumption, obligation, or prohibition.

Modal verbs have the same sentence structure. In the affirmative, the structure is the subject, the modal verb followed by the main verb in the base form, and it can be followed by a complement or not.

In negative sentences, we keep the same pattern, but include NOT after the modal verb. We generally use the contracted form can’t.

MODAL VERBSAffirmative Form

MODAL VERBSNegative Form

Modal Verb Can


Can you drive?Você pode dirigir?

(modal verb: can + subject: you + main verb: drive)

Can you play the piano?Você pode tocar piano?

(modal verb: can + subject: you + main verb: play + complement: the piano)

In interrogative sentences, we invert the position of the modal verb and the subject. The structure is the modal verb, the subject, the main verb in the base form, and a complement, when necessary.

The modal verb can in its aff irmative form typically expresses possibility, present ability, and permission. In the negative form, it expresses lack of possibility, lack of ability, and lack of permission.

MODAL VERBSInterrogative Form

MODAL VERBSUses

Affirmative

PossibilityI can meet you later.

Eu posso te encontrar mais tarde.

Present AbilityI can dance very well.

Eu posso/sei dançar muito bem.

PermissionYou can come in. Você pode entrar.

Negative

Lack of PossibilityI can’t meet you later.

Eu não posso te encontrar mais tarde.

Lack of AbilityI can’t dance very well.

Eu não posso/sei dançar muito bem.

Lack of PermissionYou can’t come in.

Você não pode entrar.


Interrogative

Asking a FavorCan you help me?

Eu não posso te encontrar mais tarde.

Asking for PermissionCan I come in?

Eu não posso/sei dançar muito bem.

Asking about PossiblityCan we meet after work?

Você não pode entrar.

As for the interrogative form, the modal verb can is typically used to make requests. It’s used to ask for favors and for permission, or to ask about the possibility of something happening.

MODAL VERB CANUses

It’s important to acknowledge that these uses are usually easily noticed within the context, since the same sentence in different contexts may have different meanings.

You can speak English.Você pode/sabe falar inglês.

It’s possible for you to speak English in a certain situation.É possível que você fale inglês em determinada situação.

You have the ability to speak English.Você tem habilidade para falar inglês.

You have permission to speak English in a certain situation.Você tem permissão para falar inglês em determinada situação.

MODAL VERB CANContexts

And this is how you use the modal verb can.


Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main verb. Modal verbs can express possibility, probability, ability, permission, assumption, obligation, or prohibition.

Modal verbs follow the same sentence structure. Let’s look at structures in the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms.

In the affirmative, the structure is the subject, the modal verb, and the main verb in the base form, which may be followed by a complement or not. Take a look at the table.

In negative sentences, we’ll include the word not after the modal verb. When we use the negative form, we generally use the contracted form couldn’t.

Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

We could go to the gym.Nós poderíamos ir à academia.

Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

We couldn’t go to the gym.Nós não pudemos ir à academia.

MODAL VERBSAffirmative

MODAL VERBSNegative

Modal Verb Could


It’s important to notice that modal verbs in general should be associated with their functions in the context, and not with time (past, present or future). This is particularly important when analyzing the modal verb could, since the time reference may change drastically according to its function in the context.

The modal verb could in its affirmative and negative forms can be used to express probability or lack of probability, either of a present or a future event. It can also refer to abilities, but in such case, could refers to past abilities.

Mary is not home right now. She’s usually at her parents’ in the morning. She could be there.Mary não está em casa agora. Ela geralmente está na casa de seus pais de manhã. Ela pode estar lá.

(She could be there = It’s possible that she is there)

Mary’s parents are out of town. She couldn’t be there.Os pais da Mary estão fora da cidade. Ela não poderia estar lá.

(She couldn’t be there = It’s not possible for her to be there)

MODAL VERB COULDProbability / Lack of Probability (in the Present)

To make interrogative sentences, the modal verb is placed before the subject.

Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

Could we go to the gym together?Nós poderíamos ir à academia juntos?

MODAL VERBSInterrogative

We can also use the modal verb could to talk about probability in the future, that is, the chances for something to happen.

MODAL VERB COULDProbability / Lack of Probability (in the Future)

Sylvia is an excellent professional. I think she could be the new manager.A Sylvia é uma profissional excelente. Eu acho que ela poderia ser a nova gerente.

(She could be the new manager = It’s likely to happen)

Brian is just as good. But he couldn’t be the new manager; he has no management skills.Brian é tão bom quanto ela. Mas ele não poderia ser o novo gerente; ele não tem habilidades gerenciais.

(He couldn’t be the new manager = It’s not likely to happen)


Could you lend me your car?Você poderia me emprestar o seu carro?

Could I borrow your car?Eu poderia pegar o seu carro emprestado?

However, when we use the modal verb could to refer to ability, we are referring to abilities people had in the past, and that they probably don’t have anymore, or, in the case of negative sentences, abilities people didn’t have in the past.

Kevin won a lot of football tournaments back in our school days. Boy, he could run!Kevin ganhou muitos torneios de futebol americano na época de escola. Cara, como ele

sabia/podia correr!

George was a good player, but he couldn’t run long distances.George era um bom jogador, mas ele não sabia/podia correr distâncias longas.

MODAL VERB COULDAbility / Lack of Ability (in the Past)

The modal verb could in the interrogative form is used to ask about possibilities or abilities in the past.

Could you meet me at the coffee shop tomorrow?Você poderia me encontrar no café amanhã?

(Asking about possibilities for the future)

Could you speak English by the time you lived abroad?Você podia/sabia falar inglês quando morou fora?

(Asking about past ability in the past)

MODAL VERB COULD

In the interrogative, the modal verb could is also very frequently used to make requests in a polite way, either asking for a favor or for permission.

MODAL VERB COULDMaking Requests

And now you know how to use the modal verb could.


Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main verb.

Modal verbs will follow the same sentence structure in the aff irmative, negative, and interrogative forms, as you can see in the following table.

MODAL VERBSSentence Structure

Affirmative Form

Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)Sujeito + Modal Verb + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)

Negative Form

Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)Sujeito + Modal Verb + Not + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)

Interrogative Form

Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)

You must pay your taxes.Você tem que pagar seus impostos.

You must be 18 to drive in some countries.Você tem que ter 18 anos para dirigir em alguns países.

MODAL VERB MUSTObligation/Necessity

Must is used in the aff irmative form to express obligation or necessity. For example:

Modal Verb Must


John’s son was born. He must be very happy.O filho do John nasceu. Ele deve estar muito feliz.

It must be nice to be rich.Deve ser legal ser rico.

You must not (mustn’t) drink and drive.Você não pode beber e dirigir.

Visitors must not (mustn’t) cross this line. This is a restricted area.Os visitantes não podem cruzar esta linha. Esta é uma área restrita.

MODAL VERB MUSTAssumption/Deduction

MODAL VERB MUSTProhibition

It can also be used to make assumptions or deductions in the aff irmative form. Have a look:

In the negative form, however, must is used to express prohibition. We generally use the contracted form, mustn’t. If you wish to emphasize the prohibition, use must not. For example:

Must is rarely used in the interrogative form, but it can be used to confirm or to double-check duties and obligations. For instance:

MODAL VERB MUSTConfirm and Double-check Duties and Obligation

Must I take the exam today? I didn’t know that.Eu tenho que fazer a prova hoje? Eu não sabia disso.

Eu sou obrigado a fazer a prova hoje? Eu não sabia disso.

Mustn’t you be at the job interview at 9h? It’s 8:30h already.Você não tem que estar na entrevista de emprego às 9h? Já são 8:30h.Você não tem a obrigação de estar na entrevista às 9h? Já são 8:30h.

And this is how you use the modal verb must.


Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main verb.

Modal verbs will follow the same sentence structure in the aff irmative, negative, and interrogative forms. Check the following table to see how it works:


Modal Verb Should

Affirmative Form


Negative Form


Interrogative Form



You should clean your room.Você deve limpar o seu quarto.

(It’s your responsibility).

People should respect other people’s choices.As pessoas devem respeitar as escolhas de outras pessoas.

(It’s a social rule).

MODAL VERB SHOULDExpressing Obligations and Duties

Depending on the context, sentences with the modal verb should can be understood as a polite way to talk about obligations and duties. Have a look at some examples:

In some other cases, should expresses that something is probable because it is logical or normal, that is, you refer to a deduction. For instance:

MODAL VERB SHOULDDeductions

She left home half an hour ago. She should be arriving.Ela saiu de casa meia hora atrás. Ela deve estar chegando.

(It’s a deduction based on the time she left her house and how far her home is from here)

The singer should launch her new album next month.A cantora deve lançar o seu novo álbum mês que vem.

(Deduction based on behavior or clues).

You should check the airline policies before you pack.Você deve verif icar as políticas da companhia aérea antes de fazer as malas.

You shouldn’t drink so much coffee.Você não deve beber tanto café.

MODAL VERB SHOULDAdvice and Recommendation

The modal verb should has different uses. One of the most frequent is to give advice or recommendations. For example:


MODAL VERB SHOULDDifferent Meanings Depending on the Context

You should get here before noon.Você deve chegar aqui antes de meio-dia.

• It could be a piece of advice• Poderia ser um conselho

• It could be your duty • Poderia ser sua obrigação

• It could be the speaker’s expectation• Poderia ser uma expectativa do falante

And this is how you use the modal verb should.

When talking about modals, the meaning we want to convey depends on the context. The same sentence may have different meanings. Compare:


Modal Verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main verb. They express possibility, probability, ability, permission, assumption, obligation, or prohibition.

The structure of the modal verbs follows the same pattern. Check the following table.

In some cases, the modal verb would is used as a softer and less definitive form of the modal will, or as the past of will when we are reporting sentences.

Expressing hypothesis is one of the most common uses of the modal verb would. And since it is used to express hypothetical situations, you’ll see that it is used in many conditional sentences.

In such cases, we’ll use a clause with would to refer to unreal or uncertain situations together with an if-clause.


Affirmative Form


Negative Form


Interrogative Form


Modal Verb Would


We can also use would to make polite requests. If we observe it carefully, we’ll see that it’s still a request made from a hypothetical perspective, but now you are actually asking something from someone.

MODAL VERB WOULDPolite Requests and Offers

If I had a lot of money, I would travel the world.Se eu tivesse muito dinheiro, viajaria pelo mundo.

(I don’t have a lot of money. So, traveling the world is just a hypothetical situation.)

Would you invite your boss for your birthday?Você convidaria o seu chefe para o seu aniversário?

(The question is asked out of curiosity. It’s a hypothetical situation.)

If I were you, I wouldn’t go the Caribbean now. It’s hurricane season.Se eu fosse você, eu não iria para o Caribe agora. É temporada de furacão.

(It’s a hypothetical situation because I am not you, and I am not going to the Caribbean.)

MODAL VERB WOULDHypothesis

Polite Requests Polite Offers

Would you help me with my project? Would you like some coffee?Você me ajudaria com o meu projeto? Você aceitaria um café?

Would you go to the grocery store for me? Would you like me to drive you home?Você iria ao supermercado para mim? Você gostaria que eu te levasse para casa?


And this is how you use the modal verb would.

Would is also used to talk about a past habit or to express refusal in the past.

We can use would in expressions too. Would rather is used to say we prefer one thing to another. Most of the times, we use the contracted form, which is “I’d rather.”

Another commonly used expression with would is “would mind.” We use it to ask for favors or permission. But the structure is a bit different. Check it out in the following box.

I asked her what was going on, but she wouldn’t tell me.Perguntei o que estava acontecendo, mas ela não quis me dizer.

(I asked her in the past and she refused to tell me.)

When I was younger, I would argue with my brother all the time.Quando eu era mais novo, eu discutia com meu irmão o tempo todo.

(It was a typical behavior in the past.)

I’d rather stay home tonight. I’m tired.Eu prefiro f icar em casa hoje à noite. Estou cansado(a).

MODAL VERB WOULDTalk about a past habit or express refusal in the past

MODAL VERB WOULDExpressions – Would Rather

MODAL VERB WOULDExpressions – Would Mind

Asking for a favor Asking for permission

Would you mind opening the window? Would you mind if I opened the window?Você se importaria de abrir a janela? Você se importaria se eu abrisse a janela?(Would you mind + verb in the -ING form) (Would you mind if + subject + verb in the past)


Subject + Main Verb (To Be) + NOT + ComplementSujeito + Verbo Principal (To Be) + NOT + Complemento

In English, negative sentences follow three basic structures.

One is for sentences in simple tenses in which the main verb is the verb to be. In this case, there is no auxiliary. So, the structure would be the subject, the main verb (which is the verb to be), then NOT, which is the negative particle, and a complement.

NEGATIVE SENTENCESBasic Structures

The second is for sentences that have one auxiliary verb or a modal auxiliary. In this case, the structure is the subject, the auxiliary or modal verb, then NOT to indicate the negative, the main verb, and the complement.


Subject + Auxiliary or Modal Verb + NOT + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)Sujeito + Verbo Auxiliar ou Modal Verb + NOT + Verbo Principal + Complemento (se necessário)

And the third is when there’s more than one auxiliary. In this case, the structure is the subject, the first auxiliary verb followed by NOT, which indicates the negative, then the second or second and third auxiliaries, depending on the verb form, then the main verb, and the complement.

Subject + First Auxiliary + NOT + Other Auxiliaries + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)Sujeito + Primeiro Auxiliar + NOT + Outros Auxiliares + Verbo Principal + Complemento (se necessário)


Negative Form

176< voltar para o índice< voltar para o índice

There is only one verb form that does not f it in the previous structures, which is the negative imperative, in which we usually omit the subject.

Structure: Do + NOT (Don’t) + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)

Don’t do this.Não faça isso.

Don’t open the box.Não abra a caixa.

NEGATIVE SENTENCESImperative Structure

Besides the imperative, all verb forms in English take a subject and follow one of the three basic structures to make the negative.

If we use the simple forms, that is, the simple present and the simple past, with the verb to be as the main verb, we will not use an auxiliary to make negative statements.

Structure: Subject + Verb To Be + NOT + Complement

She isn’t (is not) home now.Ela não está em casa agora.

They weren’t (were not) home yesterday.Eles não estavam em casa ontem.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES


For all other verbs, to make negative statements we need at least one auxiliary verb before the word not.

The verbs that function as auxiliary verbs are the modal verbs, and the verbs do, have, and be, depending on the verb form.

Structure: Subject + Auxiliary + NOT + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)

He doesn’t (does not) work on weekends.Ele não trabalha aos f inais de semana.

She didn’t (did not) do that.Ela não fez aquilo.

They aren’t (are not) studying this month.Eles não estão estudando este mês.

I haven’t (have not) seen him in ages.Eu não o vejo há séculos.

I can’t (cannot) help now.Eu não posso ajudar agora.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Some verb forms will take more than one auxiliary verb. It’s the case of the present perfect continuous, which takes two auxiliary verbs. In this case, we’ll place the negative particle NOT right after the first auxiliary.

Structure: Subject + First Auxiliary + NOT + Other Auxiliaries + Main Verb + Complement

Julia hasn’t (has not) been studying as she should.Julia não vem estudando como deveria.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES


Negatives sentences are made using the negative particle not. However, you may see no as a negative particle as well.

They are both used to make negative statements, but the particle no is used mostly before nouns, or to answer questions, whereas not is the particle that adds a negative meaning to the verb or that is combined with words other than nouns.

No used to answer questions and before nounsNot denies words other than nouns

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

QuestionDo you have any money?Você tem algum dinheiro?

Possible Answers:1. No, I have no money.

Não, eu não tenho dinheiro.(The particle “no” goes before the noun “money” in an aff irmative structure.)

2. No, I don’t (do + not) have any money.Não, eu não tenho dinheiro algum.

(The particle “not” adds a negative meaning to the auxiliary verb “do.”)

Check the uses of not and no with the examples in the following box.

You cannot use not and no in the same sentence, as in:

No, I don’t have no money.

You cannot use two negative statements (not and no) in the same sentence.Você não pode usar duas partículas negativas na mesma frase.


Now you know the basic sentence structure of the negative form in English and how to use no and not.

However, in many contexts, it is the speaker’s choice to deny the noun, using no, or other parts of the sentence, using not.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES

It’s no secret that John is in love with Karen.It isn’t a secret that John is in love with Karen.

Não é segredo que o John está apaixonado pela Karen.

(particle “no” before the noun “secret”: no secret)(particle “not” after the verb “to be”: is not / isn’t)

There are no tables available for tonight. There aren’t tables available for tonight.

Não há mesas disponíveis para hoje à noite.

(particle “no” before the noun “tables”: no tables)(particle “not” after the verb “to be”: are not / aren’t)

Not surprisingly, Kim had the highest score in the class.No surprisingly, Kim had the highest score in the class.

Não é de surpreender que a Kim teve a nota mais alta da turma.

(The only possibility is to use “not” before the adverb “surprisingly” because there isn’t a noun)

179


Nouns are used to refer to people or things. They vary in number, which means they have singular and plural forms.

There are countable and uncountable nouns. The noun “cat” is countable, since you can count cats and quantify them, such as in “one cat,” “two cats,” “three cats,” and so on.

And there are uncountable nouns, which means that we cannot use numbers to quantify them. Let’s take the noun “water” as an example. We don’t say “one water,” “two waters,” “three waters,” etc.

However, we can express an amount by using quantifiers such as a lot of.

Check it out:

My cat is lazy.Meu gato é preguiçoso.

My cats are lazy.Meus gatos são preguiçosos

I have three cats.Eu tenho três gatos.

(countable noun = there are singular and plural forms)

It’s important to drink a lot of water.É importante beber muita água.

(uncountable noun = there is no plural form)

NOUNSSingular and Plural

NOUNSCountable and Uncountable

Nouns


People’s Names

GeorgeJohnMaryKate

Pets’ Names

MaxBella

ArchieLuna

Names of Places

BrazilNew YorkLondon

Hollywood

Although it’s not common in English, nouns may vary in gender, which means that they will have a different form when referring to male or female people or animals.

Most nouns in English do not vary in gender, as it happens to the noun “student.” But others do, such as the nouns “actor” and “actress.” Yet, it is worth noting that nowadays neutral forms are usually preferred.

Nouns can be classified as proper or common.

Proper nouns are the names of people, pets, or places, for example. They are capitalized, and in most cases, not preceded by articles.

John is a good student. Mary is a great student. John é um bom aluno. Mary é uma boa aluna.

(The noun “student” doesn’t vary in gender: whether referring to male or female, it remains the same).

John is a good actor. Mary is a great actress. John é um bom ator. Mary é uma boa atriz.

(The noun “actor” varies in gender: We use “actor” to refer to men and “actress” for women).

NOUNSGender variation

NOUNSProper Nouns


Common nouns are used to designate generic people, animals, things, or ideas.

It is also possible to classify nouns as concrete or abstract.

Concrete nouns refer to things we can touch or see, material objects, whereas abstract nouns refer to things that are not material, such as feelings, emotions, situations, and ideas.

People

childcriança

manhomem

studentestudante

Animals

dogcachorro

catgato

birdpássaro

Things/Places

housecasa

citycidade

countrypaís

Ideas/Feelings

loveamor

securitysegurança

opinionopinião

Concrete Nouns

phonetelefone

tablemesa

foodcomida

Abstract Nouns

freedomliberdade

dreamsonho

passionpaixão

NOUNSCommon Nouns

NOUNSConcrete and Abstract

Now you know what a noun is, its characteristics, and some categories.


There are two types of personal pronouns in English: personal pronouns used in the subject position, which, for that reason, are called subject pronouns, and personal pronouns used in the object position, which are called object pronouns.

Check the following table to see the subject and object pronouns.

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns (Replace nouns as subjects) (Replace nouns as objects)

I me eu me/mim you you tu/você te/ti/você/lhe

he him ele ele/o/lhe

she her ela ela/a/lhe

it it ele/ela ele/ela/o/a/lhe

we us nós nos/nós

you you vós/vocês vos/vocês/lhes

they them eles/elas eles/elas/os/as/lhes

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Second personsingular

Second personplural

Third personplural

Third personsingular

First personsingular

First personplural

Object Pronouns


OBJECT PRONOUNFirst Person Singular

OBJECT PRONOUNFirst Person Plural

Tell me. What is your problem?Conte-me. Qual é o seu problema?

Read this story to me, please!Leia esta história para mim, por favor!

Do you want to talk to me?Você quer falar comigo?

Tell us about your day.Conte-nos sobre o seu dia.

Are they talking about us?Eles estão falando sobre nós / a gente?

Do you want to go to the movies with us?Você quer ir ao cinema conosco / com a gente?

Object pronouns are usually placed after the main verb of the sentence, since they function as the object of these verbs. They might not be placed immediately after the main verb, but they will always come after it. The only exception to this rule is when they are used in certain expressions such as both of us, all of them, none of you, etc. In such situations, they can be part of the subject of a sentence.

Let’s now take a closer look at each object pronoun.

Some languages present variations of the object pronouns used depending on the verb they are complementing. But that won’t happen in English.

The first-person pronouns used in the position of the object of the sentence will always be me for the singular and us for the plural.


I’ll help you.Eu vou te ajudar. / Eu vou ajudar você. / Eu vou lhe ajudar. /

Eu vou ajudar vocês/ Eu vou lhes ajudar.

I don’t understand you.Eu não te entendo. / Eu não entendo você. /

Eu não entendo vocês.

I’ll help you people / you all / you both.Eu vou ajudar vocês / vocês todos / vocês dois.

OBJECT PRONOUNSecond Person Singular/Plural

OBJECT PRONOUNSecond Person Plural

For the second person, the personal pronoun used as the object pronoun is the same used as the subject pronoun: you. And it is used for both singular and plural. Therefore, the context tells us if you will be referring to singular or plural.

When we read these sentences, it’s not clear if we are using you to refer to one or to more people, that is, singular or plural. Especially because they are isolated sentences.

In spoken language, chances are the context will make it clear, since you is used to refer to the person or to the people you are talking to. Either way, you can make it clearer that you are using the plural form by combining you with other words, for example: you people, you all, or you both.

Mike’s son looks just like him.O filho do Mike se parece muito com ele.

(The object pronoun him refers to “Mike,” a male noun, and it’s the object of the sentence.)

My sister is an amazing person. I love to talk to her.Minha irmã é uma pessoa incrível. Eu adoro conversar com ela.

(We used the object pronoun her to replace the female noun “my sister.”)

OBJECT PRONOUNThird Person Singular (Him/Her)

The third person singular object pronouns used for people are: him for masculine and her for feminine. Both are used mostly for people.


I don’t understand this topic. I don’t understand it.Eu não entendo este tópico. Eu não entendo (isto).

I love chocolate cake. I love it.Eu adoro bolo de chocolate. Eu adoro (isso).

I’m watching this show. I’m watching it.Estou assistindo a este programa. Estou assistindo (a isto).

I’m going to the beach with my friends. I’m going to the beach with them.Estou indo à praia com meus amigos. Estou indo à praia com eles.

(The object is “my friends,” and it’s in the plural, so we could replace it with the object pronoun them.)

I don’t know those people. I don’t know them.Eu não conheço aquelas pessoas. Eu não as conheço. / Eu não conheço elas.

(To avoid repetition, we can replace the object “those people” for the object pronoun them.)

I like these shoes. I like them.Eu gosto destes sapatos. Eu gosto deles.

(The object of the sentence is “these shoes.” To avoid repetition, we can use the object pronoun them.)

OBJECT PRONOUNThird Person Singular (It)

OBJECT PRONOUNThird Person Plural (Them)

There’s still another third person singular object pronoun that is used for the other cases: the pronoun it. This personal pronoun will also have the same form when used as the subject or as the object pronoun.

In the third person plural, we’ll use they as the subject pronoun, and them as the object pronoun. In the plural, we will use the same pronoun to refer to people, places, objects, animals, or any other third person plural reference.

And now you know more about object pronouns.


my dogmeu cachorro

(It’s not your dog or his dog, it is my dog)

our housenossa casa

(It’s not a house or a beautiful house, it is our house)

their booksos livros deles

(It’s not just any book, it is their books)

Possessive adjectives are always used before a noun, and they determine who possesses the noun to which they refer.

Take a look at the following table to see all the possessive adjectives in English.


Singular Plural

My Our meu(s), minha(s) nosso(s), nossa(s) Your Your teu(s), tua(s), seu(s), sua(s) seus, suas, de vocês

His seu(s), sua(s), dele

Her Their seu(s), sua(s), dela seus, suas, deles, delas

Its seu(s), sua(s), dele, dela


Second person

Third person

First person

Possessive Adjectives


Is this cute boy your son?Este menino fofo é seu/teu f ilho?

Este menino fofo é f ilho de vocês?

It is important to notice that possessive adjectives in English do not suffer number or gender variations according to the nouns to which they are referring, as opposed to what happens in several other languages.

That means that the possessive adjectives will keep the same form whether they are referring to a singular noun or to a plural noun, as well as to a masculine, neutral, or female noun.

Let’s take a closer look at each one of them.

For the first person, we’ll use the possessive adjective my in the singular or our in the plural.

This is my dog.Este é o meu cachorro.

That is our house.Aquela é nossa casa.

These are my daughters.Estas são minhas f ilhas.

Those are our sons.Aqueles são nossos f ilhos.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESFirst Person (singular and plural)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESSecond Person

For the second person, we’ll use your. This possessive adjective will be the same for both the singular and plural forms, and only the context will make it clear if we are referring to one or more owners.


Jeff is my best friend. I’m going to his birthday party.Jeff é o meu melhor amigo. Eu estou indo à sua festa de aniversário.

I’m going to Jeff’s birthday party.Eu estou indo à festa de aniversário do Jeff.

(Jeff’s name wasn’t mentioned before, so the possessive case is used because it makes it clear whose birthday party it is.)

(O nome do Jeff não havia sido mencionado anteriormente, então usa-se o possessive case porque ele deixa claro de quem é a festa de aniversário.)

When we express possession referring to the third person, singular or plural, we can use the possessive case or the possessive adjectives his, her, its in the singular, or their in the plural.

The possessive case might be preferred if it is not clear in the context to whom we are referring.

POSSESSIVE CASE

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

If the context makes it clear to whose party we are referring, we can replace the possessive case with a third person possessive adjective.

For the third person singular, we’ll use the possessive adjectives his for a masculine owner, her for feminine, and, for other cases, we will use its.

George is traveling with his wife.George está viajando com a sua esposa / a esposa dele.

(We used “his” because we are talking about George’s wife, and George is a man.)(Usamos his porque estamos nos referindo à esposa do George, e George é um homem.)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESThird Person Singular


George and Paula are traveling with their son.George e Paula estão viajando com o seu f ilho / o f ilho deles.

The kids are playing with their toys.As crianças estão brincando com os seus brinquedos / os brinquedos delas.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESThird Person Plural

In the third person plural, we will use their regardless of the gender.

Paula is traveling with her husband.Paula está viajando com o seu marido / o marido dela.

(We used “her” because we are talking about Paula’s husband, and Paula is a woman.)(Usamos her porque estamos nos referindo ao marido da Paula, e Paula é uma mulher.)

Don’t use this computer. Its keyboard is not working.Não use este computador. Seu teclado / O teclado dele não está funcionando.

(We used “its” because we are talking about the computer keyboard, which is an object.)(Usamos its porque estamos nos referindo ao teclado do computador, que é um objeto.)

And this is how we use the possessive adjectives in English.


in the car in the roomno carro no quarto/cômodo

in town / in the city in the bookna cidade no livro

in school (as a student) in the hospital (as a patient)na escola (como aluno) no hospital (como paciente)

in church (involved in church service) in the church (inside the physical place)na igreja (envolvido em serviços religiosos) na igreja (dentro do espaço f ísico)

I work on the 26th floor at 205 Oak avenue, in New Jersey.Trabalho no 26º andar na avenida Oak 205, em Nova Jersey.

Prepositions of place are used to indicate direction, location, and spatial relations. Prepositions of place tell us where one thing is in relation to other things.

The most common prepositions of place are IN, ON, and AT.

IN is used to talk about places and larger areas such as geographic locations, countries, states, cities, and neighborhoods. It also refers to a position inside large areas and in three-dimensional spaces.

I live in South America.Eu moro na América do Sul.

The keys are in the drawer.As chaves estão na gaveta.


PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE – IN

IN – COMMON USES

Check out some other common phrases with the preposition of place IN.

Prepositions of Place


I’m at the Empire State.Estou no Empire State.

I’m at the door.Estou na porta.

at school/college/university (in the building) at the hospital (in the building; working or visiting)na escola/faculdade/universidade (no prédio) no hospital (no prédio; trabalhando ou visitando)

at home at the party/concert/moviesem casa na festa / no show / no cinema

at the bus stop at the subway stationno ponto de ônibus na estação de metrô

at the beginning of (the street) at the end of (the street)no começo (da rua) no f inal (da rua)

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE – ATWhen we use AT as a preposition of place, it indicates a position at a point; that’s why we use AT to specify a detailed location or to inform an address.

You’ll also use AT if you say the name of a place, like buildings and organizations, and also for events, such as parties or concerts.

Check out some common phrases with AT as a preposition of place.

AT – COMMON USES

The preposition of place ON is used to talk about a position on a surface, such as a road, a street, a bed, or even a page, and it’s also used for means of transportation on which you can stand while inside, such as a bus.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE – ON

You’ll find this information on page 10.Você encontrará essa informação na página 10.

The Walk of Fame is on Hollywood Boulevard.A calçada da fama f ica no Hollywood Boulevard.


to walk on the street to drive on the road/highwayandar na rua dirigir numa rodovia/estrada

to be/sit on the bed / on the chair / on the floor to be on the table/deskestar/sentar na cama / na cadeira / no chão estar sobre a mesa/escrivaninha

to be on the bus/subway/airplane to post on social mediaestar no ônibus/metrô/avião postar numa rede social

ON – COMMON USES

Check out some common uses of ON as a preposition of place.

There are other prepositions used to indicate directions and locations.

Above indicates that something is in a higher position, and below indicates that something in a lower place or position.

Across from means that something is directly opposite to something else, such as on the other side of the street. In front of means further forward or facing someone or something. Behind means at the back.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACEAbove and Below

São Paulo is 700 meters above sea level.São Paulo f ica 700 metros acima do nível do mar.

Parts of Amsterdam are below sea level.Partes de Amsterdam estão abaixo do nível do mar.

The Renwick Gallery is across from the White House.A galeria Renwick f ica em frente (do outro lado da rua) da Casa Branca.

Protesters were in front of the White House.Os manifestantes estavam em frente à Casa Branca.

Don’t look now. He is behind you.Não olhe agora. Ele está atrás de você.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACEAcross from, In Front of, and Behind


Under means the same as below. The difference is that it’s usually used to refer to something that is covered or protected by something.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACEUnder

Your flip flops are under the bed.Seus chinelos estão embaixo da cama.

We are all under the same sky.Estamos todos sob o mesmo céu.

Beside means on the side, between means in the middle of two things, and among means surrounded by things.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACEBeside, Between, and Among

The Westminster Abbey is beside the Big Ben.A Abadia de Westminster f ica ao lado do Big Ben.

There’s a cat between dogs.Tem um gato entre cachorros.

There’s a dog among the stuffed animals.Tem um cachorro entre bichos de pelúcia.


The restaurant is near the hotel. / The restaurant is close to the hotel.O restaurante é perto do hotel.

The art museum is far from the hotel.O museu de arte é longe do hotel.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACENear, Close to, Far from

If we want to indicate distance, we can use near, or close to, for short distances, and far from for long distances.

Notice that, if you don’t choose the appropriate preposition, the sentence might still be grammatically correct, but it may not send the right message.

That’s why it’s important to understand prepositions in context so you can practice and use them to refer to different things in different situations.

And now you know how to use prepositions of place.


The present continuous is mainly used to talk about actions and events in progress at the moment or about temporary states or situations that are true at the moment of speaking.

The basic structure of the present continuous is the verb to be, which works as an auxiliary, and a main verb in the -ING form. The verb to be will be conjugated according to the subject. Take a look at its structure:

AffirmativeSubject + To Be + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement

I am watching a movie.Eu estou assistindo a um filme.

NegativeSubject + To Be + Not + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement

I am not hearing you.Eu não estou te ouvindo.

InterrogativeTo Be + Subject + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement

Are you taking your pills?Você está tomando os seus remédios?

PRESENT CONTINUOUSStructure

Present Continuous


We can use the present continuous to talk about changes that take time.

It’s getting easier every day.Está f icando mais fácil a cada dia.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSGradual Change

The present continuous can also be used to describe actions that are repeated or frequent, but that we believe to be a temporary situation, different from our routine.

I am working a lot this week.Estou trabalhando muito nesta semana.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSRepeated Temporary Actions and Events

The present continuous is also used to talk about future events that have been previously arranged or planned.

I am getting married next week.Vou me casar na próxima semana.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSFuture

Some verbs are not used in the continuous form, even if they refer to temporary situations or things that are happening now. They are called non-progressive verbs, and they express feelings, like the verbs to love and to hate; mental states and opinions, like the verbs to believe, to guess, and to agree; and senses, like the verbs to see and to hear.

I like this book.NOT: I am liking this book.

Eu gosto desse livro.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSNon-progressive Verbs


Some of these non-progressive verbs can be used with continuous forms, but they will have different meanings.

I see someone at the door.Eu estou vendo alguém na porta.

I have two pieces of luggage. Eu tenho duas malas.

I am seeing someone. Eu estou saindo com alguém.

I am having breakfast at the hotel restaurant.Eu estou tomando café da manhã no restaurante do hotel.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSNon-progressive Verbs in Continuous Forms: Different Meaning

Now you know what the present continuous is all about: you’ve seen its structure, some examples, and how to properly use it.


Common question words include what, when, where, which, why, who, and how. On this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the question word how.

The question word how means “in what way” or “to what extent” and, as all the other question words, it can be used in direct and indirect questions.

QUESTION WORD – HOWDirect and Indirect Questions

How are you feeling?Como você está se sentindo?

(Direct Question: How + Structure of the Interrogative Form)

Can you tell me how you are feeling?Você pode me dizer como está se sentindo?

(Indirect Question: How + Structure of the Affirmative Form)

The structure for direct questions is the question word followed by the interrogative form, and it can be used with different verb forms.

In the simple present, we can use how with the verb to be or with other verbs. The difference is that when the verb to be is the main verb, we do not use an auxiliary verb. For all the other verbs, an auxiliary must be used to create the questions.

Check out some examples:

QUESTION WORD – HOWSimple Present

Structure: How + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)

How are the kids?Como estão as crianças?

(main verb is the verb to be = do not use an auxiliary verb)

Question Word - How


Structure: How + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

How do you go to work?Como você vai para o trabalho?

(main verb is not the verb to be = the auxiliary verb do must be used)

Structure: How + Verb to Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)

How was the game?Como foi o jogo?

(main verb is the verb to be = do not use an auxiliary verb)

Structure: How + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

How did you go to the game?Como você foi para o jogo?

(main verb is not the verb to be = the auxiliary verb did must be used)

How can also be used in the simple past, and the structure will follow the same pattern of the simple present. The difference is that the verb to be or the auxiliary verb will be conjugated in the past.

The question word how can also be used with continuous forms such as the present and the past continuous. In this case, we’ll use how followed by the interrogative form of these structures.

For the interrogative form of the present and past continuous, the verb to be works as an auxiliary verb, followed by the subject, the main verb in the -ING form, and a complement, if necessary.

QUESTION WORD – HOWSimple Past


Structure: How + Verb to Be + Subject + Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement (if necessary)

How are you organizing your tasks?Como você está organizando as suas tarefas?

(I am asking about an action that is in progress now)

How were you feeling when you started therapy?Como você estava se sentindo quando iniciou a terapia?

(I asked about a feeling that was going on before the person decided to start therapy)

QUESTION WORD – HOWPresent and Past Continuous

It is also possible to use how with perfect forms such as the present perfect and the present perfect continuous.

Structure: How + Verb To Have + Subject + Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement (if necessary)

How have you been?Como você tem estado?

(I want to know how this person has been lately or since I last saw him or her)

Structure: How + Verb To Have + Subject + Been + Main Verb in the –ING Form + Complement (if necessary)

How have you been dealing with this situation?Como você tem lidado com essa situação?

(It’s an ongoing situation that started in the past and is still going on)

QUESTION WORD – HOWPresent Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous


Structure: How + Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

How should we help her?Como devemos ajudá-la?

(Should works as an auxiliary, and it was used to ask for guidance or recommendation)

How can we go to the party?Como podemos ir para a festa?

(Can works as an auxiliary, and it shows the idea of possibility)

We also use how with modal verbs. In this case, they come right after the question word.

If you want to ask more specif ic questions using how, you can use an adjective or an adverb after it. Check out the examples.

How old is your brother?Quantos anos seu irmão tem?

(How + Old = Age)

How much is this T-shirt?Quanto custa esta camiseta?

(How + Much = Amount or Price)

How often do you go to the gym?Com que frequência você vai à academia?

(How + Often = Frequency)

How many people were there at the concert?Quantas pessoas havia no show?

(How + Many = Quantity)

How far is San Diego from Los Angeles?Quão distante é San Diego de Los Angeles? / Qual é a distância de San Diego a Los Angeles?

(How + Far = Distance)

QUESTION WORD – HOWModal Verbs

QUESTION WORD – HOWOther Possibilities

How long does it take to get there?Qual tempo demora para chegar lá?

(How + Long = Duration)

How tall is your brother?Qual é a altura do seu irmão?

(How + Tall = Height for People)

How high is Mount Everest?Quão alto é o Monte Everest? / Qual é a altura do Monte Everest?

(How + High = Height for Places)


How can also be used with prepositions such as “about.” There are two ways we can use it—to offer something or to make a suggestion.

In spoken English, there is a very common expression with how—how come. It is used to ask about the reason why something has happened. We could say that how come is an informal way to ask “why.”

How come can also be used to show surprise. There is an important detail in the structure of the question, though: how come is always followed by the affirmative form, regardless of the verb form.

How about a cup of coffee?Que tal uma xícara de café?

(How + About + Noun = Offer)

How about going to the movies?Que tal irmos ao cinema?

(How + About + Verb in the –ING Form = Suggestion)

How come she went to the party alone?Como assim ela foi à festa sozinha?

(How Come + Structure of the Affirmative Form in the Simple Past)

How come she is not here?Como é que ela não está aqui?Como pode ela não estar aqui?

(How Come + Affirmative Form of the Simple Present)

HOW ABOUTOffers and Suggestions

HOW ABOUTReason and Surprise (Informal)


We can also use how in exclamations. It can either be followed by a complete sentence or by an adjective. It’s important to notice, though, that what can also be used in exclamations.

The difference is that when there is either a complete sentence or only an adjective, you’ll use how. However, in the case of the structure adjective + noun or just a noun, you’ll have to use what.

Compare the difference:

How + Complete Sentence

How I love this city!Como eu amo essa cidade!

(How + Subject “I” + Main Verb “love” + Complement “this city”)

How + Adjective

How beautiful!Que bonito!

(How + Adjective “beautiful”)

What + (Article) + Adjective + Noun

What a beautiful city!Que cidade bonita!

(What + Article “a” + Adjective “beautiful” + Noun “city”)

HOW AND WHATExclamation

And now you know different ways to use the question word how, it’s meaning, structures in different verb forms, as well as how to use it in exclamations.


Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. On this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the question word what, which is used to ask general questions.

In most cases, the structure of direct and indirect questions follows this pattern:

But when we ask direct questions with the question word what, there are three possible structures.

What is your favorite color?Qual é a sua cor favorita?

(Direct Question: Question Word + Interrogative Form)

Tell me what your favorite color is.Diga-me qual é a sua cor favorita.

(Indirect Question: Question Word + Affirmative Form)

1. What + Interrogative Form

2. What + Verb in the Third Person Singular + Complement

3. What + Noun + Interrogative Form

QUESTION WORD – WHATDirect and Indirect Questions

QUESTION WORD – WHATStructure – Direct Questions

Question Word - What


Let’s analyze each structure, starting with the f irst one, which is the question word what followed by an interrogative form. This structure can be used with any verb form.


What does she want for breakfast?O que ela quer de café da manhã?

(Simple Present: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in its Base Form+ Complement)

What did you do yesterday?O que você fez ontem?

(Simple Past: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in its Base Form + Complement)

What were you doing last week?O que você estava fazendo semana passada?

(Past Continuous: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the –ING Form + Complement)

What have you been doing lately?O que você tem feito ultimamente?

(Present Perfect: Question Word + 1st Auxiliary + Subject + 2nd Auxiliary + Main verb in the –ING Form + Complement)

What would you do with a million dollars?O que você faria com um milhão de dólares?

(Simple Present: Question Word + Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in its Base Form + Complement)

QUESTION WORD – WHATWhat + Interrogative Form


It is important to notice that the structure what + interrogative form will never be used for questions about the subject of the sentence. When we follow this structure, it means that the subject is included in the given question.

Let’s take a closer look:

(The question is not about who performs the action, but about what the person wants. The subject “she” is part of the question. The core answer is “eggs and toast.”)

(Não tem relação com o sujeito, mas com o que o sujeito quer fazer. O sujeito “ela” é parte da pergunta. A resposta central é “ovos e torradas”.)

(It’s not about who was performing the action, but what the person was doing. The subject “you,” which is part of the question, becomes “I” in the answer.

And the core answer is “traveling.”)(Não tem relação com quem estava fazendo a ação, mas com o que a pessoa estava

fazendo. O sujeito “você”, que é parte da pergunta, vira “eu” na resposta. A resposta central é “viajando”.)

QUESTION WORD – WHATWhat + Interrogative Form

What were you doing last week?O que você estava fazendo semana passada?

I was traveling. Eu estava viajando.

What does she want for breakfast?O que ela quer de café da manhã?

She wants eggs and toast. Ela quer ovos e torradas.


But it is possible to ask questions with the question word what to learn about the subject of a sentence. In such cases, we will use the structure: What + Verb in The Third Person Singular + Complement.

Check the following examples:

QUESTION WORD – WHATWhat + Verb in Third Person Singular + (Complement)

(The core answer is “spending time with my family,” which is the subject of the answer and is not part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “makes.”)

(A resposta central é “passar tempo com a minha família”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “makes”, deixa.)

(The core answer is “a music festival,” which is the subject of the answer and is not part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “is.”)(A resposta central é “um festival de música”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “is”, está.)

(The core answer is “not having money to pay their bills,” which is the subject of the answer and is not part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “is.”)

(A resposta central é “não ter dinheiro para pagar suas contas”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “is”, está.)

What makes you happy?O que deixa você feliz?

There are so many people here. What’s happening?Tem tanta gente aqui. O que está acontecendo?

Spending time with my family makes me happy.Passar tempo com a minha família me deixa feliz.

Not having money to pay their bills (is bothering them).Não ter dinheiro para pagar as suas contas (está incomodando eles).

A music festival (is happening here).Um festival de música (está acontecendo aqui).

What’s bothering them?O que está incomodando eles?


Let’s take a closer look and analyze the structure of the examples we have previously seen.

If you want to ask a more specific question using what, place a noun right after the question word.

What time do you usually wake up?A que horas você geralmente acorda?

(What + time = used to ask about the hour)

What kind of music do you like?De que tipo de música você gosta?

(What + kind = used to ask about the specif ic type of a thing)

What size do you need?De que tamanho você precisa?

(What + size = used to ask about size)

QUESTION WORD – WHATWhat + Noun + Interrogative Form

What + Verb in the Third Person Singular + Complement (if necessary)

What makes you happy?

What’s happening?

What’s bothering them?

QUESTION WORD – WHAT

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(3)

(3)

(3)


There are still some special cases, such as what + about. It is used to make an offer or to ask about your opinion or how you feel about something.

QUESTION WORD – WHATSpecial Cases – What About

In informal conversations, there are some common expressions with the question word what.

What’s up?E aí?

What now?O que agora?

QUESTION WORD – WHATExpressions

What about going to the movies?Que tal irmos ao cinema?

How are you?Como vai você?

Great idea.Ótima ideia.

I’m fine, thanks. What about you?Eu estou bem. E você?


The question word what can also be used in exclamations to express surprise, shock, or emotions. In this case, we use: what + an article + (an adjective) + a noun. We may or may not include the adjective, but the noun must always be there in exclamations with what.

Structure: What + Article + (Adjective) + Noun

What a (beautiful) place!Que lugar (bonito)!

(What + Article “a” + (Adjective “beautiful”) + Noun “place”)

What a great song!Que música ótima!

(What + Article “a” + Adjective “great” + Noun “song”)

What a (nice) gesture!Que gesto (legal)!

(What + Article “a” + (Adjective “nice”) + Noun “gesture)

What a song!Que música!

(What + Article “a” + Noun “song”)

QUESTION WORD – WHATExclamations

Now you know different ways in which you can use the question word what, the structure used with different verb forms, as well as how to use it in exclamations and expressions.


Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. Common question words include what, when, where, which, why, who, and how. On this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the question word where.

Where is used to ask questions about place.

The question word where can be used in direct and indirect questions.

WhereOnde/Aonde

Where is the subway station?Onde é a estação de metrô?

(Direct Question: Where + Structure of the Interrogative Form)

I am asking you where the subway station is.Eu estou te perguntando onde f ica a estação de metrô.

(Indirect Question: When + Structure of the Affirmative Form)

QUESTION WORD - WHERE

QUESTION WORD – WHEREDirect and Indirect Questions

Direct questions with where will follow the same pattern, regardless of the verb form. The structure will be the question word where followed by the interrogative form.

Question Word - Where


Take a look at the structure to use where with the simple present. Note that when the main verb is the verb to be, there is no auxiliary verb. For all other verbs, the auxiliary is necessary.

SIMPLE PRESENT

Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)


Structure: Where + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where do you work? Where does she work? Onde você trabalha? Onde ela trabalha?

QUESTION WORD – WHEREWhere + Interrogative

Questions with where in the simple past follow the same pattern of the simple present. The only difference is that you’ll conjugate the verb to be or the auxiliary verb in the past

SIMPLE PAST

Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)

Where were you?Onde você estava?

Structure: Where + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where did you go? Where did he go? Aonde você foi? Aonde ele foi?

QUESTION WORD – WHEREWhere + Interrogative


The question word where can also be used with continuous forms such as the present and the past continuous.

QUESTION WORD – WHEREContinuous Forms

Where + Interrogative Form

PRESENT AND PAST

Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject + Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where are you going?Aonde você está indo?

Where were you going last night when I arrived?Aonde você estava indo ontem à noite quando cheguei?

It is possible to use where with perfect forms such as the present perfect and the present perfect continuous.

PRESENT PERFECT

A past action that is still relevant. Uma ação passada que ainda é relevante.

Structure: Where + Verb To Have + Subject + Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement (if necessary)

Where have you been?Por onde você esteve?

QUESTION WORD – WHEREPerfect Forms

Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous


Modal verbs can be used in questions with where. In this case, the modal verb comes right after the question word.

Structure: Where + Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where should we go on our next vacation?Aonde devemos ir em nossas próximas férias?

(should = recommendation)

Where would you like to live?Onde você gostaria de viver?

(would = hypothetical question)

Where can we find an ATM machine?Onde podemos encontrar um caixa eletrônico?

(can = possibility)

QUESTION WORD – WHEREModal Verbs

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Action started in the past and still going on.Ação iniciada no passado que ainda está acontecendo.

Structure: Where + Verb To Have + Subject + Been + Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where have you been working?Onde você tem trabalhado?

In English, it is common to use where with verbs followed by prepositions that express directions. When we use these prepositions, they are placed right after the verb.

Two frequent prepositions used in questions with where are “to” and “from,” since they typically follow verbs that express movement.


And now you know what a question word is and how to use the question word where to ask indirect or direct questions with different verb forms.

Check out some questions with the verbs to go and to come followed by these prepositions.

Where are you going (to)?Para onde você está indo? / Aonde você está indo?

(The preposition is optional because the verb to go expresses movement toward a place with or without the preposition.)

(A preposição é opcional porque ir o verbo ir indica movimento em direção a algum lugar, com ou sem preposição.)

Where is she coming from?De onde ela está vindo?

(The preposition is mandatory, otherwise the verb to come might not imply the idea of origin.)(A preposição é obrigatória, caso contrário, o verbo vir pode não transmitir a ideia de origem.)

QUESTION WORD – WHEREWhere + Verbs Followed by Prepositions


Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. On this grammar guide, we’ll talk about the question word which.

We use which to ask about specific information. As in some contexts which will be interchangeable with the question word what, it’s important to highlight the difference between these two question words.

The most important feature of which is that it’s used when there’s a limited number of choices in mind.

QUESTION WORDSWhat vs. Which

What’s your phone number?Qual é o seu telefone?

(There are many possibilities. Country code, area code, and several possible combinations of numbers.)

Which size do you want?Que tamanho você quer?

(There are limited options, such as small, medium, or large.)

In English, when we ask direct questions with both which and what, it’s possible to use a noun after the question word to make the question more specif ic.

Again, you’ll choose to use one or the other based on the range of options. Take a look at the examples.

QUESTION WORDSWhich vs. What

I bought white and grey paint. Which color will you choose for your bedroom?Eu comprei tinta branca e cinza. Qual cor você vai escolher para o seu quarto?

(Limited options = only two colors available: white and grey)

Question Word - Which


Which can also be followed by a pronoun, usually because you don’t want to repeat the options you have just given, and in such case, we’ll frequently use the pronoun one.

QUESTION WORD – WHICHWhich + Pronoun

Structure: Which + Pronoun + Interrogative Form

Mr. Brown and Ms. Davenport are my favorite teachers.O Sr. Brown e a Sra. Davenport são meus professores favoritos.

OK. But which one do you like the most?OK. Mas de qual deles você gosta mais?

(Replace “teacher” with “one” since the teachers were already mentioned.)

We can also use an object pronoun or a determiner right after which, but in such case we’ll use which of. Check the examples.

QUESTION WORD – WHICHWhich of

Which of us is going to sleep in the bigger bed?Qual de nós vai dormir na cama maior?

Which of these jackets is yours?Qual dessas jaquetas é sua?

I’m trying to decide on the new color of our bedroom walls. What colors do you like?Eu estou tentando decidir a cor das paredes do nosso quarto. De quais cores você gosta?

(Broader option = from all the colors, you can choose the ones you like)


The question word which can be used in direct and indirect questions. In direct questions, it follows the interrogative form and structure, whereas in indirect questions we are reporting the question or there’s a question within another question.

QUESTION WORD – WHICHDirect and Indirect Questions

Which dress do you prefer? The pink or the green?Qual vestido você prefere? O rosa ou o verde?

(Direct Question: Which + Structure of the Interrogative Form)

Can you give me some suggestions on which museums I should visit in Berlin?Você pode me dar algumas sugestões de quais museus eu devo visitar em Berlim?

(Indirect Question: Which + Structure of the Affirmative Form)

Now you know how to ask questions using the question word which, and know the difference between what and which, their use and structure.


Verb To Be Other Verbs

Interrogative Is she a teacher? Does she work as a teacher? Ela é professora? Ela trabalha como professora?

Negative She isn’t a teacher. She doesn’t work as a teacher. Ela não é professora. Ela não trabalha como professora.

The simple present was divided into two grammar guides, and we did that because there is an important difference in structure.

In this grammar guide, we’ll talk about the simple present with verbs that are not the verb to be, that is, all the other verbs.

When we use the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary verb to make interrogative and negative sentences. But when we use other verbs, we need to use the auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verb for the simple present is do or does, according to the subject.

Check out the difference in the box.

SIMPLE PRESENT

The basic structure for the aff irmative form is the SVC structure, that is, subject, main verb, and complement. And the verb conjugation works like this: we’ll use the base form of the verb for all persons, except for the third person singular. In this case, we’ll add –S, –ES, or –IES to the end of the verb, depending on how it’s spelled.

Simple Present -Other Verbs

< voltar para o índice221


Usage of the Auxiliary Do

I do have the right to speak my mind.Eu tenho (sim) o direito de dar minha opinião.

(The verb “do” is used as an auxiliary. So it does not have a meaning, but a function). (O verbo “do” é usado como auxiliar. Portanto, não tem um signif icado, mas uma função).

If you want to learn more about the third person spelling rules, you can check the grammar guide on this topic. However, most verbs will only take a final S in the third person singular, as you can see in the following table.

SIMPLE PRESENTAffirmative Form: Adding Emphasis

Notice that we do not use the auxiliary verb in the affirmative form. But it’s possible to use it to add emphasis to a statement. In that case, the auxiliary verb is placed before the main verb.

Singular Plural

I work here. We work here. Eu trabalho aqui. Nós trabalhamos aqui.

You work here. You work here. Você trabalha aqui. Vocês trabalham aqui.

He works here. Ele trabalha aqui.

She works here. They work here. Ela trabalha aqui. Eles/Elas trabalham aqui.

It works for now. Isso funciona por enquanto.

SIMPLE PRESENTAffirmative Form

Second person

Third person

First person



Thus, it is possible to use the auxiliary with the simple present in the aff irmative form, but it’s also important to notice that it adds emphasis to the sentence, which means that it is only going to happen in very specif ic contexts.

As for the negative and interrogative forms, the auxiliary do is not optional, it’s necessary.

The basic structure for the negative form is the subject, the auxiliary verb do conjugated according to the subject, the negative particle not, the main verb in its base form, and the complement, if necessary.

You should pay close attention to the third person singular. In both negative and interrogative forms, the conjugation goes in the auxiliary verb, that is, we will use does, and, because of that, the main verb goes back to its base form.

Singular Plural

I don’t work here. We don’t work here. Eu não trabalho aqui. Nós não trabalhamos aqui.

You don’t work here. You don’t work here. Você não trabalha aqui. Vocês não trabalham aqui.

He doesn’t work here. Ele não trabalha aqui.

She doesn’t work here. They don’t work here. Ela não trabalha aqui. Eles/Elas não trabalham aqui.

It doesn’t work for now. (Isso) não funciona por enquanto.

SIMPLE PRESENTNegative Form

Second person

Third person

First person

Do Not Use the Contracted Form

You do not have the right to shout at people.Você não tem o direito de gritar com as pessoas.

SIMPLE PRESENTNegative Form: Adding Emphasis

In informal language, the contracted forms don’t (do + not) or doesn’t (does + not) are used in most cases. In formal written language, we avoid using contractions.

On the other hand, in spoken language, if we use the full form, it probably means we want to add emphasis to a negative statement.



I work at a law firm.Eu trabalho em um escritório de advocacia.

She works a lot.Ela trabalha muito.

SIMPLE PRESENTOther Verbs – Uses

The simple present is used to talk about facts and to show repetitions, habits, or generalizations.

The basic interrogative form structure in the simple present is the auxiliary verb do conjugated according to the subject, the subject, the main verb in its base form, and the complement, if necessary.

So the position of the auxiliary verb and the subject is inverted, and, once again, in the third person singular, the main verb goes back to its base form, and the auxiliary verb is conjugated.

Check out the following table:

Singular Plural

Do I work here? Do we work here? Eu trabalho aqui? Nós trabalhamos aqui?

Do you work here? Do you work here? Você trabalha aqui? Vocês trabalham aqui?

Does he work here? Ele trabalha aqui?

Does she work here? Do they work here? Ela trabalha aqui? Eles/Elas trabalham aqui?

Does it work for now? Isso funciona por enquanto?

SIMPLE PRESENTInterrogative Form

Second person

Third person

First person



She crosses the street toward him, looks back, and decides to let it go.Ela atravessa a rua em direção a ele, olha para trás e decide deixar para lá.

He gets the ball, passes through the defense and shoots, but the goalkeeper saves it.Ele pega a bola, passa pela defesa e chuta, mas o goleiro agarra.

Firefighters save many lives in Brooklyn.Os bombeiros salvam muitas vidas no Brooklyn.


The simple present can convey the idea of immediacy and drama, and that’s why it’s commonly used in stories or novels, in sports broadcasting, and in newspaper headlines, even when reporting past events.

It can also be used to present a series of events when we narrate something or give instructions and directions.

First you read the questions, then you have to mark the correct statement.Primeiro você lê as perguntas, depois você tem que marcar a afirmação correta.

You go straight and turn right on the traffic light.Você segue em frente e vira à direita no semáforo.




In English, some verbs cannot be used in continuous forms. These verbs are called non-progressive verbs, and we use them in the simple present. This group is divided into different subgroups of verbs.

Mental process verbs

know, suppose, think, understandsaber, supor, achar, entender

Verbs that describe senses

smell, taste, hearsentir cheiro, sentir sabor, ouvir

Verbs that express feelings

admire, adore, hate, like, respectadmirar, adorar, detestar, gostar, respeitar

Speech act verbs

promise, swear, agree, denyprometer, jurar, concordar, negar

SIMPLE PRESENTNon-progressive Verbs

And now you know the structure and the most common uses of the simple present.


The simple present is used to talk about factual information or things that happen regularly.

SIMPLE PRESENT

This wall is white.Esta parede é branca.

(It’s a factual piece of information.)

I sleep for 8 or 9 hours a day.Eu durmo de 8 a 9 horas por dia.

(It’s part of a routine, something I do every day.)

The simple present will be tackled in two different grammar guides. In this one, we’ll focus on the simple present sentences in which the main verb is the verb to be.

Check the following table to see the conjugation of the verb to be in the simple present.

SIMPLE PRESENTVerb To Be

Singular PluralFirst person I am We areSecond person You are You areThird person He/She/It is They are

Simple Present -Verb To Be



There is a different sentence structure for the interrogative, negative, and affirmative forms. In affirmative sentences, we’ll frequently use the SVC structure, that is, Subject, Verb, and Complement. To make a negative statement, you’ll place the negative particle not after the verb. And to ask a question, we invert the order and place the verb before the subject.

AffirmativeSubject + Verb To Be + Complement

I’m a writer.Eu sou escritor.

NegativeSubject + Verb To Be + NOT + Complement

I am not a writer.Eu não sou escritor.

InterrogativeVerb To Be + Subject + Complement

Are you a writer?Você é escritor?

Affirmative Negative I’m I’m not You’re You aren’t He’s/She’s/It’s He/She/It isn’t We’re We aren’t They’re They aren’t

SIMPLE PRESENTVerb To Be

SIMPLE PRESENTVerb To Be – Contracted Form

The simple present of the verb to be is commonly used in its contracted form, also known as short form. Contractions are considered informal, and they are very common in everyday situations. However, if you want to sound more formal or more emphatic, use the full form.

The short or contracted forms can be used in affirmative or negative sentences.



Now that you know the conjugation in the plural and singular forms, its structure for aff irmative, negative, and interrogative sentences, as well as its full and contracted forms, check out the possible uses of the verb to be in the simple present.

It can be used to refer to personal information such as name, age, profession, marital status, and nationality.

I am thirsty.Eu estou com sede.

(It’s a state. Something I am experiencing now.)

I am skinny.Eu sou magro(a).

(It refers to a physical characteristic.)

SIMPLE PRESENTVerb To Be – Uses


We can also use the verb to be followed by an adjective to talk about permanent or temporary physical characteristics and feelings.

AgeI am 36 years old.Eu tenho 36 anos.

ProfessionI am an architect.Eu sou arquiteta.

NameI am Sophie.

Eu sou Sophie.My name is Sophie.

O meu nome é Sophie.

NationalityI am French.

Eu sou francesa.

Marital StatusI am single.

Eu sou solteira.



The verb to be in the simple present is also used to talk about permanent or temporary qualities or states, personal characteristics, or mood.

I am stressed.Eu estou estressado(a).

(It’s a current mood or a temporary state.)

I am a stressed person.Eu sou uma pessoa estressada.

(It’s part of my personality.)

It’s eleven o’clock.São onze horas.

Our meeting is on December 3rd.A nossa reunião é no dia 3 de dezembro.



The verb to be in the simple present is also used to talk about time and dates.

We can use the verb to be in the simple present to refer to places and locations as well.

I am at the mall.Eu estou no shopping.

The 9/11 Memorial is in Manhattan.O memorial do 11 de Setembro é em Manhattan.


And now you know when and why we use the verb to be in the simple present.


Subject pronouns are personal pronouns that replace nouns that work as the subject of the sentence. Let’s take a look at them:

First person pronouns are the ones used to refer to the person speaking; second person pronouns refer to the person we are talking to; and third person pronouns, to the people or objects we are talking about.

Let’s start analyzing the f irst person pronouns, the ones that refer to the person who is talking.

The first person singular pronoun (I) is always written with a capital letter, regardless of its position in the sentence. Capitalization does not happen with any other pronoun in English, not even with the first person plural (we).

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

Singular Plural

I we eu nós you you tu/você vós/vocês

he ele (pessoa)

she they ela (pessoa) eles/elas

it ele/ela (exceto pessoas)

Second person

Third person

First person

Subject Pronouns


For the second person, the subject pronoun you will be used both in the singular and in the plural. You always refers to the person or the people you are talking to. Therefore, the context will tell you whether it is singular or plural.

SUBJECT PRONOUNSFirst Person

SUBJECT PRONOUNSSecond Person

You are a teacher.Você é professor.

(second person singular pronoun you)

You are teachers.Vocês são professores.

(second person plural pronoun you)

I am her friend.Eu sou amigo(a) dela.

(f irst person singular pronoun I)

Karen and I work at the same company.Karen e eu trabalhamos na mesma empresa.

(f irst person singular pronoun I)

We are friends.Nós somos amigos.

(f irst person plural pronoun we)

That was the moment we decided to quit the job.Foi nesse momento que nós decidimos deixar o emprego.

(f irst person plural pronoun we)


John is a teacher. He is very good.O John é professor. Ele é muito bom.

(third person singular masculine pronoun he)

Sarah is an actress. She is great.A Sarah é atriz. Ela é ótima.

(third person singular feminine pronoun she)

Turn off the computer. It’s too hot.Desligue o computador. Ele está muito quente.

(third person singular neutral pronoun it)

Turn the TV down. It’s loud.Abaixe a televisão. Ela está alta.

(third person singular neutral pronoun it)

The third person is used to refer to the people or objects we are talking about. In the third person singular, there are two pronouns used to refer to people, and, in some cases, to pets: he and she. “He” is used for the masculine; and “she,” for the feminine.

For all the other cases, we will use the other third person singular pronoun, it; that is, to talk about any other thing in the singular.

Notice that, in the examples we have just seen, the reference of the pronoun it is clear in the sentence. It refers to the computer in the f irst example, and to the TV in the second one.

But the pronoun it will also be used as a subject in sentences that have an impersonal subject. This impersonal use of it introduces new information, and it is used particularly to talk about time, dates, the weather, and opinion.

When it has an impersonal function, it does not refer to a previously mentioned noun. In this case, the pronoun it simply works as the subject of the sentence.

SUBJECT PRONOUNSThird Person Singular (He/She)

SUBJECT PRONOUNThird Person Singular (It)


It’s a pleasure to be here.É um prazer estar aqui.

(third person singular neutral pronoun it impersonal subject)

They are good teachers.Elas são boas professoras.

(third person plural pronoun they)

It’s hot today.Está quente hoje.


They are great students.Eles são ótimos alunos.


It’s late.Está tarde.


They are good books.São bons livros.


SUBJECT PRONOUNThird Person Singular (It)

SUBJECT PRONOUNThird Person Plural (They)

And now you know how to use subject pronouns in English.

Take a look at the following examples:

For the third person plural, there is only one pronoun: they. This is the plural form of the pronouns he, she, and it—meaning this pronoun can be used to refer both to people and objects.


Structure: The + Adjective/Adverb -EST + Noun

It was the longest distance I’ve run.Foi a maior distância que eu já corri.

Structure: THE + MOST/LEAST + Long Adjective/Adverb + Noun

Tokyo is one of the most populated cities in the world.Tóquio é uma das cidades mais populosas do mundo.

This is the least interesting episode of the season.Este é o episódio menos interessante da temporada.

Superlatives are used to compare a person, thing, or idea to the group to which they belong. We use different structures for short and long adjectives or adverbs.

The structure used with short adjectives or adverbs, that is, one-syllable adjectives or adverbs, is the following:

And the following table shows the structure for long adjectives or adverbs.

SUPERLATIVESShort Adjectives and Adverbs

SUPERLATIVESLong Adjectives and Adverbs

Superlatives


It is important to pay attention to some spelling rules as well. For the short adjectives or adverbs, the general rule is to add -EST to the end.

There are other spelling cases. For the short adjectives or adverbs finishing in E, we add -ST.

Adjective/Adverb The + Superlative

long the longest longo(a) o(a) mais longo(a)

high the highest alto(a) o(a) mais alto(a)

old the oldest velho(a) o(a) mais velho(a)

SUPERLATIVES – SPELLINGShort Adjectives/Adverbs – General Rule: Add -EST

SUPERLATIVES – SPELLINGShort Adjectives/Adverbs – Special Rules

Ending in E: Add -STTerminação em E: Adicionar -ST


nice the nicest legal o(a) mais legal

safe the safest seguro(a) o(a) mais seguro(a)


Ending in Y: Change Y to I and add -ESTShort Adjectives/Adverbs – Special Rules


lucky the luckiest sortudo(a) o(a) mais sortudo(a)

happy the happiest feliz o(a) mais feliz

For the short adjectives that finish in Y, we change Y to I and add -EST.


CVC: Double the Last Consonant and Add -ESTCVC: Dobre a Última Consoante e Adicione -EST


hot the hottest (double the T) quente o(a) mais quente

big the biggest (double the G) grande o(a) maior

There’s also a spelling rule for the short adjectives or adverbs that end in CVC: consonant, vowel, consonant. In this case, we double the last consonant and add -EST.



Ending in Y: Replace Y for -IESTTerminação em Y: Substituir o Y por -IEST


easy the easiest fácil o(a) mais fácil

shiny the shiniest brilhante o(a) mais brilhante

The superlative of most two-syllable adjectives and adverbs will be formed by using the structure of the long adjectives and adverbs. However, there are some exceptions.

Take a look:

SUPERLATIVESTwo-syllable Adjectives – Exceptions

Ending in E or LE: add -STTerminação em E or LE: Adicionar -ST


simple the simplest simples o(a) mais simples

gentle the gentlest gentil o(a) mais gentil

Ending in OW: Add -ESTTerminação em OW: Adicionar -EST


narrow the narrowest estreito(a) o(a) mais estreito(a)

shallow the shallowest raso(a) o(a) mais raso(a)


There are also irregular adjectives, which may change their form completely.

Adjective/Adverb The + Superlative good the best bom o(a) melhor

bad the worst ruim o(a) pior

far the farthest/furthest distante o(a) mais distante

SUPERLATIVES – IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

For long adjectives or adverbs or for the two-syllable ones that do not f inish in Y, E, or OW, we’ll use: the + most + adjective or adverb.

The most expensiveO(A) mais caro(a)

The most comfortableO(A) mais confortável

SUPERLATIVES – LONG ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS (THREE OR MORE SYLLABLES)

The Most + Long Adjective/Adverb

Superlatives are often used to compare one person or thing to other people or things of the same group.

Jackie is the most dedicated student in her class.A Jackie é a aluna mais dedicada da turma dela.

This is the best English course.Esse é o melhor curso de inglês.

SUPERLATIVES – USAGE


And now you know how to use the superlative form in English.

It is also possible to compare a person or thing in a situation to the same person or thing in a different situation. In this case, we don’t use the article the.

The company is facing its most difficult challenge.A empresa está enfrentando o seu desafio mais dif ícil.

I am in my best shape.Estou na minha melhor forma.

SUPERLATIVES – USAGE


Tag questions are small questions that come at the end of a statement. They usually work as a way to ask for confirmation or agreement. Tag questions are mostly used in spoken language, but they are also common in informal written language.

TAG QUESTIONS

A question at the end of a sentence used to confirm the information previously mentioned.Uma pergunta ao f inal de uma frase para confirmar a informação anterior.

Jonas has two kids, doesn’t he?O Jonas tem dois f ilhos, não tem?

The game is not today, is it?O jogo não é hoje, é?

You don’t like salmon, do you?Você não gosta de salmão, gosta?

I sent you the report, didn’t I?Eu te mandei o relatório, não mandei?

Mary is not on vacation, is she?Mary não está de férias, está?

The meeting is tomorrow, isn’t it?A reunião é amanhã, não é?

Examples

Tag questions can be used in the affirmative and negative, but they are not used with interrogative sentences because they already are questions.

If the main sentence is affirmative, you’ll use the tag question in the negative. And when the main sentence is in the negative form, the tag question is in the affirmative.

TAG QUESTION

Main Sentence Tag Question Affirmative Negative: Auxiliary Verb + Not + Subject

Negative Affirmative: Auxiliary Verb + Subject

Interrogative Not Possible to Use Tag Questions

Tag Questions


Take a closer look at the structure.

TAG QUESTIONGeneral Rule

Jonas has two kids, doesn’t he?O Jonas tem dois f ilhos, não tem?

(Main sentence in the aff irmative simple present = auxiliary is not necessary)(Tag question = a question in the simple present, so the auxiliary (do or does) is necessary)

I sent you the report, didn’t I?Eu te mandei o relatório, não mandei?

(Main sentence in the aff irmative simple past = auxiliary is not necessary)(Tag question = a question in the simple past, so the auxiliary (did) is necessary)

You don’t like salmon, do you?Você não gosta de salmão, gosta?

(Main sentence in the negative simple present = auxiliary is necessary)(Tag question = a question in the simple present, so the auxiliary (do) is necessary)

This is the structure we’ll use for tag questions with all verb forms, including modal verbs. But there are some exceptions to this rule.

The f irst one is when the verb to be is the main verb and it’s used either in the simple present or in the simple past. Remember that the verb to be does not require the use of an auxiliary verb when in the simple present or past. We’ll form the tag question by using the verb to be and the subject.

Pay extra attention to tag questions in the first person singular with the verb to be. In this case, the common and informal question is “aren’t I?” However, it is possible to use “am I not?” in very specif ic and formal contexts.

TAG QUESTIONVerb To Be: Simple Present And Simple Past

The game is not today, is it?O jogo não é hoje, é?

The meeting was yesterday, wasn’t it?A reunião foi ontem, não foi?

I’m late for the meeting, aren’t I?Eu estou atrasado para a reunião, não estou?

I’m right. Am I not?Estou certa. Não estou?


There’s still another important exception: the imperative form. The imperative does not have an interrogative form. It’s only used in the aff irmative and negative. When we use an imperative sentence to tell or to ask people to do something, it’s possible to use tag questions to soften your request.

Tag questions for imperative sentences are most frequently formed with will in the aff irmative form, even if the main statement is also in the aff irmative form.

The difference from the other tag questions is that, in the imperative form, if the main sentence is in the aff irmative, the tag question will also be in the aff irmative. We use “will you?” as a tag question for imperative sentences both in the affirmative and in the negative.

TAG QUESTIONSImperatives

Pass me the salt, will you?Me passa o sal, pode ser?

Give me a hand, will you?Me dá uma mãozinha, pode ser?

Don’t forget to bring the books, will you?Não se esqueça de trazer os livros, pode ser?

So, the tag “will you?” can be used with most imperative sentences, no matter if they are aff irmative or negative. But not with imperative sentences using “let’s”. In this case, we’ll use the tag “shall we?”

TAG QUESTIONSImperatives – Let’s

Let’s go, shall we?Vamos?

Let’s start the meeting, shall we?Vamos começar a reunião?

And now you know the use and structure of tag questions.

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