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Arquivo Interativo. Interações no menu ao lado, topo e base das páginas, e nas indicações do Grammar Guide no f inal de cada lesson.

Entrepreneurship p. 031

3 Teamwork p. 42

2 Time Management p. 22

4 Feedback p. 61

5 Presentation Skills p. 81

6 Public Speaking p. 100

7 Networking p. 120

8 Stress Management p. 137

9 Grammar Guide p. 153

EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship

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Chapter 1 Vocabulary Grammar Grammar ActivitiesVocabulary Activities

Getting ahead professionally usually takes a lot of dedication and effort. But, with sharp focus and the right tips, it’s quite possible you can work your way to the top!

In this series, we’ll go through the main competencies you need to develop in order to become successful: from time management, public speaking, and presentation skills to the importance of teamwork, feedback, and stress management.

We’ll also go through the benefits of having a business network and an entrepreneurial mindset.

Are you ready to dive into the business world?

We’re going to start by approaching a modern concept: entrepreneurship. When I say that word, what comes to your mind?

I bet you’re thinking about high-ranking professionals or executives at big companies. But there is a lot more to entrepreneurship than being the boss.

Allow me to elaborate on that concept.

If I were to define entrepreneurship, I would say that it is a set of essential skills that allow you to be disposed or have the ability to come up with ideas, as well as coordinate and put them into practice.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

This module is about the essential skills one needs in order to play an active role in the business world.

In this chapter, you will learn how to talk about business and entrepreneurship. You will also see some important vocabulary related to business, some definitions and descriptions with verbs related to business and development, and some grammar topics to make it happen.

Now look at the script of Entrepreneurship.

4< voltar para o índice

Part 1.

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities

Entrepreneurship is about having a strategic eye, planning carefully, and implementing changes that will promote innovation and make things better.

And no, I’m not talking about only making a difference at the business level. Not at all…

An entrepreneurial mindset is beneficial and useful anywhere…at school, in your family, in your group of friends, I mean, wherever you want to achieve success, that’s the mindset you got to have.

But what is success anyway?

When we set a goal, plan strategies to achieve it, pursue it, and then we reach that goal, we can say that we are successful. But from this point of view, the definition of success varies from one person to another. For some, it could be going on a dream trip with the family, whereas for others, it could be getting a promotion at work, or maybe even starting your own small business.

The f irst step to success is to understand what it means to you: What are the life goals that make you happy? What do you want to achieve?

And when you get that all f igured out, you just have to go for it.

But how do we do that?

Well, f irst of all, many people think entrepreneurs are simply born like that: full of innovative ideas that just pop up effortlessly and magically get implemented.

That is definitely not true, guys.

The truth is: anyone can shape up and develop the necessary set of skills to have an entrepreneurial mindset. And that, my friends, is one of the most important steps you need to reach your goals.

But now you might be asking, “What does an entrepreneurial mindset encompass?”

Well, I’ll answer this question with another question: Have you ever thought about giving everything up in the face of a problem? I guess everybody has, at least once. And that is perfectly normal.But the thing is: challenging situations are unpredictable and can happen



EMPREENDEDORISMO

Progredir profissionalmente geralmente requer bastante dedicação e esforço. Mas com foco definido e as dicas certas, é bem possível que você chegue ao topo.

Nesta série, vamos falar sobre as principais competências que você precisa desenvolver para se tornar bem-sucedido: desde gerenciamento de tempo, oratória e habilidades de apresentação, até a importância do trabalho em equipe, feedback e gerenciamento de estresse.

anywhere. And believe me, they will. To everyone. The difference is, when you develop an entrepreneurial mindset, you understand there will be diff iculties along the way—that you are aware your initial plan may need to be reviewed or even discarded, that you should be open to redoing whatever takes some redoing, and that’s part of the process; in a nutshell, challenges won’t make you feel like giving up.

Resilience is an ability to be developed. Having your mind focused on the goal will always help you understand that the path may have to be adapted, and that’s OK.

On the other hand, there’s no use being resilient and being committed to a project if you’ll always offer the same old solutions to every new problem. Yes, guys, new challenges require new solutions. Solutions that you’ll only f ind by understanding the problem and being creative and being open to trying new ways—and that also means dealing with the fear of the unknown.

And last but not least: the ambition to be the protagonist, to stand out and actually promote change in the world around you and beyond is crucial to entrepreneurship. Some people choose to be victims of the circumstances and just complain when they can’t get what they want. But when you are the protagonist, you grab the bull by the horns and make things happen.

How about you? Do you have what it takes to undertake your life goals?



Também falaremos sobre os benefícios de se ter uma rede de negócios e uma mentalidade empreendedora.

Você está preparado para mergulhar no mundo dos negócios?

Vamos começar abordando um conceito moderno: empreendedorismo. Quando eu digo essa palavra, o que vem à sua mente?

Aposto que você está pensando em profissionais de alto escalão ou executivos de grandes empresas. Mas empreendedorismo é muito mais do que ser o chefe.

Vou explicar melhor esse conceito.

Se eu fosse definir empreendedorismo, diria que é um conjunto de habilidades essenciais que lhe permitem elaborar ideias, bem como coordená-las e colocá-las em prática.

Empreendedorismo é ter um olhar estratégico, planejar cuidadosamente e implementar mudanças que promovam inovação e tornem as coisas melhores.

E, não, eu não falo de fazer a diferença apenas em nível empresarial. De modo algum…

Uma mentalidade empreendedora é benéfica e útil em qualquer lugar… na escola, em família, no seu grupo de amigos; quer dizer, onde quer que você queira atingir sucesso, essa é a mentalidade que você deve ter.

Mas o que é sucesso, af inal?

Quando estabelecemos uma meta, planejamos estratégias para atingi-la, corremos atrás e então atingimos essa meta, podemos dizer que somos bem-sucedidos. Porém, desse ponto de vista, a def inição de sucesso varia de uma pessoa para outra. Para algumas, pode ser fazer a viagem dos sonhos com a família; para outras, pode ser receber uma promoção no trabalho ou até abrir o próprio pequeno negócio.

O primeiro passo para o sucesso é entender o que ele signif ica para você: Quais são as metas de vida que deixam você feliz? O que você quer alcançar?

E quando você entender tudo isso, só precisará correr atrás.

Mas como fazer isso?



Bem, antes de qualquer coisa, muita gente acha que empreendedores simplesmente nasceram assim: cheios de ideias inovadoras que surgem sem nenhum esforço e são magicamente implementadas.

Isso, definitivamente, não é verdade, pessoal.

A verdade é: qualquer pessoa pode formar e desenvolver o conjunto de habilidades necessárias para ter uma mentalidade empreendedora. E isso, meus amigos, é um dos passos mais importantes para vocês alcançarem suas metas.

Mas, agora, vocês podem estar perguntando: “O que uma mentalidade empreendedora engloba?”

Bem, eu vou responder essa pergunta com outra pergunta: Você já pensou em desistir de tudo ao se deparar com um problema? Acho que todo mundo já, pelo menos uma vez. E isso é totalmente normal.

Mas a questão é: situações desafiadoras são imprevisíveis e podem acontecer em qualquer lugar. E acredite, elas vão. Com todos nós. A diferença é: quando você desenvolve uma mentalidade empreendedora, entende que haverá dif iculdades ao longo do caminho, que seu plano original pode precisar ser revisado ou até descartado, que você deve estar aberto a refazer o que precisar ser refeito, e que isso é parte do processo. Em suma: desafios não farão com que você queira desistir.

Resiliência é uma habilidade a ser desenvolvida. Ter a mente focada na meta vai sempre te ajudar a entender que talvez o caminho tenha que ser adaptado, e tudo bem.

Por outro lado, não adianta ser resiliente e estar comprometido com um projeto se você sempre oferecer as mesmas velhas soluções para todo novo problema. Sim, pessoal, novos problemas exigem novas soluções. Soluções que você vai encontrar apenas entendendo o problema, sendo criativo e estando aberto a tentar coisas novas – e isso também signif ica lidar com o medo do desconhecido.

E, por último, mas não menos importante: a ambição de ser o protagonista, de se destacar e realmente promover mudanças no mundo à sua volta e além dele é crucial para o empreendedorismo. Algumas pessoas escolhem ser vítimas das circunstâncias e apenas reclamam quando não conseguem o que querem. Porém, quando você é o protagonista, você toma as rédeas da situação e faz acontecer.

E você? Tem o que é preciso para atingir suas metas de vida?


Video Script VocabularyChapter 1 Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities

Let’s start this part of the chapter talking about the set of skills you need to develop for a good professional performance. And the f irst step is learning a few words that are frequently used in the business environment, as well as words we use when we talk about entrepreneurship. Take a look:

NOUNS

entrepreneurshipempreendedorismo

businessnegócios ou ambiente corporativo

skillshabilidades

business skillshabilidades em negócios

business planplano de negócios

performancedesempenho

managementgerenciamento/gestão

time managementgerenciamento/gestão de tempo

project managementgerenciamento/gestão de projetos

people managementgerenciamento/gestão de pessoas

teamequipe

teamworktrabalho em equipe

network rede de contatos

social network rede social


Part 2.

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar ActivitiesVocabularyVideo Script

These words are frequently used in the corporate environment. So chances are you will be using at least one of them in a common business conversation. Observe that they are nouns.

But there are other quite important nouns, just as important as the ones you saw previously, that usually follow adjectives that describe them. Let’s check them out:

strong networkrede de contatos forte

big change grande mudança

major changeimportante/principal mudança

new challenges novos desafios

real challengesdesafios reais

challenging situationssituações desafiadoras

entrepreneurial mindsetmentalidade empreendedora

In the previous list, note that the adjectives come right before the nouns.

We can use nouns and adjectives to make definitions and descriptions. For example:

What is entrepreneurship?O que é empreendedorismo?

Entrepreneurship is a set of essential skills that allow you to come up with ideas, as well as coordinate them and put them into practice.

Empreendedorismo é um conjunto de habilidades essenciais que lhe permitem elaborar ideias, bem como coordená-las e colocá-las em prática.



Knowing a definition does not necessarily mean that there is no more information to be asked about a topic. To ask for some more information, you can say:

But what is entrepreneurship all about?Mas de que se trata o empreendedorismo?

Entrepreneurship is about having a strategic eye, planning carefully, and implementing changes that will promote innovation and make things better.

Empreendedorismo é ter um olhar estratégico, planejar com cuidado e implementar mudanças que promovam a inovação e tornem as coisas melhores.

Descriptions and definitions are easily found in dictionaries and theoretical books, but there are a lot of situations in which we feel we need to give a personal definition about something because they vary from person to person. Let’s see an example:

What is success?O que é sucesso?

For some people, success is going on a dream trip with the family; for others, it’s getting a promotion at work. It depends.

Para algumas pessoas, sucesso é fazer a viagem dos sonhos com a família; para outras, é conseguir uma promoção no trabalho. Isso depende.

What is success for you?O que é sucesso para você?

Each person understands success in a different way. So you can ask:

What does success mean to you?O que sucesso signif ica para você?

What does a challenge mean to you?O que um desafio signif ica para você?

You can ask for a personal definition of almost everything. The same structure can be used in the following questions, for example:

What does resilience mean to you?O que resiliência signif ica para você?



Now you know a few words used in the corporate world, and how to make descriptions and definitions using the verb to be and other verbs.

In all of those situations, you need to express a personal definition. It is important to know how to express definitions and descriptions, either to talk about professional subjects or to describe a new project, a new idea, a new job, or personal affairs, life goals, and so on.

We use the verb to be most of the time, but, as you have seen, you can and should use other verbs. Check it out:

Definitions and descriptions are important for people to…Definições e descrições são importantes para as pessoas...

…better understand each other.…entenderem melhor umas às outras.

...develop new skills....desenvolverem novas habilidades.

…figure out new and better ways to work together.…descobrirem maneiras novas e melhores de trabalhar juntas.

Now that you have seen some vocabulary that is frequently used in the business environment and learned how to describe concepts, it is crucial to think of the following question:

Are you ready to develop your business skills?Você está preparado para desenvolver suas habilidades em negócios?

When you are asked if you are ready to develop your business skills, you are implicitly being asked the following:

Observe that we use ready to + verb and ready for + noun, or even ready for + adjective + noun.

Are you ready for new challenges?Você está pronto para novos desafios?

Are you ready to promote change in the world?Você está pronto para promover mudanças no mundo?

Are you ready for success?Você está pronto para o sucesso?

Are you ready to learn new things?Você está pronto para aprender coisas


Vocabulary ActivitiesChapter 1 Vocabulary Grammar Grammar ActivitiesVideo Script

Act

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A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.

B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words according to the translation.

( 1 ) negócios ou ambiente corporativo

( 2 ) habilidades

( 3 ) desempenho

( 4 ) gerenciamento / gestão de projetos

( 5 ) equipe

( 6 ) trabalho em equipe

( 7 ) gerenciamento / gestão de tempo

( 8 ) gerenciamento / gestão de pessoas

( 9 ) gerenciamento / gestão

( 10 ) empreendedorismo

( 11 ) habilidades em negócios

( 12 ) plano de negócios

( ) business plan

( ) business

( ) management

( ) time management

( ) teamwork

( ) business skills

( ) team

( ) project management

( ) people management

( ) performance

( ) entrepreneurship

( ) skills

a) Are you ready to your business skills? Você está preparado para desenvolver suas habilidades em negócios?

b) People can develop . As pessoas podem desenvolver novas habilidades.

c) What does success to you? O que sucesso significa para você?

d) Are you ready to change in the world? Você está pronto para promover mudanças no mundo?

e) People can new and better ways to work together. As pessoas podem descobrir maneiras novas e melhores de trabalhar juntas.

f) Are you ready to learn ? Você está pronto para aprender coisas novas?


Part 3.

Activities

Vocabulary Activities GrammarChapter 1 Vocabulary Grammar ActivitiesVideo Script

You have read the vocabulary part of this chapter, and now it is time to focus on grammar. Let’s start with nouns and adjectives.

Nouns and adjectives are two different word classes:

Let’s check out some examples of nouns and compound nouns, which are nouns formed by two or more words:

NOUNS

Nouns are words used to refer to people, things, or ideas.Substantivos são palavras usadas para se referir a pessoas, coisas ou ideias.

Adjectives are used to describe and qualify people, things, or ideas.Adjetivos são usados para descrever e qualif icar pessoas, coisas ou ideias.

NOUNS & ADJECTIVES

managementgerenciamento/gestão

managergerente

businessnegócios ou ambiente corporativo

business planplano de negócios

time managementgerenciamento/gestão de tempo


Part 4.

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Grammar ActivitiesGrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script

Adjectives describe something or somebody. As a general rule, they describe a noun. So, we can say:

ADJECTIVES & NOUNS

good managerbom gerente

Notice that, in the previous examples, the conjugations of the verb to be and the verb to have are quite different. Both are conjugated in the simple present, but their conjugation follows different rules.

The verbal conjugation in the simple present in English goes as follows: we use the base form of the verb, and there is just a small variation for the third person singular. The verb to be is the only exception to that rule because it is the most irregular verb in English. Let’s check and compare the conjugations using three different verbs:

effective managementgestão eficaz/efetiva

essential skillshabilidades essenciais

Note that adjectives in English come before nouns when they are placed side by side.

Adjectives have no plural form. The noun may be in the plural, but the adjective remains the same. Check it out:

Mark and John are excellent managers.Mark e John são gerentes excelentes.

Julia and Meg have the perfect skills to run this business.Julia e Meg têm as habilidades perfeitas para administrar este negócio.

To Beser/estar

To Haveter

To Needprecisar

I ameu sou/estou

I haveeu tenho

I needeu preciso

you arevocê é/está

you havevocê tem

you needvocê precisa

he isele é/está

she hasela tem

it needs(ele/ela) precisa



To doThe company does business with the Chinese.

A empresa faz negócios com os chineses.

To study Mary studies English every day. Mary estuda inglês todos os dias.

Notice that we never use the base form be as the root for the conjugation in the simple present. That’s why this verb is so irregular.

For all other verbs, we use the base form for all persons, and most of the times, for the third person singular, we add an -S at the end of the base form. There may be minor variations, so we can add -S or -ES or even -IES. But these are only minor orthographic variations. For example:

Now look at the plural:

To Beser/estar

To Haveter

To Needprecisar

we arenós somos/estamos

we havenós temos

we neednós precisamos

you arevocês são/estão

you havevocês têm

you needvocês precisam

they areeles(as) são/estão

they haveeles(as) têm

they needeles(as) precisam

The verb to do ends in -O, so we must add -ES to conjugate it in the third person singular. The verb to study f inishes in consonant + -Y, so we remove the -Y and add -IES.

That is the conjugation for the affirmative form. But there is also the negative form and the interrogative form in English. Let’s check a few examples with the verb to be:



AffirmativeChallenging situations are unpredictable.Situações desafiadoras são imprevisíveis.

NegativeChallenging situations are not predictable.Situações desafiadoras não são previsíveis.

InterrogativeAre challenging situations unpredictable?Situações desafiadoras são imprevisíveis?

SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE

In the aff irmative form, we have challenging situations in the plural. Notice that the adjective challenging does not have a plural form in English, even though the noun situations is in the plural. After the subject, we have the verb to be in the plural, which is conjugated as are; and the other adjective at the end, unpredictable, does not have a plural form either.

For the negative form, we use exactly the same structure and add not after the verb to be. So it becomes are not.

Finally, note that, in the interrogative form, we reverse the order of the verb to be and the subject.

Let’s see one more example:

What is resilience?O que é resiliência?

Resilience is not just a personality trait.Resiliência não é apenas um traço de personalidade.

Resilience is an ability to be developed.Resiliência é uma habilidade a ser desenvolvida.

SIMPLE PRESENT – VERB TO BE



Observe that, in the f irst example, we are using the same structure we have just learned for the interrogative form; we just added what to the beginning of the question. Then we have an example in the affirmative form, followed by the negative form. As you can see, their structure is the same as seen before, even though the conjugation of the verb to be is in the singular – is.

You now know that the verb to be is the most irregular verb in English. Let’s check how you can deal with the negative and interrogative forms of other verbs in the simple present.

In those cases, for the negative and interrogative forms, we have to use the auxiliary verb do for all persons and does for the third person singular.

Remember that when do is used as the main verb, it means to accomplish or to execute an action. But when it is an auxiliary verb, do does not mean anything; it just works as an auxiliary for negative and interrogative sentences.

Let’s see some examples to understand how it happens:

Do new challenges need new solutions?Novos desafios precisam de novas soluções?

New challenges demand new solutions.Novos desafios exigem novas soluções.

Old solutions don’t solve new challenges.Velhas soluções não resolvem novos desafios.

SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS

Let’s see an example in the third person singular:

Does an entrepreneurial mindset make any difference?Uma mentalidade empreendedora faz alguma diferença?

An entrepreneurial mindset makes a difference everywhere.Uma mentalidade empreendedora faz diferença em todo lugar.

An entrepreneurial mindset doesn’t make a difference only in the business world.Uma mentalidade empreendedora não faz diferença apenas no mundo corporativo.

SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS



In this chapter, you learned how to use nouns and how to form the negative and interrogative forms of the verb to be and other verbs. You have also seen how

to ask questions with the question word what. If you want to learn more about these topics, you can refer to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Adjectives Page 154Question Word What Page 221Simple Present – Other Verbs Page 261Simple Present – Verb To Be Page 267

If we want to ask a question with other verbs in the simple present using what, we use the structure for the interrogative form, as it happened with the verb to be.

Have a look:

What do changes promote?O que as mudanças promovem?

WHAT + INTERROGATIVE FORM

In the previous example, what is followed by the interrogative form do changes promote. We use the auxiliary verb do because changes is in the plural, and then comes the main verb promote in the base form.

Let’s see another one:

What does success mean to you?O que sucesso signif ica para você?

WHAT + INTERROGATIVE FORM

Note that, in the last example, the structure is the same: what followed by the interrogative form does success mean to you. We use the auxiliary verb does because the subject success is in the singular, and then comes the main verb mean in its base form, that is, without the -S.


Grammar ActivitiesChapter 1 Vocabulary GrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script

Part 5.

Activities

a) ( ) good manager

bom gerente

b) ( ) business plan

plano de negócios

c) ( ) manager

gerente

d) ( ) essential skills

habilidades essenciais

e) ( ) time management

gerenciamento/gestão de tempo

f) ( ) effective management

gestão eficaz/efetiva

g) ( ) management

gestão/gerenciamento

h) ( ) new challenges

novos desafios

A. Mark the compound nouns.

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in bold.

a. An entrepreneurial mindset everywhere.

Uma mentalidade empreendedora faz diferença em todo lugar.

b. An entrepreneurial mindset only in the business world.

Uma mentalidade empreendedora não faz diferença apenas no mundo corporativo.

c. New challenges .

Novos desafios exigem novas soluções.

d. Old solutions .

Velhas soluções não resolvem novos desafios.


Chapter 1 Vocabulary GrammarVocabulary ActivitiesVideo Script Grammar Activities

e. Resilience to be developed.

Resiliência é uma habilidade a ser desenvolvida.

f. Challenging situations .

Situações desafiadoras não são previsíveis.

a. makes a difference b. does not (doesn’t) make a differencec. demand new solutions

d. do not (don’t) solve new challengese. is an abilityf. are not (aren’t) predictable

b. business plane. time management

Activity A – AnswersActivity B – Answers


Time ManagementTime Management

2

Chapter 2


Vocabulary Grammar Grammar ActivitiesVocabulary Activities

The clock ticks the same way anywhere: a minute here in Los Angeles has the same number of seconds as in every other city across the globe. Nonetheless why do some people seem to achieve so much more with their time than others?

Have you ever felt like 24 hours a day are not enough to do everything you want?

Or have you ever thought why one hour doing something you love passes you by faster than the same 60 minutes waiting for your meal at a restaurant?

Indeed, time is an intangible concept because each of us feels it passing by in our own way. Do you put your time to good use? Or do you often get the feeling that you are just wasting your time? The key question here is: How do YOU spend your time?

Ancient Greek philosopher Theophrastus once said that “Time is the most valuable thing a man can spend.”

Do you fully understand what that concept means?

It means that time is an asset. And I’d say: not only an asset but the most precious one we have. Probably the only one that once lost can never be regained. As Benjamin Franklin put it, “Lost time is never found again.”

But what should we do then?

TIME MANAGEMENT

In this chapter, you will learn how to talk about your necessities and obligations and wishes and desires. You will also learn how to talk about time, priorities, and possessions. Besides that, we will go through some important language items to improve your English skills.

Now look at the script of Time Management.

Part 1.


Well, if we start looking at time as an asset, then we will realize it’s something we can manage. And once our time is well managed, we can experience a real sense of accomplishment by the end of the day.

Which leads us to another question—what does “accomplishment” mean to you?

Do you feel accomplished when you check everything off your to-do list? Even if, to meet all the deadlines, you had to skip meals, or deprived yourself of good sleeping hours, or maybe spent less time with your friends and family than you would like?

How stressful can that become in the long run? Clearing your to-do list at that cost…is time efficiently managed to you?

Well, guys, efficient time management means organizing and planning your daily activities according to importance and priority.

Many theories suggest ways on how to make time last longer—effectively and efficiently. Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Urgent/Important principle suggests that we should categorize tasks as “important” and “urgent” before simply hurrying to f inish and deliver them no matter what.

There’s also Stephen Covey’s Time Management Matrix that expands that thought and highlights that each task has a mix of importance and urgency, bringing more complexity to time management.

But theories are just a version of reality, and we can always choose the one that better f its us. What really makes a difference is being able to see time as something we can manage and benefit from. When we start using time in our favor instead of just putting out f ires, we can really bring about a shift in our lives.

Efficient time management means balance, that is, honoring your deadlines without giving up the quality time you want to spend with family and friends.

If I were to give you a piece of advice on this matter, don’t linger on deciding whether or not you should work on your time management skills. As a wise man once said, “time waits for no one.” Don’t let it pass you by.



GERENCIAMENTO DE TEMPO

O relógio funciona do mesmo jeito em qualquer lugar: um minuto aqui em Los Angeles tem o mesmo número de segundos que em qualquer outra cidade em todo o globo. No entanto, por que algumas pessoas parecem conseguir fazer muito mais com o próprio tempo do que outras?

Você já sentiu como se 24 horas por dia não fossem suficientes para fazer tudo o que precisa?

Ou já pensou por que uma hora fazendo algo que você ama passa mais rápido do que os mesmos 60 minutos esperando sua refeição em um restaurante?

Na verdade, tempo é um conceito intangível, porque cada um de nós sente o tempo passar de um jeito. Você usa bem o seu tempo? Ou costuma ter a impressão de que está apenas desperdiçando-o? A questão-chave aqui é: Como você gasta seu tempo?

O filósofo da Grécia Antiga Teofrasto disse: “O tempo é a coisa mais valiosa que um homem pode gastar.”

Você entende mesmo o que isso signif ica?

Signif ica que o tempo é um bem. E eu diria: não apenas um bem, mas o mais precioso que nós temos. Provavelmente, é o único que, uma vez perdido, nunca pode ser recuperado. Como disse Benjamin Franklin: “O tempo perdido não se encontra nunca mais.”

Então, o que devemos fazer?

Bem, se começarmos a enxergar o tempo como um bem, perceberemos que podemos gerenciá-lo. E, a partir do momento em que nosso tempo é bem gerenciado, podemos ter uma verdadeira sensação de realização no f im do dia.

O que nos leva a outra questão: O que “realização” signif ica para você?

Você se sente realizado quando risca tudo da sua lista de tarefas? Mesmo que, para cumprir todos os prazos, você tenha pulado refeições ou se privado de boas horas de sono, ou, talvez, passado menos tempo do que gostaria com a família e os amigos?



O quanto isso pode se tornar estressante em longo prazo? Zerar sua lista de tarefas a esse custo é tempo gerenciado de forma eficiente para você?

Bem, pessoal, uma gestão de tempo eficiente signif ica organizar e planejar suas atividades diárias de acordo com importância e prioridade.

Muitas teorias sugerem meios de fazer com que o tempo dure mais, ef icaz e efetivamente.

O princípio de urgência/importância de Dwight D. Eisenhower sugere que deveríamos categorizar tarefas como “importantes” e “urgentes” antes de, simplesmente, corrermos para f inalizá-las e entregá-las a qualquer custo.

Existe também a matriz de gestão de tempo de Stephen Covey, que expande esse pensamento e destaca que cada tarefa tem um misto de importância e urgência, trazendo mais complexidade à gestão de tempo.

Mas teorias são apenas uma versão da realidade, e nós sempre podemos escolher a mais adequada para nós. O que realmente faz diferença é ser capaz de ver o tempo como algo que podemos gerenciar e do qual podemos nos beneficiar. Quando começamos a usar o tempo a nosso favor em vez de só resolver pepinos, podemos realmente provocar uma mudança em nossas vidas.

Gestão de tempo eficiente signif ica equilíbrio, ou seja, honrar seus prazos sem abrir mão do tempo que você quer passar com a família e os amigos.

Se eu fosse te dar um conselho em relação a isso, não demore para decidir se deve ou não trabalhar em suas habilidades de gestão de tempo. Como um sábio disse certa vez: “O tempo não espera por ninguém.” Não o deixe passar por você.



In this part of the chapter, you will learn how to express necessity and obligation, wishes and desires, and possession.

Let’s start by talking about something very important in our lives: time. Organizing your schedule so that you are able to manage your time can be challenging but crucial to your day to day life. Take a look at some words related to time:

Here, note that we are talking about time, which can be measured in minutes, hours, days, or years. We do that by using clocks and calendars. In this case, the word time cannot be used in the plural.

However, we can use the word times to refer to the occasion when something happens, or someone does something. Take a look at an example:

I check my mailbox three times a day. Eu checo minha caixa de correio três vezes por dia.

WORDS RELATED TO TIME

time tempo

hourshoras

minutes minutos

seconds segundos

And what do we know about time? We know that:

The clock ticks the same way anywhere.O relógio funciona do mesmo jeito em qualquer lugar.


Part 2.


A minute in Los Angeles has the same number of seconds as in other cities. Um minuto em Los Angeles tem o mesmo número de segundos que em outras cidades.

Even though time is counted the same anywhere in the world, some people seem to get more things done in a day than others. And the reason for that is:

Time is an intangible concept.Tempo é um conceito intangível.

And why is that so?

Because each of us feels it passing in our own way.Porque cada um sente o tempo passar de um jeito.

If you do not know how to manage your time, time flies. That’s why it is paramount to develop this ability. So you can say that:

It is important to know how to manage your time.É importante saber como administrar seu tempo.

As well as using the verb to manage to talk about time, there are other verbs we can use. Take a look:

I like to spend time with my family.Eu gosto de passar tempo com a minha família.

To spend time means to pass time doing something specif ic or with specif ic people.

It takes time to become fluent in English. Leva tempo / demora um tempo até que se f ique f luente em inglês.



To take time refers to the amount of time that is necessary for a situation to happen.

I’m wasting my time talking to Bert. He never listens. Estou desperdiçando meu tempo falando com Bert. Ele nunca me dá ouvidos.

To waste time means not to make good use of the time we have. In this case, time is a general concept, not measured in minutes, hours, or seconds.

You will save time by riding a motorcycle. Você vai ganhar tempo andando de moto.

To save time means to do something faster by f inding a way to accomplish that more eff iciently.

I lose a lot of time in traffic. Eu perco muito tempo no trânsito.

To lose time means to lose hours, minutes, or any amount of time due to something else. In this case, time is referred to as something that can be measured and quantif ied.

The verb to lose can also be used to refer to something that was misplaced. In this case, we could say:

I lost my planner. Eu perdi minha agenda.

The verb to lose cannot be used to express the idea of not being able to be at a certain place on time. To express that, we can use the verb to miss. Observe:

Patricia is always on time. She never misses a meeting.Patricia é sempre pontual. Ela nunca perde uma reunião.



In order to better manage your time, a good strategy is to organize your day, your week, and even your month. A good way to do that is to keep a planner on which you can write down your schedule, what you have to do, where you have to be, and prioritize your time. So:

Since we are at it, let’s take the chance to see some expressions and collocations with the word schedule:

You should keep an organized schedule. Você deve manter um cronograma organizado.

You can use a planner to help you do that. Você pode usar uma agenda para lhe ajudar.

to be on schedule estar em dia com o cronograma

to be behind scheduleestar atrasado no cronograma

to be ahead of schedule estar adiantado no cronograma

A good way to organize your time is to use the Eisenhower matrix, which states you should sort your activities based on two categories: urgent and important.

Dwight Eisenhower once said:

“What is important is seldom urgent, and what is urgent is seldom important.”O que é importante raramente é urgente, e o que é urgente raramente é importante.

It means that you should have the ability and sensibility to tell apart what is important from what is urgent.

Suppose you want to buy new clothes, but you have lots of bills to pay, and your money is short. If you take a look at your f inances according to your priorities, you will probably conclude that:

Bills are more important than new clothes. As contas são mais importantes do que roupas novas.



And what about urgent tasks? Take a look at this dialogue:

- Pete, are you coming to the meeting?- Pete, você vem para a reunião?

- No, I’m sorry. Finishing this report is more urgent.- Não, me desculpe. Terminar este relatório é mais urgente.

Eisenhower’s principles help you avoid carrying the world on your shoulders. Due to the amount of tasks both in our professional and personal lives, some people end up forgetting that free time is important.

And how can we manage time in an effective way? One idea is:

You can organize your to-do list by priority. Você pode organizar sua lista de tarefas por prioridade.

The criteria for what is a priority or not varies from person to person.

However, you should always keep track of your deadlines. Deadlines are part of the business world, so you can say that:

Learning how to meet deadlines can be a lifesaver. Aprender a cumprir prazos pode ser de grande ajuda.

If you do not manage your time well, it can be bad for your health, literally. You can even say that:

It’s not healthy to race against the clock. Não é saudável correr contra o tempo.

Living to beat the clock can be very stressful. Viver para vencer o relógio pode ser muito estressante.



Now you know how to talk about time and time management, and you have learned lots of expressions and collocations to do so.

Remember that clock and watch stand for different things in English. A clock is an instrument that shows what time it is, in a room or outside on a building; whereas a watch is a small clock that you wear on your wrist or keep in your pocket.

And if everything goes as planned, you can say:

Everything ran like clockwork.Tudo correu perfeitamente, como um relógio.



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( 1 ) passar tempo

( 2 ) administrar o tempo

( 3 ) desperdiçar tempo

( 4 ) perder tempo

( 5 ) ganhar tempo

( 6 ) estar em dia com o cronograma

( 7 ) estar atrasado no cronograma

( 8 ) estar adiantado no cronograma

( 9 ) organizar sua lista de tarefas

( 10 ) correr contra o tempo

( 11 ) vencer o relógio

( 12 ) como um relógio

( ) to waste time

( ) to be on schedule

( ) to save time

( ) to organize your to-do list

( ) to be ahead of schedule

( ) to manage time

( ) to beat the clock

( ) to race against the clock

( ) to spend time

( ) like clockwork

( ) to be behind schedule

( ) to lose time

a) It is important to know how to . É importante saber como administrar seu tempo.

b) I like to with my family. Eu gosto de passar tempo com a minha família.

c) It to become fluent in English. Leva tempo até que se f ique f luente em inglês.

d) I’m talking to Bert. He never listens. Estou desperdiçando meu tempo falando com Bert. Ele nunca me dá ouvidos.

e) I in traffic. Eu perco muito tempo no trânsito.

f) You should . Você deve manter um cronograma organizado.


Part 3.

Activities


In the vocabulary part of this chapter, you learned how to talk about time and time management. Just as it is important to organize your time, it is also very important to organize the words. That is what you are going to learn now. Take a look at the following sentences:

Time is an intangible concept. Tempo é um conceito intangível.

Solving a problem at work is an important task. Resolver um problema no trabalho é uma tarefa importante.

You should keep an organized schedule. Você deve manter um cronograma organizado.

As you have studied in Chapter 1 and reviewed in the previous examples, the adjective goes before the noun it qualif ies when they are side by side. But it is also possible to use adjectives after the nouns they qualify. In this case, we need a verb between them. And generally, the verb is to be.

Look:

This task is urgent.Esta tarefa é urgente.

This matter is important.Este assunto é importante.

This deadline is tight. Este prazo é apertado.

This decision is difficult. Esta decisão é dif ícil.

Besides using adjectives to qualify things, situations, and people, we can use them to make comparisons.

When we compare one element to another one of its kind, we use the comparative form. To do that, we need to know whether we are dealing with a long or short adjective.


Part 4.


Let’s see how to form the comparative with long adjectives f irst:

- Pete, are you coming to the meeting?- Pete, você vem para a reunião?

Bills are more urgent than new clothes. As contas são mais urgentes do que roupas novas.

Time management is more important than presentation skills. Gerenciamento de tempo é mais importante do que habilidades de apresentação.

COMPARATIVE FORMS – LONG ADJECTIVES More + adjective + than

As you can see, urgent and important are considered long adjectives. To form the comparative form, we use more + adjective + than.

When we use a short adjective, we do not use the particle more. We add the ending -ER to the adjectives and keep using the particle than. Observe:

Motorcycles are faster than buses. Motos são mais rápidas do que ônibus.

My schedule is tighter than my co-worker’s schedule. O meu cronograma é mais apertado do que o cronograma do meu colega.

COMPARATIVE FORMS – SHORT ADJECTIVESAdjective (-ER) + than

Notice that fast and tight are considered short adjectives.

When the adjective ends with a consonant + -Y, such as happy, we must drop the -Y and add -IER. Then, we have happier.

It is important to mention that we use than in the comparative form whenever the second element is mentioned in the comparison. However, when such element is omitted and implicit in the context, we do not use than. Observe:

- No, I’m sorry. Finishing this report is more urgent.- Não, me desculpe. Terminar este relatório é mais urgente.



As you can see, in Pete’s answer, the word meeting is not mentioned again, it is implicit in the context. So, the comparative form ends at the adjective.

Now, let’s check out the superlative form. It is also used for comparing elements, but the superlative highlights one element that stands out from the group.

To form the superlative, we also need to classify the adjectives as long or short. Let’s see the long ones f irst:

“Time is the most valuable thing a man can spend.”O tempo é a coisa mais valiosa que um homem pode gastar.

Always do the most urgent tasks first. Sempre faça as tarefas mais urgentes primeiro.

SUPERLATIVE FORMS – LONG ADJECTIVESThe most + adjective

To form the superlative of long adjectives, we add the most before them.

To form the superlative of short adjectives, we have to add the suff ix -EST. Take a look at this example:

The longest task is normally the most boring one.A tarefa mais longa normalmente é a mais chata.

Time management is the greatest skill one can have. Gerenciamento de tempo é a melhor habilidade que alguém pode ter.

COMPARATIVE FORMS – SHORT ADJECTIVESThe + adjective (-EST)

Observe that we do not add the particle most, but we do need to use the definite article the before the adjective.

Most adjectives in English follow the rules you have seen here. But there are a few that have irregular comparative and superlative forms.

Let’s see two of them:



Irregular Adjectives

Adjective Comparative Superlative

goodbom/boa

bettermelhor

the besto/a melhor

badmau/má/ruim

worsepior

the worsto/a pior

Since time management is such an important skill, let’s take a look at a good tip on how to start managing your time. You saw the following sentence in the vocabulary part of this chapter:

You can organize your to-do list by priority. Você pode organizar sua lista de tarefas por prioridade.

CANPossibility

Can is a modal verb, which means it is an auxiliary verb that changes the meaning of the main verb, according to the context. Can is just one modal verb, but there are others. In the previous example, you saw that can conveys the idea of possibility.

The same thing happens in the following example. Take a look:

Learning how to manage your time can be a lifesaver. Aprender a administrar seu tempo pode ser de grande ajuda.

CANPossibility



You cannot/can’t organize your to-do list by priority.Você não pode organizar sua lista de tarefas por prioridade.

Can you organize your to-do list by priority? Você pode organizar sua lista de tarefas por prioridade?

CANPossibility

As you can see, the modal verbs are followed by the main verb in the base form.

For the negative form, we add not after the modal verb, and the main verb remains in its base form.

For the interrogative form, we place the modal verb before the subject. The main verb, again, remains in its base form.

Let’s use one of the previous examples to illustrate that:

You should focus on urgent situations. Você deve se concentrar nas situações urgentes.

No one should work 24/7.Ninguém deveria trabalhar 24 horas por dia.

SHOULDSuggestions / Recommendations / Advice

As you can see, the particle not may be contracted with the modal verb can, becoming can’t. The non-contracted form is more emphatic, and it is spelled as one word—cannot.

Should is also a modal verb that is used for suggestions, advice, and recommendations. Let’s see some examples:

Observe that in both sentences, the main verb is in the base form—focus and work.

To recommend or advise someone not to do something, we can use the negative form, which can be should not or shouldn’t followed by the main verb in its base form. Look:



You should not/shouldn’t focus on urgent situations. Você não deve se concentrar nas situações urgentes.

SHOULDSuggestion / Recommendations / Advice

Should I focus on urgent situations?Eu devo me concentrar nas situações urgentes?

Should we focus on important situations?Nós devemos nos concentrar nas situações importantes?

SHOULDSuggestion / Recommendations / Advice

The interrogative form of the modal verb should is not commonly used, unless we are asking someone for advice. That means the subject of the sentence is usually either I or We. We could say, for example:

As you can see, to form the interrogative, we just invert the position of should and the subject. The main verb remains in the base form.

In this chapter, you learned how to talk about time and time management, and how to use the comparative and superlative forms. You have also seen some

modal verbs. If you want to learn more about these topics, you can refer to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Adjectives Page 154Comparative Form Page 157Modal Verb: Can (possibilities) Page 186Modal Verb: Should (suggestions) Page 194Superlative Form Page 275



Part 5.

Activities

Adjective

Tight

Fast

Happy

Urgent

Important

Difficult

Good

Bad

Comparative Form

( a ) than

faster than

( c ) than

( d ) than

more important than

more difficult than

( g ) than

worse than

Superlative Form

the tightest

( b ) the

the happiest

the most urgent

( e ) the

( f ) the

the best

( h ) the

A. Complete with the missing form of the adjective in the comparative or superlative form.

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the missing verbs.

a. Learning how to manage your time a lifesaver.

Aprender a administrar seu tempo pode ser de grande ajuda.

b. You on urgent situations.

Você não deve se concentrar nas situações urgentes.

c. your to-do list by priority?

Você pode organizar sua lista de tarefas por prioridade?

d. You on urgent situations.

Você deve se concentrar nas situações urgentes.



a. can beb. should not (shouldn’t) focus c. Can you organize

d. should focuse. should workf. cannot/can’t organize

a. tighter b. fastestc. happier d. more urgent

e. most importantf. most difficultg. betterh. worst


e. No one 24/7.

Ninguém deveria trabalhar 24 horas por dia.

f. You your to-do list by priority.

Você não pode organizar sua lista de tarefas por prioridade.


TeamworkTeamwork

3


Time is an asset, and we’ve learned that it is manageable. But doesn’t it feel like the world has been spinning faster and faster, and we are constantly trying to cope with it?

Technology has evolved so much that everything seems to be just one click away. Tasks get done without us even having to talk to anyone.

But is that so? Have you ever thought about how much other people inf luence your life? Do you really feel it’s possible to walk around this world without interacting with anyone?

Everything we do and think is affected by others. If you can order food from an app without having to talk to anyone, it’s because a group of people conceived and manage that app. If you learn about new theories and come up with new ideas, it’s because you have read or discussed them with other people. If your innovations are implemented, it’s because there was a team supporting it.

What I mean is thoughts and ideas are the results of other people’s inf luences—be it from classmates, friends, your family, or from the authors you read. Humans are social beings, and we need each other to survive, we need to be part of a group.

But what is it like to be part of a group? Is it the same thing as being part of a team?

A group is a gathering of people that might focus on their personal goals. A team, on the other hand, is a unit composed of people who share the common goal of accomplishing something more signif icant

TEAMWORK

In this chapter, you will learn how to talk about the importance of teamwork in the workplace and see some expressions related to it. You will also see some important vocabulary and grammar topics to improve your English skills.

Now look at the script of Teamwork.


Part 1.


than their personal goals. Groups don’t necessarily share a common goal, whereas teams always do.

Take sports, for example. The collective goal is winning, so every team player does their best to achieve that. As Michael Jordan once said, “Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence win championships.” In other words, what you achieve as a team is always greater than the sum of its parts. That’s what we call synergy.

And teamwork is all about synergy. It’s sharing a common purpose and combining individual strengths to enhance team performance in order to accomplish a task. As industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie once put it, “It is the fuel that allows common people to attain uncommon results.” The potential quality within teamwork goes beyond individual achievements.

But it takes collaboration, collective effort, and f lexibility. As Steve Jobs said, “Great things in business are never done by one person. They are done by a team of people.”

However, a team is not put together by chance; it takes time, effort, commitment, cooperation, empathy, and care.

Yes, team spirit is also a skill that can and should be developed.

But how?

First of all, you have to be sure you share the same collective goal. People tend to be very attached to their personal goals, but being part of a team sometimes means leaving your goals in the back seat for a while and being open to negotiate and change your mind whenever necessary—This is paramount to teamwork.

If you are up to that, you are committed to the process and able to share responsibilities as a group. Both success and failure belong to the group and must be celebrated or worked out within the group.

And, last but not least, care for others. Be an active listener and never disregard or underestimate other team members’ ideas. Avoid negative comments and criticisms, for they break bonds instead of forging them. Embrace a f lexible attitude and trust that other people have talents to help get the job well done. Promote positive behavior and transparency—That’s what it’s really like to be part of a team.



TRABALHO EM EQUIPE

O tempo é um bem, e nós aprendemos que ele é gerenciável. Mas não parece que o mundo tem girado cada vez mais rápido e que estamos constantemente tentando lidar com ele?

A tecnologia evoluiu tanto que tudo parece estar a apenas um clique de distância. Tarefas são concluídas sem que haja necessidade de sequer falarmos com alguém.

Mas é assim mesmo? Você já pensou sobre o quanto outras pessoas influenciam a sua vida? Você realmente sente que é possível andar por esse mundo sem interagir com ninguém?

Tudo o que fazemos e pensamos é afetado por outras pessoas. Se você pode pedir comida por um aplicativo sem precisar falar com ninguém, é porque um grupo de pessoas concebeu e administra esse aplicativo. Se você aprende sobre novas teorias e tem novas ideias, é porque você as leu ou discutiu com outras pessoas. Se suas inovações são implementadas, é porque existia uma equipe apoiando.

O que quero dizer é que pensamentos e ideias são o resultado da influência de outras pessoas – seja de colegas de sala, amigos, família ou dos autores que você lê. Os humanos são seres sociais, e precisamos uns dos outros para sobreviver, nós precisamos fazer parte de um grupo.

Mas como é pertencer a um grupo? É o mesmo que pertencer a uma equipe?

Um grupo é uma reunião de pessoas que podem estar centradas em suas metas pessoais. Uma equipe, por outro lado, é uma unidade composta por pessoas que compartilham da meta em comum de atingir algo mais signif icativo do que suas metas pessoais. Grupos não compartilham necessariamente uma meta em comum, enquanto equipes sempre compartilham.

Pense em esportes, por exemplo. A meta coletiva é ganhar. Então, cada jogador do time dá o melhor de si para alcançar isso. Como Michael Jordan disse uma vez: “Talento vence partidas, mas trabalho em equipe e inteligência ganham campeonatos.” Em outras palavras, o que você alcança como uma equipe é sempre maior do que a soma de suas partes. Isso é o que chamamos de sinergia.



E trabalho em equipe tem tudo a ver com sinergia. Trata-se de compartilhar um propósito comum e combinar forças individuais para melhorar o desempenho da equipe a f im de realizar uma tarefa. Como o empresário e f ilantropo Andrew Carnegie mencionou certa vez: “[Trabalho em equipe] é o combustível que permite que pessoas comuns alcancem resultados incomuns.” A qualidade potencial do trabalho em equipe vai além das realizações individuais.

Mas é preciso colaboração, esforço coletivo e f lexibilidade. Como disse Steve Jobs: “Grandes coisas em termos de negócios nunca são feitas por uma pessoa. São feitas por uma equipe de pessoas.”

Entretanto, uma equipe não é reunida ao acaso; é preciso tempo, esforço, comprometimento, cooperação, empatia e cuidado.

Sim, espírito de equipe também é uma habilidade que pode e deve ser desenvolvida.

Mas como?

Primeiro de tudo, você precisa ter certeza de que compartilha da mesma meta coletiva. As pessoas tendem a ser muito apegadas a suas metas pessoais, mas ser parte de uma equipe, às vezes, signif ica deixar suas metas de lado por um tempo e estar aberto a negociar e mudar sua opinião sempre que necessário – isso é imprescindível para o trabalho em equipe.

Se você está disposto a isso, está comprometido com o processo e é capaz de compartilhar responsabilidades como um grupo – tanto o sucesso quanto o fracasso pertencem ao grupo, e devem ser celebrados ou trabalhados dentro do grupo.

E, por último, mas não menos importante, se importe com os outros. Seja um ouvinte ativo e nunca ignore ou subestime as ideias de outros membros da equipe. Evite comentários negativos e críticas, pois eles rompem os laços em vez de fortalecê-los. Adote uma atitude f lexível e acredite que outras pessoas têm talentos para ajudar o trabalho a ser bem feito. Promova o comportamento positivo e a transparência. Isso é fazer parte de uma equipe de verdade.



In this part of the chapter, you will learn expressions related to teamwork, the formation of adjectives and verbs, and how to ask and answer questions about reason.

Teamwork can be more challenging than it seems. “One for all and all for one” is maybe the most well-known catchphrase about teamwork. And the truth is that nobody succeeds without any help.

But many people do not really know the difference between a team and a group. And that is quite clear when we talk about teamwork, and you should understand the difference between to share and to divide.

The verb to share means to use or have access to something with other people. Take a look:

to share a roomcompartilhar / dividir um quarto

to share profitscompartilhar os lucros

to share responsibility for somethingcompartilhar / dividir responsabilidade por alguma coisa

Now, the verb to divide has a different meaning and is used in other contexts. To divide means literally to separate or tear apart. So we can say:

to divide a roomdividir um quarto (literalmente)

to divide responsibilities dividir as responsabilidades / atribuições

to divide tasksdividir tarefas

to divide profitsdividir os lucros (em partes)


Part 2.


The verb to divide can have two meanings: a f igurative one and a more literal one. For instance:

to break the union, the harmony quebrar a união, a harmonia

TO DIVIDE

to physically divide into parts or piecesdividir f isicamente em partes ou pedaços

We’ll divide the team. Half the team will work on the first floor, and the other half, on the third.Vamos dividir a equipe. Metade vai trabalhar no primeiro andar, e a outra metade, no terceiro.

The argument has divided the team. They can’t find a common ground. A discussão dividiu a equipe. Eles não conseguem achar um consenso.

In the previous examples, the verb to share would not apply. But the verb to split would work in both cases.

Basically, to divide and to share have very distinct meanings. This notion of team and group, to share and to divide, actually leads us to two other extremes. We may have:

individual goalsobjetivos individuais

collective goalsobjetivos coletivos

Observe that, in this case, individual is the opposite of collective.

Some words have an antonym, that is, a word that conveys the opposite idea. Sometimes, antonyms are a completely different word, as the example we just saw: individual is an antonym for collective. But there are times when the same word can be modif ied to form its antonym.

And that modif ication can be made using prefixes. Prefixes are morphemes that we add to the beginning of the word to change its meaning. Let’s see a few examples of prefixes to form antonyms of adjectives:



flexible x inflexible f lexível x inf lexível

common x uncommoncomum x incomum

responsible x irresponsible responsável x irresponsável

ADJECTIVES

Using prefixes to form words is very common in English. As it happens with adjectives, we can identify verbs with opposite meanings by their prefixes as well. Let’s check some examples:

regard x disregardconsiderar x desconsiderar

do x undofazer x desfazer

VERBS

These examples are antonyms formed with prefixes. But there are other prefixes you can use with verbs to make them have a totally different meaning. Check it out:

underestimate x overestimatesubestimar x superestimar

TO ESTIMATEEstimar

The prefix UNDER- conveys an idea of less than needed or desired. In that sense, to underestimate means to think that something is less or lower than it really is. On the other hand, the prefix OVER- means the opposite, that is, too much. So, to overestimate means to think that something is better or more important than it is.



There is another prefix that is totally connected with the subject of teamwork. It is the prefix CO-, which means at the same time, or together. As in the verb cooperate and in the word coworking.

Coworking spaces are shared workplaces. People are not necessarily working together for the same company, but they share the same space as they perform their jobs. It is a very new concept and much welcomed in many countries.

Speaking of teamwork, we can pose the following question:

Why is teamwork so important? Por que o trabalho em equipe é tão importante?

Based on what you now know, you could answer:

Because we are stronger together. Porque juntos somos mais fortes.

Because we need to consider other people’s opinions.Porque precisamos considerar as opiniões de outras pessoas.

Because people have different talents. Porque as pessoas têm talentos distintos.

Because we need to feel that we are part of a group.Porque precisamos sentir que fazemos parte de um grupo.

Now that you can understand the reasons that make teamwork something so special, you can use some of the adjectives and verbs you have seen in this chapter to emphasize some facts:

In a team, the collective goal is more important than individual goals. Numa equipe, o objetivo coletivo é mais importante do que os objetivos individuais.

Team members share responsibility and cooperate. Os integrantes de uma equipe compartilham as responsabilidades e cooperam.



Now you know how important teamwork is, and how to form verbs and adjectives by using prefixes.

Team members need a flexible attitude. Os integrantes de uma equipe precisam ter uma postura f lexível.

Team members never disregard other people’s opinions. Os integrantes de uma equipe nunca desconsideram as opiniões dos outros.

As Michael Jordan put it:

“Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence win championships.”Talento vence partidas, mas trabalho em equipe e inteligência vencem campeonatos.



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( 1 ) superestimar

( 2 ) dividir literalmente um quarto

( 3 ) dividir a equipe; quebrar a união, a harmonia

( 4 ) desconsiderar

( 5 ) desfazer

( 6 ) dividir os lucros (em partes)

( 7 ) considerar

( 8 ) irresponsável

( 9 ) incomum

( 10 ) objetivos coletivos

( 11 ) compartilhar um quarto

( 12 ) subestimar

( ) uncommon

( ) to regard

( ) to divide profits

( ) to overestimate

( ) to share a room

( ) to divide the team

( ) to disregard

( ) to underestimate

( ) to undo

( ) irresponsible

( ) collective goals

( ) to divide a room

a. Why is teamwork ? Por que o trabalho em equipe é tão importante?

b. Because we are together. Porque juntos somos mais fortes.

c. In a team, the collective goal is than individual goals. Numa equipe, o objetivo coletivo é mais importante do que os objetivos individuais.

d. Team members and cooperate. Os integrantes de uma equipe compartilham as responsabilidades e cooperam.

e. Team members need a . Os integrantes de uma equipe precisam ter uma postura flexível.

f. Team members never other people’s opinions. Os integrantes de uma equipe nunca desconsideram as opiniões dos outros.


Part 3.

Activities


In the previous part of the chapter, you saw some facts that make teamwork great. Let’s see some of them again:

Team members share responsibility. Os integrantes de uma equipe compartilham as responsabilidades.

Notice that all of these sentences are in the simple present, and their verbs are in their base form, that is, in the infinitive without the particle to.

The simple present is used to talk about facts, habits, and routine. It is an extremely important verb form; so let’s go over it more deeply:

The general structure for sentences in the affirmative form in the simple present is:

Team members need a flexible attitude. Os integrantes de uma equipe precisam ter uma postura f lexível.

Team members cooperate with each other. Os integrantes de uma equipe cooperam uns com os outros.

subject + verb + complementsujeito + verbo + complemento

SIMPLE PRESENTAffirmative Form

You have already seen that the verb to be in the simple present has an irregular conjugation: I am; he, she, it is; and we, you, they are.


Part 4.


Now let’s focus on the other verbs. As you have seen in the examples, the conjugation of the other verbs in the simple present is identical to their base form, which is the infinitive without to. Look at this sentence:

People have different talents.As pessoas têm talentos distintos.


That same conjugation is used for the first and second persons singular, and for all the persons in the plural. But for the third person singular, the conjugation of the verb changes.

Before focusing on those differences, you need to understand more about the f irst, second, and third persons. Check out the subject pronouns:

1st person

2nd person

3rd person

Singular

IEu

YouVocê

HeEleSheElaIt

Ele/ela

Plural

WeNós

YouVocês

TheyEles/Elas

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

Every verb has a subject. The subject is the one that performs the action represented by the verb. It can be a noun or a pronoun. That is where we f ind the subject pronouns.

Now that you can tell the subject pronouns apart, let’s go back to the conjugations of the verbs in the simple present. The conjugation of the verbs is the same as their base form, except for the third person singular. Look at this sentence:



Talent wins games. It

Talento vence partidas.


Notice that, in the previous example, we used the word talent, which corresponds to the third person singular. Since talent is not a human being, it is equivalent to the subject pronoun it. So, the verb to win is conjugated as wins, with the -S ending.

As a general rule, to conjugate verbs in the third person singular, we add -S to the end of them. Sometimes we need to add -ES or -IES, depending on the spelling of the original verb. But that is a minor orthographic difference, because it barely affects the way you pronounce the verbs. Look at some examples:

GO + -ES = GOES Teamwork goes beyond individual goals. O trabalho em equipe vai além dos objetivos individuais.


TRY + IES = TRIES A good team tries to solve problems together. Uma boa equipe tenta solucionar problemas em conjunto.

The good news is that these spelling changes only happens in the affirmative form. When asking questions in the simple present or forming sentences in the negative form, we don’t add any endings to the verb. It remains in the base form.

Let’s start with the general structure of the negative form of the simple present. Take a look:

subject + auxiliary verb do + not + main verb + complement sujeito + verbo auxiliar do + not + verbo principal + complemento

SIMPLE PRESENTNegative Form

The auxiliary verb do may be contracted with the particle not, so it becomes don’t.



As you can see, there is a huge difference between the structure of negative sentences in the simple present with the verb to be compared with negative sentences with other verbs. With to be, we do not use auxiliary verbs, because they are only used with other verbs.

Now pay attention: for the third person singular, the auxiliary verb is conjugated, but not the main verb. So do becomes does. And the main verb remains in its base form. Let’s compare some examples:

I don’t like to work by myself. Eu não gosto de trabalhar sozinho.

A team member doesn’t take credit alone. O membro de uma equipe não leva o crédito sozinho.


Now let’s go over the interrogative form.

When asking a question in English with other verbs rather than to be, in the simple present, we follow this structure:

auxiliary verb do + subject + main verb + complementverbo auxiliar do + sujeito + verbo principal + complemento

SIMPLE PRESENTInterrogative Form

Once again, in the case of the third person singular, it is the auxiliary verb that is conjugated, so do becomes does. And the main verb remains in its base form. Let’s compare some examples again:


Do the team members share responsibility? Os membros da equipe compartilham as responsabilidades?

Does the team focus on individual goals? A equipe foca em objetivos individuais?



Speaking of interrogative forms, let’s learn a bit about question words. You have seen the question word why in the vocabulary part of this chapter. We use it to ask about reasons and motives. The sentence was this one:

Why is teamwork so important? Por que o trabalho em equipe é tão importante?

QUESTION WORD WHY

To ask questions with other verbs in the simple present using the question word why, we have to know the interrogative form.

As you know, the structure of interrogative sentences in the simple present begins with the auxiliary verb. Then, we have the subject and the main verb. To ask a question with why, all we need to do is place it at the beginning of the sentence. Take a look:

Why do we need to consider other people’s opinions?Por que precisamos considerar as opiniões dos outros?

Because people have different talents. Porque as pessoas têm talentos distintos.

QUESTION WORD WHY

Observe that we commonly use because to introduce answers about reason.

Another common question word is who. It can only be used to ask questions about people. In the simple present, we have two different structures for questions with the question word who. Let’s start with an example with the verb to be:

Who is the employee of the month? Quem é a funcionária do mês?

Anna is the employee of the month. Anna é a funcionária do mês.

QUESTION WORD WHO & SIMPLE PRESENT - TO BE



In this chapter, you learned about the simple present of other verbs, the subject pronouns, and how to ask questions about people and

reasons. If you want to learn more about these topics, you can refer to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Question Word Who Page 233Question Word Why Page 237Simple Present – Other Verbs Page 261Subject Pronouns Page 271

Notice that to ask a question with who, we drop the subject – in this case, Anna – out of the sentence. See that the question starts with who and then the verb to be in the singular – is.

Now let’s see a few examples with other verbs rather than to be:

Who works with Rachel at the office? Quem trabalha com a Rachel no escritório?

Kevin works with Rachel at the office. O Kevin trabalha com a Rachel no escritório.

Who shares an apartment downtown? Quem compartilha um apartamento no centro da cidade?

Paul and Lucy share an apartment downtown. O Paul e a Lucy compartilham um apartamento no centro da cidade.

QUESTION WORD WHO & SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS

Notice that there is no auxiliary verb in these questions either, but we add an -S to the verbs – leaving them in the third person singular.

That is what we call who (subject), which is a question about the subject of the sentence. Notice that it is always asked with the verb in the singular form. As for its structure in the simple present, it is an exception to the general structure of the interrogative form. Summing up:

who + main verb in the third person singular (-S/-ES/-IES) + complementwho + verbo principal na terceira pessoa do singular (-S/-ES/-IES) + complemento

QUESTION WORD WHO & SIMPLE PRESENT – OTHER VERBS



Part 5.

Activities

a. Teamwork goes beyond individual goals.

(Interrogative)

b. People have different talents.

(Interrogative)

c. I don’t like to work by myself.

(Aff irmative)

d. Do team members share responsibility?

(Aff irmative)

e. Does the team focus on individual goals?

(Negative)

f. A team member doesn’t take credit alone.

(Interrogative)

g. A good team tries to solve problems together.

(Negative)

h. Talent wins games.

(Interrogative)

A. Change the sentences into the affirmative, interrogative, or negative form.



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B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the missing verbs and question words.

a. with Rachel at the office?

Quem trabalha com a Rachel no escritório?

b. Kevin with Rachel at the office.

O Kevin trabalha com a Rachel no escritório.

c. to consider other people’s opinions?

Por que precisamos considerar as opiniões dos outros?

d. Because people different talents.

Porque as pessoas têm talentos distintos.

e. an apartment downtown?

Quem compartilha um apartamento no centro da cidade?

f. Paul and Lucy an apartment downtown.

O Paul e a Lucy compartilham um apartamento no centro da cidade.


FeedbackFeedback

4


If teamwork is a means of achieving results more signif icant than our individual goals, then feedback is one of the most important tools to make it all happen.

But what comes to mind when I say “feedback”? Do you often get the feeling that it is just a bunch of impressions and opinions someone else has got about you?

Well, it’s time we heard what some influential people think about that…

Author and professional speaker Ken Blanchard says that “Feedback is the breakfast of champions.”

Bill Gates believes that “we all need people that will give us feedback. That’s how we improve.”

And for Sheryl Sandberg, chief operating off icer for Facebook, feedback is about turning our attention to what we can’t perceive. She said, “the people who have taught me the most in my career are the ones who pointed out what I didn’t see.”

If we put these ideas altogether, it’s clear that feedback is an essential tool for improving.

But what is feedback anyway?

To set the record straight, let’s start by saying what feedback is not.

Feedback is not an opinion, or a judgment.

FEEDBACK

In this chapter, you will learn how to talk about skills, the concept of feedback, and how to make statements about the past. You will also see some important vocabulary and grammar topics to make it happen.

Now look at the script of Feedback.


Part 1.


Feedback is meant to improve performance, and it should always start with technical analysis of performance supported by visible attitudes or data. Pay attention, guys—I said a technical analysis of performance supported by visible attitudes. For example:

Did you eff iciently manage your time? Did you contribute to the team? What visible attitudes support your answer? Did you reach your goals? What data support your answer?

Still, you might be asking, “But these questions might also be subject to interpretation, isn’t that right?”

Absolutely right!

And that’s why the second step of effective feedback is to raise hypotheses based on the f irst analysis.

And the keyword here is: hypotheses, that may or may not be confirmed.

Hypotheses are not to be regarded as definitive answers. They are raised by one person, whereas feedback is always composed of at least two people.

The answers on how to improve performance must be built together—by the person who is giving feedback and by the person who is receiving it. Feedback is a shared perspective, and to achieve that, some of those hypotheses will be confirmed, and some will not, some others will come up…and through dialogue and negotiations, there will be a shared diagnosis that will make it possible to build an action plan for improvement.

Can you see the important role teamwork plays in feedback?

It’s impossible to set feedback apart from teamwork, and vice versa. A team can only move forward to achieving better results if its members can adjust the course through constant feedback.

Based on that, what can we point out as the most important aspect of feedback?

I’d say it is learning how to appreciate it and visualize it as a process built by many hands.

Feedback shows us what is not apparent—not only to the person who receives it but also to the person who gives it. Feedback is a gift, guys. Take it.



FEEDBACK

Se trabalho em equipe é um caminho para alcançar resultados mais signif icativos do que nossas metas individuais, o feedback é uma das ferramentas mais importantes para fazer tudo isso acontecer.

Mas em que você pensa quando eu falo “feedback”? Você tem a sensação de que é só um monte de impressões e opiniões que outra pessoa tem de você?

Bem, é hora de ouvir o que algumas pessoas influentes têm a dizer sobre isso...

O autor e palestrante Ken Blanchard diz que “feedback é o café da manhã dos campeões”.

Bill Gates acredita que “todos precisamos de pessoas que nos deem feedback. É assim que evoluímos”.

E, para Sheryl Sandberg, diretora de operações do Facebook, feedback se trata de voltar nossa atenção para aquilo que não conseguimos perceber. Ela disse: “As pessoas que mais me ensinaram na minha carreira foram aquelas que me apontaram aquilo que eu não conseguia ver.”

Se juntarmos essas ideias, f ica claro que o feedback é uma ferramenta essencial para melhorias.

Mas o que é feedback, af inal de contas?

Para esclarecer isso, vamos começar dizendo o que não é feedback.

Feedback não é uma opinião ou um julgamento.

O feedback tem o intuito de melhorar o desempenho. E deve sempre começar com uma análise técnica do desempenho embasada por atitudes visíveis ou informações. Prestem atenção, pessoal – eu disse uma análise técnica embasada por atitudes visíveis. Por exemplo:

Você administrou seu tempo de modo eficiente? Você contribuiu para a equipe? Que atitudes visíveis respaldam a sua resposta? Você alcançou seus objetivos? Que informações corroboram sua resposta?

Ainda assim, você deve estar perguntando: “Mas essas questões também podem estar sujeitas a interpretação, não é mesmo?”



Absolutamente correto!

É por isso que o segundo passo de um feedback ef icaz é levantar hipóteses baseadas na primeira análise.

E a palavra-chave aqui é: hipóteses, que podem ou não ser confirmadas.

Hipóteses não devem ser consideradas respostas definitivas. Elas são levantadas por uma pessoa, ao passo que o feedback envolve pelo menos duas pessoas.

As respostas sobre como melhorar o desempenho devem ser construídas em conjunto – pela pessoa que está dando o feedback e pela pessoa que o recebe. O feedback é uma perspectiva compartilhada, e, para alcançar isso, algumas daquelas hipóteses serão confirmadas, outras não, outras vão surgir... e, por meio de diálogo e negociação, haverá um diagnóstico compartilhado que tornará possível elaborar um plano de ação para melhorias.

Você consegue enxergar o papel importante que o trabalho em equipe desempenha no feedback?

É impossível separar o feedback do trabalho em equipe, e vice-versa. Uma equipe só pode avançar para alcançar melhores resultados se seus membros puderem ajustar o curso por meio de feedback constante.

Com base nisso, o que podemos apontar como o aspecto mais importante do feedback?

Eu diria que é aprender a apreciá-lo e enxergá-lo como um processo feito por muitas mãos.

O feedback nos mostra o que não é aparente – não apenas para a pessoa que o recebe, como também para a pessoa que o dá. O feedback é um presente, pessoal. Aceitem-no.



In this chapter, you will be focusing on feedback, which is a really important feature of teamwork.

You must have already heard about feedback. It is frequently used in the corporate world. To give and to receive are common verbs when referring to feedback. You may either:

give feedback dar feedback

or receive feedback receber feedback

It is important to understand that feedback is different from opinion, judgment, and impression. To refer to these, you can say:

give an opinion dar uma opinião

have an impression ter a impressão

make a judgmentfazer um julgamento

So, what is feedback?

Feedback is a tool intended to help an individual or a team develop their skills. Feedback é uma ferramenta destinada a ajudar um indivíduo ou uma equipe a

desenvolver suas habilidades.

Proper feedback should provide a means for improvement, based on objective and technical aspects.

O feedback apropriado deve proporcionar um meio para melhoria, com base em aspectos objetivos e técnicos.

Feedback does not focus on your mistakes. O feedback não é focado nos seus erros.


Part 2.


Feedback provides means for improvement. O feedback fornece meios para melhoria.

Since it is not based on an opinion, you should assume that:

Feedback should always start with a technical analysis of performance supported by visible attitudes or data.

O feedback deve sempre começar com uma análise técnica do desempenho embasada por atitudes visíveis ou informações.

So, giving someone feedback involves both observation and assessment. In order to do this, you should pay attention to posture, productivity, and abilities.

Generally, companies classify abilities into two big groups: hard skills, which are the technical abilities that can be easily quantif ied, and soft skills, which are subjective abilities that cannot be quantified, even though they have the same level of importance.

Here are some examples of hard skills:

fluency in a foreign languagef luência em alguma língua estrangeira

computer literacyf luência digital

HARD SKILLS

If someone wants to know whether you have those skills or not, they might ask:

Can you speak a foreign language? Você fala alguma língua estrangeira?

Can you make good use of our software? Você sabe usar nosso software?



Notice that we use can to ask about abilities.

Now, when it comes to soft skills, you could be talking about:

interpersonal skillshabilidades interpessoais

adaptabilityadaptabilidade

being a team player saber trabalhar em equipe

SOFT SKILLS

Now that you have seen the kinds of abilities one can have, let’s think about the process of assessing or evaluating performance.

As you have seen, it is the result of the observations made by those who give and receive feedback. That’s why it is important to do a self-evaluation to be aware of how productive you are. You can ask yourself the following questions:

Did you manage your time efficiently? Você administrou seu tempo de modo eficiente?

Did you contribute to the team? Você contribuiu para a equipe?

Did you reach your goals? Você alcançou seus objetivos?

What visible aspects support your answer? Quais aspectos visíveis respaldam a sua resposta?



Let’s imagine that, in the performance assessment, you identify the following:

You were frequently behind schedule.Você estava frequentemente atrasado no cronograma.

You weren’t flexible with your teammates. Você não foi f lexível com seus colegas de equipe.

You reached all your production goals.Você atingiu todos os seus objetivos de produção.

The company made a profit thanks to your results. A empresa teve lucro graças aos seus resultados.

Supposing that your manager agrees with these answers, the aspects of the performance assessment will be part of an action plan, which is generally made by the person under evaluation and their manager. It contains suggestions on how to improve performance. And remember that, even if the results are positive, there is always room for improvement.

To make it even clearer, let’s reflect upon time management skills. There are some possibilities to improve them. Maybe:

You can use an online planner to organize your tasks. Você pode usar uma agenda on-line para organizar suas tarefas.

You can try to get help from your team. Você pode tentar conseguir ajuda da equipe.

Observe that can in both previous examples conveys an idea of possibility.



Now let’s focus on the ability of interacting with the team, and think about some suggestions on how to improve that:

You should get to know your teammates’ talents.Você deve conhecer os talentos dos seus colegas de equipe.

You should ask for your teammates’ help. Você deve pedir a ajuda dos seus colegas de equipe.

Now you know the concept of feedback, the self-assessment questions you may ask yourself, and how to make up

possibilities and suggestions for an action plan.

Note how should conveys an idea of recommendation.



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( 1 ) dar feedback

( 2 ) ter a impressão

( 3 ) f luência digital

( 4 ) habilidades interpessoais

( 5 ) saber trabalhar em equipe

( 6 ) alcançar seus objetivos

( 7 ) f luência em alguma língua estrangeira

( 8 ) adaptabilidade

( 9 ) fazer um julgamento

( 10 ) respaldar sua resposta

( 11 ) dar uma opinião

( 12 ) receber feedback

( ) make a judgment

( ) receive feedback

( ) have an impression

( ) f luency in a foreign language

( ) adaptability

( ) being a team player

( ) support your answer

( ) reach your goals

( ) give feedback

( ) interpersonal skills

( ) computer literacy

( ) give an opinion

a. You an online planner to organize your tasks. Você pode usar uma agenda on-line para organizar suas tarefas.

b. You with your teammates. Você não foi flexível com seus colegas de equipe.

c. You your teammates’ talents. Você deve conhecer os talentos dos seus colegas de equipe.

d. The company thanks to your results. A empresa teve lucro graças aos seus resultados.

e. You help from your team. Você pode tentar conseguir ajuda da equipe.

f. You for your teammates’ help. Você deve pedir a ajuda dos seus colegas de equipe.


Part 3.

Activities


The feedback process begins with the performance assessment of a team or a person. It refers back to what was done and the way it was delivered within a specif ic time frame. And to talk about that, we use the simple past.

This verb form is used to talk about actions that happened at a specific moment in the past, meaning that the information about when it happened must be clear either in the sentence or in the context.

Let’s start with the simple past of the verb to be. There are two possible conjugations for it: was and were.

Check it out:

I was Eu fui / estive / era / estava

He / She / It wasEle foi / esteve / era / estavaEla foi / esteve / era / estava

We wereNós fomos / estivemos / éramos / estávamos

You wereVocê foi / esteve / era / estava

Vocês foram / estiveram / eram / estavam

They wereEles foram / estiveram / eram / estavamElas foram / estiveram / eram / estavam

SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BEAffirmative Form

The general structure of an affirmative sentence with the verb to be in the simple past goes as follows:


Part 4.


To form the negative, we add the particle not after the verb to be, so we have was not or were not. Notice that here we use the same logic as that of the verb to be in the simple present. There are also the contracted forms wasn’t and weren’t, which are often used in spoken language.

Thus, the general structure for negative sentences with the verb to be in the simple past is:

subject + verb + complementsujeito + verbo + complemento

SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE Affirmative Form

Check out some examples:

You were behind schedule. Você estava atrasado no cronograma.

Angela and Kevin were schoolmates in the past. Angela e Kevin foram/eram colegas de escola no passado.

The feedback was very positive. O feedback foi muito positivo.

SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE Affirmative Form

subject + verb + not + complementsujeito + verbo + not + complemento

SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE Negative Form



Observe the examples:

You weren’t ahead of schedule. Você não estava adiantado no cronograma.

Angela and Kevin weren’t neighbors in the past. Angela e Kevin não foram/eram vizinhos no passado.

The feedback wasn’t negative. O feedback não foi negativo.

SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE Negative Form

Notice that the general sentence structure is practically the same as that of the aff irmative form. We just add not after the verb.

We can also ask questions with the verb to be in the past following the same logic as that of the verb to be in the simple present. The general sentence structure is:

verb + subject + complement?verbo + sujeito + complemento?

SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE Interrogative Form

That is, the sentence begins with the verb to be in the past, followed by the subject and then the complement. Let’s see some examples:

Were you ahead of schedule? Você estava adiantado no cronograma?

Were Kevin and Angela neighbors? Kevin e Angela foram/eram vizinhos?

Was the feedback negative? O feedback foi negativo?

SIMPLE PAST – VERB TO BE Interrogative Form



SIMPLE PAST – REGULAR VERBS

to work – workedtrabalhar – trabalhou/trabalhava

Now that you know more about the simple past of the verb to be, you can go ahead and learn the simple past of other verbs. Remember that the verb to be is the most irregular verb in the English language, so the rules for the verb to be do not apply to other verbs in the simple past.

First of all, it is important to know that the general sentence structure of the affirmative form remains the same:

subject + main verb + complementsujeito + verbo principal + complemento

SIMPLE PAST – OTHER VERBSAffirmative Form

And the verb is conjugated in the past, of course.

And to do that, we must be aware that the verbs in English are divided into two groups: regular and irregular verbs.

Most of them are regular. And this makes a difference only in the affirmative form.

The regular verbs end in -ED. However, depending on their termination in the base form, we need to add -D or -IED. Check this out:

to receive – receivedreceber – recebeu/recebia

to try – triedtentar – tentou/tentava

to reach – reachedalcançar – alcançou/alcançava



Now let’s see some examples with these regular verbs in affirmative sentences:

The teams worked perfectly together. As equipes trabalharam perfeitamente juntas.

The supervisor received the team evaluation results. O supervisor recebeu os resultados da avaliação da equipe.

Everybody tried their best in this project. Todos deram o seu melhor neste projeto.

You reached all your goals. Você alcançou todos os seus objetivos.

SIMPLE PAST – REGULAR VERBSAffirmative Form

Just pay attention to the termination of regular verbs, so that you can use the correct endings of the simple past for the aff irmative sentences.

Now let’s see the irregular verbs. They suffer major changes because the -ED termination rule does not apply for them.

Here is a list of some irregular verbs:

SIMPLE PAST – IRREGULAR VERBS

to give – gavedar – deu/dava

to have – hadter – teve/tinha

to make – madefazer – fez/fazia

to read – readler – leu/lia



Let’s see some examples of affirmative sentences with irregular verbs:

The CEO made an interesting observation about the project. O CEO fez uma observação interessante sobre o projeto.

Claire gave her opinion to the boss. Claire deu sua opinião para o chefe.

Jessica read a report of a hundred pages yesterday. Jessica leu um relatório de cem páginas ontem.

The team had a great feedback session with the directors last week. A equipe teve uma ótima sessão de feedback com os diretores na semana passada.

SIMPLE PAST – IRREGULAR VERBSAffirmative Form

Getting used to irregular verbs is a matter of time and practice. Sometimes you might have to check the correct conjugation. But remember that you need to know their conjugation ONLY to build sentences in the affirmative form.

The negative and interrogative forms work just the same, regardless of the kind of verb we are dealing with, because the main verb remains in the base form.

In the negative and interrogative forms, we need an auxiliary verb, just as in the simple present. The auxiliary verb of the simple past is did. Let’s check the general structure of the sentences:

Negative Formsubject + auxiliary verb did + not + main verb in the base form + complement sujeito + verbo auxiliar did + not + verbo principal na forma base + complemento

SIMPLE PAST – OTHER VERBS

Interrogative Formauxiliary verb did + subject + main verb in the base form + complementverbo auxiliar did + sujeito + verbo principal na forma base + complemento



Let’s see some examples in the negative form f irst:

SIMPLE PAST – OTHER VERBSNegative

Regular Verbs The team players did not / didn’t work separately.

Os membros da equipe não trabalharam separadamente.

Irregular Verbs We did not / didn’t have problems as a team.

Não tivemos problemas enquanto equipe.

Now let’s see the same examples in the interrogative form, so you can visualize it better:

SIMPLE PAST – OTHER VERBSInterrogative

Regular Verbs Did the team players work separately?

Os membros da equipe trabalharam separadamente?

Irregular Verbs Did you have problems as a team?

Vocês tiveram problemas enquanto equipe?

WHAT

What is feedback? O que é feedback?

And, since we are talking about interrogative forms, let’s introduce a new question word.

The question word what is used to ask about things and activities in general. To use it in a sentence in the simple past, we just add the question word before the interrogative sentence. Check out some examples:



In this chapter, you learned how to use the simple past of the verb to be and other verbs, and the question word what. If you want to learn more about these topics, you can refer to the Grammar

Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Irregular Verbs – Past Page 183Question Word What Page 221Regular Verbs Page 246Simple Past – Other Verbs Page 250Simple Past – Verb To Be Page 256

What was the result of the evaluation? Qual foi o resultado da avaliação?

What did you do as a team?O que vocês f izeram em equipe?



a. d

id n

ot /

didn

’t w

ork

b. m

ade

c. w

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d

d. re

ceiv

ede.

gav

ef.

did

not /

did

n’t h

ave

have

/ gi

ve /

mak

e / r

ead

Act

ivity

A –

Ans

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sA

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Part 5.

Activities

a. ( ) reach

b. ( ) have

c. ( ) give

d. ( ) work

e. ( ) receive

f. ( ) try

g. ( ) make

h. ( ) read

A. Mark the irregular verbs in the past.

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the missing verbs.

a. The team players separately.

Os membros da equipe não trabalharam separadamente.

b. The CEO an interesting observation about the project.

O CEO fez uma observação interessante sobre o projeto.

c. The teams perfectly together.

As equipes trabalharam perfeitamente juntas.

d. The supervisor the team evaluation results.

O supervisor recebeu os resultados da avaliação da equipe.

e. Claire her opinion to the boss.

Claire deu sua opinião para o chefe.

f. We problems as a team.

Nós não tivemos problemas enquanto equipe.


Presentation SkillsPresentation Skills

5


How often do you make presentations? How good is your performance when you have to explain or describe a specif ic topic?

When we think about presentations, we tend to believe that it’s all about giving a speech to huge audiences at a convention or presenting the annual results to the board of directors during a meeting.

Indeed, presentation skills are definitely needed for those situations. But those are not the only moments when they are required.

Presentation skills are also required when you are giving a speech to your team, even if it’s just to thank them at the end of a project; or you get chosen to say goodbye to a workmate that is leaving or has just been promoted; or maybe when you are asked to give a toast to friend of yours who’s just gotten engaged.

All of these situations require good presentation skills, or else the message you want to convey may be compromised.

When we see a good presentation, we tend to think that it’s all intuitive, that the person is spontaneously speaking and knows what to say and how to do it successfully…that they’ve got some natural talent or gift to send their message across without much effort or help.

In fact, that’s not entirely true. Of course, some people seem to be more at ease with situations that require them to be in the spotlight. But doing well in presentations is actually a matter of teamwork, preparation, and practice.

PRESENTATION SKILLS

In this chapter, you will learn how to refer to the future, some of the differences between formal and informal language, and some nouns and verbs related to presentations. You will also see some important vocabulary and grammar topics to improve your English skills.

Now look at the script of Presentation Skills.


Part 1.


Every great presentation must consider some essential aspects.

The f irst one is defining the main objective of the presentation—Is it to motivate the team? To inform of results and goals? Is it to announce changes to the company? The objective will set the tone of the presentation and help gather the necessary information that must be part of it.

And when we think about information, we’ve got to define the target audience of the presentation. This will affect the choice of language, place, attire, visual aids, and quality of the information that the presentation requires. It’s all about connecting to the audience, and to do so, you should bring something that will make a difference to their lives.

We usually see one or two people in the spotlight when we attend a presentation, but have you ever thought about how many people are actually involved? A presentation is hardly ever put together by one single person.

That’s when teamwork becomes a must—It’s not just getting help to collect data or being in the backstage supporting the presentation; It’s also about receiving the input and feedback that will improve its quality. It’s a work done by many hands, even though only one person often gets chosen to present it.

And last but not least, practice. It’s vital to rehearse as many times as necessary until you are confident enough to make it seem easy and natural. Oh, yes, believe me, this is a consequence of practice.

Of course, getting nervous before an audience is totally normal, regardless of the amount of preparation.

As the famous writer Mark Twain said, “there are two types of speakers: those that are nervous and those that are liars.” So, I can assure you that many great speakers have felt the same way at least once. But I bet they’ve found different strategies to overcome that. Maybe a breathing technique to calm down or choosing a mentor to look up to.

When I come to think of it, interpersonal skills are all over the process of making a great presentation. Yes, guys, greatness doesn’t f ly solo.

So, I’ll leave you with two questions to reflect on: Are your interpersonal skills in good shape? Have you got what it takes to put yourself up to the task?



HABILIDADES DE APRESENTAÇÃO

Com que frequência você faz apresentações? Você é bom em explicar ou descrever um tópico específ ico?

Quando pensamos em apresentações, tendemos a acreditar que elas só envolvem fazer discursos para grandes públicos em convenções ou apresentar os resultados anuais para o conselho administrativo durante uma reunião.

É verdade que habilidades de apresentação são mesmo necessárias nessas situações. Mas esses não são os únicos momentos em que elas são exigidas.

Habilidades de apresentação também são exigidas quando você faz um discurso para sua equipe, mesmo que seja apenas para agradecê-la ao f inal de um projeto; ou quando você é escolhido para se despedir de um colega de trabalho que está indo embora ou foi promovido; ou talvez quando lhe pedem para fazer um brinde a um amigo que f icou noivo.

Todas essas situações exigem boas habilidades de apresentação. Caso contrário, a mensagem que você quer passar pode f icar comprometida.

Quando vemos uma boa apresentação, costumamos pensar que é tudo intuitivo, que a pessoa está falando espontaneamente, sabe o que dizer e como fazer isso com sucesso... que ela tem algum tipo de talento natural ou dom para transmitir a mensagem sem muito esforço ou ajuda.

Porém, isso não é totalmente verdade. É claro que algumas pessoas parecem ficar mais à vontade em situações onde precisam ser o centro das atenções. No entanto, se sair bem em apresentações é, na verdade, uma questão de trabalho em equipe, preparação e prática.

Toda grande apresentação deve considerar alguns aspectos essenciais.

O primeiro deles é definir o objetivo principal da apresentação: é para motivar a equipe? Para informar sobre resultados e metas? É para anunciar mudanças na empresa? O objetivo vai definir o tom da apresentação e ajudar a reunir as informações necessárias para fazê-la. E, quando pensamos em informações, precisamos definir o público-alvo da apresentação. Isso vai afetar a escolha de linguagem, lugar, vestimenta, recursos visuais e qualidade da informação exigidos pela apresentação. É tudo uma questão de se conectar com o público, e, para isso, você deve oferecer algo que fará a diferença na vida deles.



Normalmente, vemos uma ou duas pessoas no centro das atenções quando assistimos a uma apresentação, mas você já pensou em quantas pessoas estão envolvidas de fato? Uma apresentação dif icilmente é elaborada por uma única pessoa.

É aí que o trabalho em equipe se torna indispensável: não se trata apenas de ajudar a coletar informações ou estar nos bastidores dando apoio à apresentação, mas também de receber comentários e feedback que irão melhorar sua qualidade. É um trabalho feito por muitas mãos, ainda que apenas uma pessoa costume ser escolhida para apresentá-lo.

E por último, mas não menos importante, prática. É vital ensaiar quantas vezes forem necessárias até que você esteja confiante o suficiente para fazer tudo parecer fácil e natural. Ah, sim, acredite em mim, esta é uma consequência da prática.

É claro que f icar nervoso diante de uma plateia é completamente normal, independentemente da quantidade de preparação.

Como disse o famoso escritor Mark Twain: “Só existem dois tipos de palestrantes: os nervosos e os mentirosos.” Então, eu posso garantir que muitos palestrantes ótimos já se sentiram assim pelo menos uma vez, mas aposto que eles encontraram diferentes estratégias para superar isso. Talvez uma técnica de respiração que ajude a manter a calma ou a escolha de um mentor em quem se espelhar.

Quando penso nisso, habilidades interpessoais estão envolvidas em todo o processo de se fazer uma ótima apresentação. É, pessoal, a grandeza não anda sozinha.

Então, vou deixar duas perguntas para você refletir: suas habilidades interpessoais estão bem trabalhadas? Você dá conta dessa tarefa?



Up to now, you have seen some of the most important set of skills for business, such as entrepreneurship, time management, teamwork, and feedback. And the main focus of chapter 5 is presentation skills.

Some people sail through it, others have a harder time. Depending on how you feel about it, you might use the following adjectives:

relaxed relaxado(a)

Even though everyone can get nervous, anyone is perfectly capable of making a good presentation. All it takes is developing the right set of skills. That’s because making a presentation is actually a matter of preparation and practice.

So here are the basic steps of a presentation:

to prepare / make the presentation preparar / criar a apresentação

to make / do / give the presentationfazer / dar a apresentação

calm calmo(a)

secureseguro(a)

shytímido(a)

insecureinseguro(a)

nervousnervoso(a)

angry / irritatedirritado(a)

Presentations may have different forms: a speech, a demonstration, a lecture, or a talk. You can:

make / give / deliver a speech fazer / dar / proferir um discurso


Part 2.


A speech is usually a formal talk about a particular matter. It can also take place in weddings or other ceremonies in honor of someone.

In the business context, mainly in the sales sector, it is common to:

do / give a demonstrationfazer uma demonstração

The intention is to show how to use a product or provide a practical explanation of the service being sold.

During large conferences in colleges or online, you may:

do / give / deliver / present a lecture dar / fazer / apresentar uma palestra

do / give / deliver a talk dar / fazer / uma conferência

A lecture tends to be more formal and speaker-centered, whereas a talk tends to be more informal, with the audience’s participation.

The word lecture may be used as a verb, but the idea is completely different from just presenting a formal speech. It means to talk seriously with somebody to criticize or warn them in a way they think is unfair or unnecessary. For example:

The manager lectured the team on their lack of commitment to the project.O gerente repreendeu a equipe pela falta de comprometimento com o projeto.

The word present may be a noun, which means gift. It can also be used as a verb, and it will have different meanings depending on the complement. Check it out:

The high costs are presenting problems to the company’s future. Os altos custos estão gerando problemas para o futuro da empresa.

Katie is presenting her documents to HR right now. Katie está apresentando os documentos para o RH agora mesmo.



In the f irst example, it means to cause, whereas in the second one, it means to show or to hand in.

Apart from formal events, there are many daily situations that require presentation skills. For instance:

You are making a presentation when…Você está fazendo uma apresentação ao...

Regardless of whether you are giving a formal presentation or an informal one, preparation is key to make the best of the situation. Here are a few questions that will help you organize and prepare your presentation:

What is the goal of the presentation?Qual é o objetivo da apresentação?

… you are welcoming someone into the company. ... dar as boas-vindas a alguém que acabou de chegar na empresa.

... you are thanking someone for their services.... agradecer a alguém por seus serviços.

… you are making a toast for a friend who got engaged. ... fazer um brinde a um amigo que f icou noivo.

… you are giving feedback to a team member.... dar feedback a um integrante da equipe.

What are you saying in your presentation?O que você vai dizer na apresentação?

What visual aids are you using?Que recursos visuais você vai usar?



What kind of attire do you need?Que tipo de traje você vai precisar vestir?

Notice the use of the question word what to ask about information and extra details.

Note the use of the verb to be followed by the main verb in the -ING form in some of the examples. Since the presentation has not taken place yet, it is a reference to the future.

Another important question for your preparation, mainly when it comes to clothing and language, is this one:

Where are you making your presentation?Onde você vai fazer a apresentação?

Note that we use the question word where to ask about places and locations.

The amount of time at your disposal is also important. So:

How long do you have to talk? Quanto tempo você tem para falar?

How long do you have to get ready? Quanto tempo você tem para se preparar?

Notice that, in both questions, how long is used to ask about the duration of a situation.

Your audience is also extremely important, for it is composed of the people who will be there to listen to you. So you should ask yourself:

Who are you speaking to? Para quem você vai falar?

How often do you see these people?Com que frequência você vê essas pessoas?



Check out the use of the question word who to ask about people. And how often is used to ask about the frequency in which something happens.

Knowing your audience, the amount of time you have, and your objective will take you to a f inal decisive question for your preparation:

How far do you need to go in your presentation?Até onde / que ponto você precisa ir com a apresentação?

Observe that, here, how far means how deep in the content.

Knowing the audience and the content of the presentation is important for choosing the kind of language you are going to use. Ask yourself if it is necessary to be formal or if you can go for an informal approach. Maybe the circumstances even allow for jokes.

The wrong tone will have a huge influence on both your speech and your image.

For instance, if a person raises their hand to ask you a question during the presentation, you cannot possibly give them permission to speak by saying:

What is it? O que é que é?

It may sound very aggressive, unless you are in an extremely informal situation with close friends, or people you know well at work. It would be more polite to say:

Go ahead, please. Fale, por favor.

Now, let’s suppose that this person has said what they think about the matter, but you could not understand it right. Again, do not say:

What? O quê?



Now you know how to get ready for a presentation and the importance of choosing the proper tone when talking.

Even though you may get your message across, this is going to sound very aggressive too. It is just not appropriate.

It is safer to say:

Can you repeat that, please? Pode repetir, por favor?

I’m sorry, I don’t understand. Desculpe, eu não entendi.



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7. h

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8. p

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long

10. w

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Act

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( 1 ) fazer uma demonstração

( 2 ) fazer um discurso

( 3 ) traje

( 4 ) causar um problema

( 5 ) recursos visuais

( 6 ) irritado

( 7 ) com que frequência

( 8 ) preparação

( 9 ) quanto tempo

( 10 ) onde

( 11 ) nervoso

( 12 ) o que

( ) how often

( ) how long

( ) angry

( ) preparation

( ) attire

( ) nervous

( ) to do a demonstration

( ) to present a problem

( ) what

( ) visual aids

( ) to make a speech

( ) where

a. What kind of do you need? Que tipo de traje você vai precisar vestir?

b. are you making your presentation? Onde você vai fazer a apresentação?

c. do you have to get ready? Quanto tempo você tem para se preparar?

d. What are you using? Que recursos visuais você vai usar?

e. do you see these people? Com que frequência você vê essas pessoas?

f. do you need to go in your presentation? Até onde / que ponto você precisa ir com a apresentação?


Part 3.

Activities


In the vocabulary part of this chapter, you learned how important it is to ask yourself questions about the details of the presentation during preparation.

But the most critical question of all is:

QUESTION WORD WHAT

What is the goal of the presentation?Qual é o objetivo da apresentação?

Notice that this question is formed by what, followed by the interrogative form of the verb to be in the simple present.

You obviously need to know the purpose of what you are doing. But you also need more information. And to ask about specific information, you need to know the question words. You already know what. Let’s take a look at another one:

How long do you have to talk? Quanto tempo você tem para falar?

How long do you have to get ready? Quanto tempo você tem para se preparar?

QUESTION WORD HOW

How long is a question word formed by how + long. We use it to ask about the duration of a certain event.

How collocates with other words to form different question words. Take a look:

QUESTION WORD HOW

How far do you need to go in your presentation?Até onde / que ponto você precisa ir com a apresentação?


Part 4.


How often do you give talks?Com que frequência você dá conferências?

How old are you?Quantos anos você tem?

These question words are variations of how. But we can also ask questions using how by itself, without any words collocated with it. In this case, we use it to ask questions about the way we do things. For example:

How do you say this in English?Como se diz essa palavra em inglês?

How can I help you?Como posso ajudar?

QUESTION WORD HOW

And, of course, how is also used to ask about somebody’s health condition. For example:

QUESTION WORD HOW

How are you?Como você está?

As you can see, we basically use the structure how + interrogative form.

When asking about places and location, we use the question word where. Let’s see a few examples.

Where are you making your presentation?Onde você vai fazer a apresentação?

Where are you going? Aonde você está indo?

QUESTION WORD WHERE

Notice that the structure of these questions is formed by where + interrogative form.



The verb form in the previous two examples is the present continuous.

The structure of the present continuous goes as follows:

subject + to be (present) + verb (-ING) + complementsujeito + verbo to be conjugado no presente + verbo na forma -ING + complemento

PRESENT CONTINUOUSAffirmative Form

We have to be conjugated in the present plus the main verb in the -ING form. It is worth mentioning that to be works as an auxiliary verb here, while the main verb is the one that expresses the action of the sentence.

Let’s see some examples:

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Tom and Paul are giving a presentation to the team. Tom e Paul estão fazendo uma apresentação para a equipe.

Katie is presenting her documents at HR right now. Katie está apresentando os documentos no RH agora mesmo.

The director is delivering a speech.O diretor está dando um discurso.

To form sentences in the negative and interrogative forms of the present continuous, we follow the rules of the verb to be, adding not after the verb in the negative, and reversing the position of the verb and the subject in the interrogative.

Let’s see how it works:

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Negative Form Tom and Paul are not / aren’t giving a presentation to the team.

Tom e Paul não estão fazendo uma apresentação para a equipe.



There is yet another important difference. Depending on the context, the present continuous can be used to refer to future arrangements.

Let’s check out some examples:

If we were to answer the last question, we could probably say:

Interrogative Form Are Tom and Paul giving a presentation to the team?

Tom e Paul estão fazendo uma apresentação para a equipe?

The simple present is used to talk about habits, facts, and routine, while the present continuous is used to talk about actions in progress, that is, activities that are happening at the present moment. Let’s compare them by using two examples:

Present ContinuousAção em andamento no momento

The director is delivering a speech now. O diretor está fazendo um discurso agora.

Simple Present Rotinas, hábitos, fatos

The director delivers speeches every Thursday.

O diretor faz discursos toda quinta-feira.

Future arrangements Planos para o futuro

What are you saying in your presentation?O que você vai dizer na apresentação?

Who are you speaking to?Para quem você vai falar?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

I’m speaking to an audience. Eu vou falar para uma plateia.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS



I is the subject of the sentence, and an audience is the object of the verb.

Speaking of which, let’s check out the object pronouns.

In Chapter 3, you learned about subject pronouns. They work as the subject of the sentence. They represent the ones who perform the action. Object pronouns, on the other hand, receive the action. Compare:

Tom and Paul are giving a presentation to the team. subject they object it

Tom e Paul estão fazendo uma apresentação para a equipe.

SUBJECT X OBJECT

Tom and Paul perform the action of giving a presentation. And the team is receiving that action, for they are the ones attending the presentation. Paul and Tom are the subject, and the team is the object.

Object pronouns replace the objects of the verbs in a sentence. Look at a list of object pronouns in English:

meme / mim

youvocê / lhe

himele / o

herela / a

it ele / ela / o / a

usnós / nos

youvocês

them eles / elas / os / as

OBJECT PRONOUNS

The pronouns are placed after the verb. That’s why it must be clear to what or whom they refer. In order to know that, we need to analyze the context. Look at a dialogue as an example:

OBJECT PRONOUNS

– Anna, can you help Leo with the presentation? – Anna, você pode ajudar o Leo com a apresentação?



In this chapter, you learned how to use the present continuous to talk about actions happening at the moment or in the future. You have also seen the object pronouns and many questions words.

If you want to learn more about these topics, you can refer to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Interrogative Form Page 180Object Pronouns Page 200Present Continuous Page 212Question Word How Page 215Question Word Where Page 228

– Yes, I’m meeting him tonight so we can finish it. – Sim, vou encontrá-lo hoje à noite para que possamos terminá-la.

As you can see, the object pronoun him refers to Leo, and it refers to the presentation.



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Part 5.

Activities

Subject Pronoun

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

Object Pronoun

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

A. Complete the chart with the correct object pronoun.

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the question word how.

a. do you have to talk?

Quanto tempo você tem para falar?

b. do you say this in English?

Como se diz essa palavra em inglês?

c. do you need to go in your presentation?

Até onde / que ponto você precisa ir com a apresentação?

d. do you give talks?

Com que frequência você dá conferências?

e. are you?

Como você está?

f. are you?

Quantos anos você tem?


Public SpeakingPublic Speaking

6


We’ve talked about the importance of getting ready for a presentation, and the signif icant role teamwork plays when you do that.

But let me ask you: even after having your presentation thoroughly prepared, do you still get butterf lies in your stomach just thinking about standing before an audience?

If you do, I’ll tell you: you are not alone. In fact, researches show that public speaking is one of Americans’ greatest fears, ranked higher than claustrophobia or even death.

But what many people fail to acknowledge is that public speaking is a skill rather than a gift.

As the great American philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson once said, “All the great speakers were bad speakers at f irst.”

Acknowledging that public speaking is a skill that can and should be de-veloped is the f irst and most important step on your way to mastering it.

But now you may be thinking, “OK, I get that, but I am still afraid of audiences. How do I control that?” Fear can be paralyzing and stop you from even trying. And that’s not very productive. As philosopher Bertrand Russell once said, “to conquer fear is the beginning of wisdom.” That means face your fears. Don’t let them control you; control your fears instead.

On the other hand, experiencing some anxiety and nervousness before speaking in public is quite normal. However, that’s totally possible to be managed. We can learn how to deal with it. In fact, it doesn’t have to be

PUBLIC SPEAKING

In this chapter, you will learn how to express feelings, some strategies on how to manage stage fright, and some phrasal verbs frequently used in the corporate environment. You will also see some important vocabulary and grammar topics to improve your English skills.

Now look at the script of Public Speaking.


Part 1.


a bad thing. Adrenaline pumps up the energy for the presentation, which will set you on alert—and that may help you become a better speaker.

But, in case your anxiety level is too high, there are some strategies to prevent it from getting in the way.

First of all, you must be fully aware of the objective of the presentation and know its content very well. Choose the right clothes and the appropriate tone of voice. Practice the gestures that will make you look convincing to the audience you’ll be speaking to. In short: preparation and rehearsal are a must.

Secondly, avoid having the feeling that the audience will be judgmental and only criticize you. You’ve got to see it as a group of people who are there because they’re interested in what you have to say and sharing knowledge with you. So, be open to doing that and do it the best way possible.

Don’t let the size of the audience become a problem either. Instead of picturing yourself talking to f ive hundred people, imagine that you are talking to one person f ive hundred times. It’ll make everything seem smaller.

Another good strategy is to f ind ways to calm the mind down before going on stage. Meditation, breathing techniques, and physical activities can help manage anxiety and relax the body. Avoid having too much caffeine on the day of your presentation and choose lighter meals. Being aware of your pace, taking some pauses, and sipping some water throughout the presentation can be very helpful to keep you calm.

But why should you go through all of this to develop public speaking skills?

Because you’ll need them anywhere you want to be heard. Don’t reduce that to huge audiences in mind-blowing presentations or crucial meetings with the board of directors.

You can benefit from them when you try to sell an idea to your boss during an informal coffee break, for example. Or maybe when you want to prove a point to your friends or even at a job interview during a one-on-one interaction.

In short, if you wish to stand out in your career and have your voice respected wherever you go, speaking well in public is very likely to help you get there. And it’s actually easy to understand why.



FALAR EM PÚBLICO

Falamos sobre a importância de se preparar para uma apresentação e o papel signif icativo que o trabalho em equipe desempenha quando você faz isso.

Mas quero perguntar a você: mesmo depois de ter preparado sua apresentação minuciosamente, você ainda sente frio na barriga só de pensar em ficar diante de uma plateia?

Se você sente, vou lhe dizer: você não está sozinho. Na verdade, pesquisas indicam que falar em público é um dos maiores medos dos americanos, e esse medo ocupa uma posição mais alta do que a claustrofobia e até mesmo a morte.

Mas o que as pessoas não percebem é que falar em público é uma habilidade, não um dom.

Como o grande f ilósofo americano Ralph Waldo Emerson disse certa vez: “Todos os grandes oradores foram oradores ruins no começo.”

Reconhecer que falar em público é uma habilidade que pode e deve ser desenvolvida é o primeiro e mais importante passo no seu caminho para dominá-la.

Mas, agora, você pode estar pensando: “Ok, entendo, mas ainda tenho medo de plateias. Como controlo isso?” O medo pode ser paralisante e até te impedir de tentar. E isso não é muito produtivo. Como o f ilósofo Bertrand Russell disse uma vez: “Dominar o medo é o começo da

When you speak, you represent something, be it an idea, a brand, an ideal, or even a lifestyle. The right set of words spoken in a clear chain of thoughts at the proper pace and tone can really inf luence people, either by making them develop concepts or change their minds. In that sense, this skill is closely connected to a sense of leadership and purpose.

So, tell me. How do you feel about your public speaking skills?



sabedoria.” Isso signif ica que você deve encarar seus medos. Não deixe que eles te controlem; em vez disso, controle seus medos.

Por outro lado, sentir uma certa ansiedade e nervosismo antes de falar em público é bem normal. Entretanto, isso é algo completamente possível de gerenciar. Nós podemos aprender como lidar com isso. Na verdade, isso não precisa ser algo ruim. A adrenalina aumenta a energia para a apresentação, o que vai deixá-lo em estado de alerta – e isso pode te ajudar a se tornar um palestrante melhor.

Porém, caso seu nível de ansiedade seja alto demais, existem algumas estratégias para evitar que isso atrapalhe.

Em primeiro lugar, você deve estar totalmente ciente do objetivo da apresentação e saber seu conteúdo muito bem. Escolha as roupas certas e o tom de voz apropriado. Pratique gestos que te farão parecer convincente para o público com o qual você vai falar. Resumindo: preparação e ensaio são indispensáveis.

Em segundo lugar, evite a sensação de que o público vai julgar e apenas te criticar. Você precisa encará-lo como um grupo de pessoas que estão ali porque estão interessadas no que você tem a dizer e em compartilhar conhecimento com você. Então, esteja aberto e faça isso da melhor forma possível.

Tampouco deixe que o tamanho da plateia se torne um problema. Em vez de se imaginar falando para quinhentas pessoas, imagine que está falando para uma pessoa quinhentas vezes. Isso fará com que tudo pareça menor.

Outra boa estratégia é encontrar um meio de acalmar a mente antes de subir ao palco. Meditação, técnicas de respiração e atividades f ísicas podem ajudar a lidar com a ansiedade e relaxar o corpo. Evite consumir muita cafeína no dia da apresentação e escolha refeições mais leves. Estar ciente do seu ritmo, fazer algumas pausas e tomar goles de água durante a apresentação podem ser muito úteis para manter a calma.

Mas por que você deve passar por tudo isso para desenvolver suas habilidades de falar em público?

Porque você vai precisar delas em qualquer lugar que quiser ser ouvido. Não limite isso a grandes públicos em apresentações espetaculares ou reuniões cruciais com a diretoria da empresa.



Você pode se beneficiar disso quando tentar vender uma ideia para seu chefe durante um coffee break informal, por exemplo. Ou, talvez, quando quiser demonstrar a algum amigo que você tem razão, ou até mesmo em uma entrevista de emprego durante uma interação individual.

Em suma, se você deseja se destacar na sua carreira e ter sua voz respeitada seja onde for, é muito provável que falar bem em público te ajude a chegar lá. E, na verdade, é fácil entender o porquê.

Quando você fala, está representando alguma coisa: seja uma ideia, uma marca, um ideal, ou até um estilo de vida. O conjunto certo de palavras ditas em uma corrente clara de pensamentos, no ritmo e tom adequados, pode realmente influenciar as pessoas, fazendo com que desenvolvam conceitos ou mudem de ideia. Nesse sentido, essa habilidade está intimamente ligada a um senso de liderança e propósito.

Então, me diga: como você se sente em relação às suas habilidades para falar em público?



Speaking well in public is not a matter of talent. It is a skill that has to be developed. But if you do not need to perform elaborate presentations, you might be asking yourself:

Why should we develop public speaking skills?Por que devemos desenvolver habilidades para falar em público?

And the answer to that question is:

Because you’ll need them anywhere you want to be heard. Porque você vai precisar delas onde quiser ser ouvido.

Public speaking skills can be applied beyond presentations before big audiences. In fact, all the business skills you have studied so far can be quite convenient in your life as a whole, not only at work.

They are useful in many situations. For instance, when you need to:

prove a pointdefender um argumento

sell an idea vender uma ideia

stand out at work destacar-se no trabalho

When it comes to public speaking, it is absolutely normal to be a little nervous, especially when a bunch of people is staring at us.

There is even an expression in English to refer to that feeling. It is called stage fright. We usually use it to refer to artists before they perform, but it applies to this context as well.


Part 2.


The word fright means a sudden feeling of strong fear. But it is only one of the feelings we may experience in this kind of situation. Here are some others:

fear medo

anxiety ansiedade

nervousnessnervosismo

excitementempolgação

When experiencing nervousness or excitement, you may say:

I have butterflies in my stomach.Estou com frio na barriga.

An informal way of saying you feel nervous or afraid is:

I’ve got the jitters! Estou com tremedeira!

Besides using nouns and expressions to talk about emotions, you can also use adjectives. They describe the way we feel. You can use the verb to be and say:

I am nervous. Estou nervoso(a).

I am anxious. Estou ansioso(a).

I am excited. Estou empolgado(a).

I am afraid.Estou com medo.



I am a fearful person. Eu sou uma pessoa medrosa.

There is also the adjective fearful. But it describes a trait of personality, not a temporary feeling. Observe:

She was dead tired after the conference.Ela estava morta de cansaço após a conferência.

The verb to be also collocates with a wide range of words to describe feelings and conditions, such as, to be dead tired, which means to be extremely tired:

Her teammates were on pins and needles to see her presentation.Os colegas de equipe dela estavam muito apreensivos para ver sua apresentação.

Another one is to be on pins and needles, which means to be tense. For example:

I feel nervous / anxious / excited. Estou me sentindo nervoso(a) / ansioso(a) / empolgado(a).

When it comes to using adjectives to express your feelings, instead of using the verb to be, you can also use the verb to feel. Take a look:

I feel insecure. Eu me sinto inseguro(a).

I feel sick. / I feel sick to my stomach. Estou me sentindo enjoado(a).

I feel fine. / I feel good. Eu me sinto bem.



Most of the time, feelings are caused by external factors. To talk about that, we can also use some phrasal verbs.

A phrasal verb is formed by a verb + a particle. Its meaning is totally different from that of the verb and the particle separately.


Public speaking brings about a lot of anxiety. Falar em público provoca muita ansiedade.

Big audiences freak me out. Plateias grandes me assustam.

I flip out when I am in the spotlight. Eu perco o controle quando sou o centro das atenções.

To bring about, to freak out, and to flip out are examples of phrasal verbs.

Nonetheless, public speaking is not all about negative emotions.

Here are a few strategies that may help you conquer your fears and have your insecurity under control when you have to speak in public:

You can rehearse some lines.Você pode ensaiar algumas falas.

You can do a little meditation to calm down. Você pode meditar um pouco para se acalmar.

You should have a light meal before your presentation. Você deve fazer uma refeição leve antes da apresentação.

You should avoid having too much caffeine on the day of your presentation. Você deve evitar consumir muita cafeína no dia da apresentação.



Now you know how to express your feelings, as well as some tips on how to deal with public-speaking anxiety.

If you still feel anxious after following all of these tips, here is what you can do:

Take short breaks and sip some water. Faça pequenos intervalos e tome alguns goles de água.

Take a longer pause to regain confidence. Faça uma pausa mais longa para recuperar a confiança.



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( 1 ) ser o centro das atenções

( 2 ) ensaiar

( 3 ) fazer uma refeição

( 4 ) defender um argumento

( 5 ) meditar um pouco

( 6 ) fazer intervalos

( 7 ) vender uma ideia

( 8 ) destacar-se

( 9 ) estar com frio na barriga

( 10 ) estar empolgado

( 11 ) recuperar a confiança

( 12 ) ser medroso(a)

( ) to prove a point

( ) to sell an idea

( ) to have butterf lies in your stomach

( ) to be in the spotlight

( ) to regain confidence

( ) to take breaks

( ) to have a meal

( ) to be excited

( ) to do a little meditation

( ) to be fearful

( ) to stand out

( ) to rehearse

a. You should before your presentation. Você deve fazer uma refeição leve antes da apresentação.

b. Public speaking a lot of anxiety. Falar em público provoca muita ansiedade.

c. Big audiences . Plateias grandes me assustam.

d. and sip some water. Faça pequenos intervalos e tome alguns goles de água.

e. I when I am in the spotlight. Eu perco o controle quando sou o centro das atenções.

f. You should too much caffeine on the day of your presentation. Você deve evitar consumir muita cafeína no dia da apresentação.


Part 3.

Activities


In this part of the chapter, you will learn about the use of articles in English. Take a look at the sentence:

The speaker was nervous. A palestrante estava nervosa. O palestrante estava nervoso.

DEFINITE ARTICLE – THE

Imagine that the audience is smaller than it actually is. Imagine que a plateia é menor do que realmente é.

DEFINITE ARTICLE – THE

Notice the word the right before the noun audience. It is the only definite article there is in English.

The definite article the does not have a plural form, regardless of the noun to which it refers, nor does it change whether it refers to male or female nouns. In other words, the definite article does not have gender. Take a look:

The speakers were nervous. As palestrantes estavam nervosas. Os palestrantes estavam nervosos.

Context indicates the gender of the noun. In fact, knowing the context is part of learning any new language, for it entails understanding the culture in which it is spoken.

We use the to refer to things that are known, that is, things that are specific and definite. That’s why the context plays an important role here.


Part 4.


Having said that, let’s contextualize an example: imagine you have attended a lecture and you are talking to your friends about it afterwards. So you say:

The speaker was nervous. He requested several breaks. O palestrante estava nervoso. Ele pediu vários intervalos.

The room was full during the lecture. A sala estava cheia durante a palestra.

DEFINITE ARTICLE THE

As you can see, we use the before the nouns speaker and room, for they refer to a specif ic speaker at a specif ic room.

We can also use the definite article with superlative forms. You learned that in Chapter 2. Let’s see an example:

The best thing to do is to plan your presentation. A melhor coisa a se fazer é planejar sua apresentação.

DEFINITE ARTICLE AND SUPERLATIVE FORM

The Richard feels anxious before presentations. O Richard se sente ansioso antes de apresentações.

The Brazil is a large country.O Brasil é um país grande.

DEFINITE ARTICLE – RULESBefore proper nouns

The best is the superlative form of the adjective good.

Now let’s see when not to use the definite article. We cannot use the definite article before proper nouns. Take a look:

In the f irst example, Richard is the proper noun of a person. And in the second example, Brazil is the proper noun of a country.



The Public speaking is a very important skill.Falar em público é uma habilidade muito importante.

The Meditation calms you down. Meditação acalma.

DEFINITE ARTICLE – RULESBefore general concepts and definitions

Since we use this article to point out specif ic things, we cannot use it to refer to general concepts and definitions. For instance:

In the previous examples, public speaking and meditation are general concepts.

It is important to remind you that the definite article the is also used with plural nouns, without changes. So you can say:

the presentation a apresentação

the presentations as apresentações

DEFINITE ARTICLE – RULESBefore singular and plural nouns

There is another way to define a noun without using the definite article. We do that by using possessive adjectives. They are used to show ownership of something. When we say that something belongs to someone, we define the object among all others. Let’s compare some sentences; take a look:

You should have light meals before presentations. Você deve fazer refeições leves antes de apresentações.

DEFINITE ARTICLE AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Was the meal at Benny’s good? A comida no Benny’s estava boa?

My meal was delicious. Was your meal good too? A minha comida estava deliciosa. Sua comida estava boa também?



In the f irst example, meals is indefinite, it can be any meal. Therefore, there is no definite article. In the second example, we are referring to the meal that they serve at Benny’s. It is a specif ic meal, so we use the definite article. Finally, in the third example, the meals are defined by ownership: my meal and your meal.

The possessive adjectives are followed by nouns, indicating to whom they belong. To understand how they work, you should relate them to the subject pronouns. Take a look:

SUBJECT PRONOUN

Ieu

you você

she ela

heele

itele, ela

wenós

youvocês

they eles, elas

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

mymeu(s), minha(s)

your seu(s), sua(s)

her dela, seu(s), sua(s)

hisdele, seu(s), sua(s)

itdele, dela, seu(s), sua(s)

ournosso(s), nossa(s)

yourseu(s), sua(s), de vocês

their deles, delas, seu(s), sua(s)

But there is still another kind of article: the indefinite article. As the name says, it refers to indefinite things. It is the opposite idea of the definite article.



You have seen some examples previously. Let’s see them again:

Public speaking skills can help you prove a point. Habilidades para falar em público podem te ajudar a defender um argumento.

You are going to use a before words that start with a consonant sound, and an before words that start with a vowel sound. Take a look:

abefore consonant sounds

antes de sons de consoantes

a presentationuma apresentação

a meetinguma reunião

anbefore vowel sounds

antes de sons de vogais

an ideauma ideia

an exciting lectureuma palestra empolgante

INDEFINITE ARTICLE – RULES

Public speaking skills can help you sell an idea.Habilidades para falar em público podem te ajudar a vender uma ideia.

Bear in mind that what matters here is the sound of the first letter, not necessarily the spelling of the word. Some words may begin with a consonant, but they start with the sound of a vowel. For example:

An hour – vowel sound Uma hora

INDEFINITE ARTICLE: A/AN

A house – consonant sound Uma casa

The word hour starts with the consonant H, which, in this case, is pronounced as a soft H, and the f irst sound is that of the vowel O. On the other hand, the H in the beginning of the word house is pronounced as a hard H. Therefore, the word starts with a consonant sound.



Yet another very important detail about the indefinite article is that it is used only with singular nouns. Take a look:

I have butterflies in my stomach. Estou com frio na barriga.

SINGULAR X PLURAL

I see a butterfly in my garden.Estou vendo uma borboleta no meu jardim.

In the f irst example, butterflies is in the plural. So, we do not use the indefinite article, even though it refers to an indefinite noun. However, in the second example, butterfly is in the singular and it is an indefinite noun. Therefore, we use the indefinite article.

Notice that the noun butterfly in the plural changes its spelling. We drop the -Y and add -IES to form butterflies. This is one of the spelling rules to form the plural in English.

Most times, we just add the letter S to the end of the word to form the plural. Let’s see a few examples:

presentationsapresentações

PLURAL NOUNS

lecturespalestras

meetingsreuniões

ideasideias

mealsrefeições

Observe how we do not use the indefinite article before indefinite nouns in the plural:



In this chapter, you learned how to use the definite and indefinite articles. You have also learned the general rule of plural nouns and how to use the possessive

adjectives. If you want to learn more about these topics, you can refer to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Definite Article Page 165Indefinite Article Page 176Plural Nouns Page 204Possessive Adjectives Page 208

Rita loves lectures about entrepreneurship. Rita ama palestras sobre empreendedorismo.

Presentations can bring about fear and nervousness. Apresentações podem causar medo e nervosismo.

PLURAL NOUNS – NO INDEFINITE ARTICLE

But be careful. If you define the noun, you need to use the definite article. Let’s see an example:

Rita loves the lectures that Tom gives about entrepreneurship. A Rita ama as palestras do Tom sobre empreendedorismo.

The presentations I gave brought about fear and nervousness. As apresentações que eu f iz me causaram medo e nervosismo.

PLURAL NOUNS – DEFINITE ARTICLE



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Part 5.

ActivitiesA. Complete the chart with the correct object pronoun.

Subject Pronoun

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

Possessive Adjective

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

B. Fill in the blanks with the missing words. Pay attention to the correct use of articles.

a. Public speaking skills can help you prove .

Habilidades para falar em público podem te ajudar a defender um argumento.

b. was full during .

A sala estava cheia durante a palestra.

c. is a large country.

O Brasil é um país grande.

d. I see in my garden.

Estou vendo uma borboleta no meu jardim.

e. feels anxious before presentations.

O Richard se sente ansioso antes de apresentações.

f. Public speaking skills can help you sell .

Habilidades para falar em público podem te ajudar a vender uma ideia.


NetworkingNetworking

7


As I said before, we don’t walk this world alone. We are somehow connected to other people around us, be it face-to-face or virtually.

In the business environment, connections matter if you wish to expand your operations, f ind another job, or climb the career ladder, for example. That’s why networking is so important. This term basically refers to the process of meeting and keeping professional contacts and speaking and sharing information with them.

Have you ever had the chance to take a moment and reflect on the kind of network you build?

The way we relate to people says a lot about how we view ourselves and the world. And there are many ways we can do that—we can relate to others by perceiving them as a simple means of achieving something, such as a one-and-done transaction…

We can do it by building relationships that will last for as long as the parties involved can benefit from them.

Or we could take a step further and build closer connections. If you think that networking is showing up at business-related events, smiling at big shots, and giving away business cards…think again. Approaching people looking for what they may have to offer you is certainly the least effective way of building a strong and long-lasting business network.

So, what is the right path?

NETWORKING

In this chapter, you will learn how to start a conversation and introduce yourself. You will also see how to connect ideas, not to mention some important vocabulary and grammar topics to make it happen.

Now look at the script of Networking.


Part 1.


The key to a long-lasting network is to build partnerships. That means being committed to an ongoing relationship—and when breakdowns occur, owning your part of the responsibility and doing what it takes to overcome the diff iculties.

But how can we achieve that?

You should approach people considering what you have to offer them. That means being a good listener, dedicating them some of your time, committing to your shared purposes, and delivering what you promised. Only then will it be possible to build meaningful partnerships. And that’s good for your life, not just your career.

When we come to think of it, isn’t that what teamwork is all about?

Building meaningful partnerships is something you can learn how to do. You can start with the people that are closest to you. Maybe a co-worker from another department, or someone you have already worked with at another company. Perhaps a friend of a friend, or someone from your extended family. Introduce your acquaintances to each other and allow them to do the same for you.

Offer people some of your time, start some small talk. Be genuinely interested in what they can bring to the table and think about how you can work it into a shared purpose—be it values, talents, or insights. Keep in touch with your network of contacts, so you can build trustworthy bonds that send a message of togetherness. Keep that message going!

As Henry Ford once said, “Coming together is a beginning, staying together is progress, and working together is success.” Don’t you think?

NETWORKING

Como dito anteriormente, não caminhamos por este mundo sozinhos. Nós estamos de alguma forma conectados a outras pessoas à nossa volta, seja cara a cara ou virtualmente.

No ambiente corporativo, conexões importam se você quiser expandir suas operações, encontrar outro emprego ou subir na carreira, por exemplo. É por isso que networking é tão importante.



Esse termo se refere, basicamente, ao processo de conhecer e manter contatos profissionais, conversando e compartilhando informações com eles.

Você já teve a chance de tirar um momento para refletir sobre o tipo de rede de contatos que você forma?

O jeito como nos relacionamos com as pessoas diz muito sobre como vemos a nós mesmos e ao mundo. E existem muitas maneiras de se fazer isso – podemos nos relacionar com o outro percebendo-o apenas como um meio de alcançar algo, como em transações com início e f im imediatos.

Nós podemos fazer isso estabelecendo relações que vão durar pelo tempo em que as partes envolvidas estiverem se beneficiando delas.

Ou podemos dar um passo adiante e estabelecer conexões mais próximas. Se você pensa que networking se trata de aparecer em eventos de negócios, sorrir para as fotos e distribuir cartões de visita... pense de novo. Se aproximar das pessoas pensando no que elas têm a oferecer a você, com certeza, é o jeito menos eficiente de formar uma rede de contatos forte e duradoura.

Então, qual é o caminho correto?

A chave para uma rede de contatos duradoura é formar parcerias. Isso signif ica estar comprometido com uma relação contínua; e, quando ocorrerem problemas, assumir sua parte da responsabilidade e fazer o que for preciso para superar as dif iculdades.

E como podemos alcançar isso?

Você deve se aproximar das pessoas considerando o que você tem a oferecer a elas. Isso signif ica ser um bom ouvinte, dedicar-lhes um pouco do seu tempo, se comprometendo com seus propósitos compartilhados e cumprindo com o que você prometeu. Somente então será possível formar parcerias signif icativas. E isso é bom para a vida, não só para sua carreira.

Quando paramos para pensar, não é disso que se trata o trabalho em equipe?

Formar parcerias signif icativas é algo que você pode aprender a fazer. Você pode começar com as pessoas que são mais próximas de você.



Talvez um colega de outro departamento, ou alguém com quem você já trabalhou em outra empresa. Talvez o amigo de um amigo ou da sua família. Apresente seus contatos uns aos outros e permita que façam o mesmo por você.

Ofereça às pessoas um pouco do seu tempo, comece uma conversa qualquer. Esteja interessado de verdade no que elas têm a oferecer e pense em como você pode transformar isso em um propósito compartilhado, seja por meio valores, talentos ou insights. Mantenha contato com sua rede para que você possa criar laços confiáveis que representem uma mensagem de união. Espalhe essa mensagem!

Como Henry Ford disse uma vez: “Reunir-se é um começo, permanecer juntos é um progresso e trabalhar juntos é um sucesso.” Você não acha?



You already know a lot about networking, a concept deeply connected to the corporate environment. Good networking can make a great difference in both your professional and personal life.

Before anything else, let’s understand two different concepts:

network the web of connections you have with the people you know

rede de contatos que você tem com as pessoas que você conhece

We can perceive people as a means of achieving something.Podemos entender as pessoas como um meio para alcançar alguma coisa.

In general, there are some ways we can relate to other people. For one:

networking the action of forming and keeping such web

ação de formar e manter essa rede

We can take a step further and build closer connections. Podemos dar um passo adiante e estabelecer conexões mais próximas.

This kind of situation is common in one-and-done transactions, that is, transactions with an immediate beginning and end.

Another way of connecting with people is:

This is the main objective of building a good network: to connect with people. You ought to do it having in mind that:


Part 2.


You should consider what you can bring to the table. Você deve considerar com o que você pode contribuir.

You should approach people considering what you have to offer them. Você deve se aproximar das pessoas considerando o que tem a oferecer a elas.

Notice the verb to approach. The idea of this verb is to come closer, to get closer.

Sometimes it is diff icult to get closer to people in the corporate environment. A polite way to do it is by approaching the person and saying:

Excuse me. Com licença.

Then, you may greet the person. Here is a list of greetings:

GREETINGS

Hello!Olá!

Good morning. Bom dia.

Hi! Oi!

Good afternoon.Boa tarde.

Good eveningBoa noite.

Be careful not to confuse good evening with good night:

Good night. / Good-bye. Boa noite. / Adeus.

FAREWELL

To greet someone at night, we say good evening. Good night is actually a farewell, a way of saying good-bye at night.



After the greetings, you are going to introduce yourself. You can start by saying your name:

My name is John Brown. Meu nome é John Brown.

I am John Brown. Eu sou o John Brown.

If there is another person with you, you should introduce them. When introducing another person, you can say:

Let me introduce you to a friend.Deixe-me apresentar você a um amigo.

This is Mark. Este é o Mark.

Now that you introduced yourself, or a friend, you need to interact a bit further to build a connection. Nothing better than starting a casual conversation, which, in English, we call small talk.

The most usual way of striking up a conversation is talking about the weather:

It’s hot today, isn’t it? Está calor hoje, não?

Mr. Ronald is the next speaker. His talk should be great! O sr. Ronald é o próximo palestrante. Sua palestra deve ser ótima!

If the other person engages in the conversation, you can talk about your personal tastes using the verb to like. For example:

I like to meet people, so I always come to big events. Eu gosto de conhecer pessoas, então sempre venho a grandes eventos.

Observe that the verb to like is followed by another verb in the infinitive. Also, note that so introduces a consequence or conclusion.



You can also talk about your professional background, as in:

Observe that but connects two opposite ideas in the previous example.

Or you can share something about your personal life, such as:

I’m from San Francisco and I have a house there.Eu sou de São Francisco e tenho uma casa lá.

So now you know how to approach someone, introduce yourself, and start small talk.

I studied law, but I am a bank manager. Eu estudei Direito, mas sou gerente de banco.

Note that we use the verb to be to express origin or nationality. Besides, notice that and is adding information to the f irst sentence.

These are just a few ideas on how to start small talk. But only that does not guarantee successful networking. Check it out:

Building long-lasting relationships demands commitment. Construir relações duradouras exige compromisso.

The expression long-lasting relationships can be used in the contexts of business and personal life as well.

In order to keep a long-term network, the recipe is simple:

Build partnerships. Forme parcerias.

Remember to keep in touch.Lembre-se de manter o contato.



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( 1 ) formar parcerias

( 2 ) formar uma rede de contatos

( 3 ) manter o contato

( 4 ) boa noite / adeus

( 5 ) boa noite

( 6 ) bom dia

( 7 ) boa tarde

( 8 ) alcançar alguma coisa

( 9 ) se aproximar das pessoas

( 10 ) dar um passo adiante

( 11 ) com licença

( 12 ) rede de contatos

( ) to keep in touch

( ) network

( ) excuse me

( ) good evening

( ) good afternoon

( ) to take a step further

( ) to approach people

( ) to build partnerships

( ) good morning

( ) to achieve something

( ) networking

( ) good night / good-bye

a. I like to meet people, I always come to big events. Eu gosto de conhecer pessoas, então sempre venho a grandes eventos.

b. We can perceive people as a means of . Podemos entender as pessoas como um meio para alcançar alguma coisa.

c. We can take a step further and build . Podemos dar um passo adiante e estabelecer conexões mais próximas.

d. I studied law I am a bank manager. Eu estudei Direito, mas sou gerente de banco.

e. I’m from San Francisco I have a house there. Eu sou de São Francisco e tenho uma casa lá.

f. Building demands commitment. Construir relações duradouras exige compromisso.


Part 3.

Activities


In this chapter, you will dive a little more deeply into some grammar topics. You have already learned that we should follow some steps to build a network. Here are some of them:

MODAL VERB SHOULD

RecommendationRecomendação

You should approach people considering what you have to offer them. Você deve se aproximar das pessoas considerando o que tem a oferecer a elas.

You should build long-lasting partnerships.Você deve estabelecer parcerias duradouras.

You should keep in touch with your network.Você deve manter o contato com as pessoas da sua rede.

In the previous sentences, the modal verb should expresses a recommendation. Observe that the main verb remains in the base form in all of them.

The general structure for sentences in the aff irmative form is:

Subject + should + main verb in its base form + complementSujeito + should + verbo principal na forma base + complemento

SHOULDBasic Structure – Affirmative Form

But should can also be used with a different meaning. Take a look:


Part 4.


MODAL VERB SHOULD

DeductionDedução

This should be enough to start your network. Isso deve ser o suficiente para começar sua rede de contatos.

Basically, we can use should to make deductions regarding what is supposed to happen. In a certain way, we are able to do so based on the results of previous experiences. Let’s see another example.

MODAL VERB SHOULD

DeductionDedução

Mr. Ronald is the next speaker. His talk should be great! O sr. Ronald é o próximo palestrante. Sua palestra deve ser ótima!

The previous example implies that Mr. Ronald is a well-known speaker, and probably a good one. Therefore, it is possible to deduct that his talk will be great.

We do not commonly use should in the interrogative form to make deductions. But we can use it in the negative form. For example:

MODAL VERB SHOULD

DeductionDedução

It shouldn’t be difficult to keep in touch with your network. Não deve ser dif ícil manter o contato com as pessoas da sua rede.

As you can see, to form the negative, we add not after the modal verb should.

To be able to know whether should is being used as a deduction or a recommendation, it is crucial to pay attention to the context.



We can also use the imperative to make recommendations. This verb form is also used to give orders or instructions and to ask for favors. Take a look at these sentences:

Remember to keep in touch.Lembre-se de manter o contato.

Introduce your acquaintances to each other.Apresente seus conhecidos uns aos outros.

IMPERATIVEAffirmative Form

Observe that the main verb in the imperative is just like its base form.

The reason why the imperative form starts directly with the verb is that the subject is always omitted. That happens because it is always you, that is, the subject is always the person(s) to whom we are talking.

In addition, you should know that there is not an interrogative form for the imperative. But there is a negative form, and it is pretty simple. Take a look:

Don’t approach people for what they can offer you.Não aborde as pessoas pelo que elas podem oferecer a você.

Don’t be impatient while building your network. Não seja impaciente ao criar sua rede de contatos.

IMPERATIVENegative Form

As you can see, the negative imperative is formed by the auxiliary verb don’t + main verb in the base form + complement.

In the f irst part of this chapter, you learned how to start a conversation and how to introduce people. When we introduce people, we use the demonstratives.

Let’s see what they are and how they work.



ClosePerto

DistantLonge

Singular

This Este(a)/Esse(a)/Isto/Isso

That Aquele/Aquela/Aquilo

Plural

TheseEstes(as)/Esses(as)

ThoseAqueles/Aquelas

DEMONSTRATIVES

This is Mark. Este é o Mark.

Note that there is no gender distinction for the demonstratives in English. What matters is the number of things or people to which you are referring, as well as the distance between you and the object or person you are talking about.

When we introduce someone, the person is usually by our side. So we say:

These are Peter and Melanie. Estes são o Peter e a Melanie.

Note that the subject of the f irst sentence is Mark, singular. So, we use this. In the second sentence, we have Peter and Melanie, which is plural. That’s why we use these. Observe the and between Peter and Melanie. And is a kind of connector.

Connectors are words that link sentences in a logical way. Each connector conveys a specif ic idea as they link the sentences.

Let’s start with some connectors that are used to add information:

I’m from California and I have a house there.Eu sou da Califórnia e tenho uma casa lá.

Networking is important for your profession. In addition to that, it is important for your personal life.

Networking é importante para a sua profissão. Além disso, é importante para a sua vida pessoal.

CONNECTORSAdding information

Here we have the connector and in the first example. In the second one, we have in addition to. It expresses the same idea of addition, but we need to punctuate using a period or semicolon in the first sentence, starting the following with the connector in addition to.



There are other connectors that link opposite or contrasting ideas. For instance:

I studied law, but I am a bank manager. Eu estudei Direito, mas sou gerente de banco.

I studied law. However, I am a bank manager. Eu estudei Direito. Entretanto, sou gerente de banco.

CONNECTORSContrasting ideas

But and however convey the same idea. It is important to notice that however is placed at the beginning of the second sentence, followed by a comma.

Now let’s see connectors that introduce a conclusion:

I like to meet new people, so I always come to big events. Eu gosto de conhecer pessoas novas, então sempre venho a grandes eventos.

You nurture long-lasting relationships. Therefore, you have a good network. Você nutre relacionamentos duradouros. Portanto, você tem uma boa rede de contatos.

CONNECTORSIntroducing conclusion

As seen in the other examples, you need to be attentive to punctuation. The second sentence begins with therefore. Notice that, to use therefore, we have to punctuate using a period or semicolon in the f irst clause and start a new one. It has the same meaning as so.

In this chapter, you learned how to use the modal verb should to make recommendations and deductions. You also saw the imperative form and the

demonstratives. Finally, you have seen how to use connectors to join sentences and ideas. If you want to learn more about these topics, you can refer to the

Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Connectors Page 162Demonstratives Page 168Imperative Page 173Modal Verb Should Page 194



Part 5.

ActivitiesA. Change the sentences into the negative or affirmative forms.

a. You shouldn’t approach people considering what you have to offer.

(Aff irmative)

b. You should build long-lasting partnerships.

(Negative)

c. It shouldn’t be difficult to keep in touch with your network.

(Aff irmative)

d. His talk shouldn’t be great!

(Aff irmative)

e. You should keep in touch with your network.

(Negative)

f. This shouldn’t be enough to start your network.

(Aff irmative)

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct connector. Pay attention to the correct punctuation.

a. I’m from California I have a house there.

Eu sou da Califórnia e tenho uma casa lá.

b. I like to meet new people, I always come to big events.

Eu gosto de conhecer pessoas novas, então sempre venho a grandes eventos.



a. andb. soc. butd. Howevere. In addition to that f. Therefore

a. You should approach people considering what you have to offer. b. You should not / shouldn’t build long-lasting partnerships.c. It should be difficult to keep in touch with your network.d. His talk should be great!e. You should not / shouldn’t keep in touch with your network.f. This should be enough to start your network.


c. I studied Law, I am a bank manager.

Eu estudei Direito, mas sou gerente de banco.

d. I studied Law. , I am a bank manager.

Eu estudei Direito. Entretanto, sou gerente de banco.

e. Networking is important for your profession. , it is important for your personal life.

Networking é importante para a sua profissão. Além disso, é importante para a sua vida pessoal.

f. You nurture long-lasting relationships. , you have a good network.

Você nutre relacionamentos duradouros. Portanto, você tem uma boa rede de contatos.


Stress ManagementStress Management

8


We live in a hectic world. Technology and the internet have shortened distances and sped up time. We are overwhelmed by so much information that sometimes it feels like we can’t keep up with it.

You’ve probably heard people complaining that they feel stressed out. But what is stress, after all?

Stress is the body’s natural, biological reaction to any change that requires adjustment or response. It’s an important mechanism that prepares the body to either f ight or escape.

Actually, stress is just a physiological reaction, such as fear, tiredness, or even excitement. They all cause your body to react. You may feel your heart pounding, shortness of breath, or dizziness. It’s just the same as when you blush, feel embarrassed, or when your hands shake because you’re feeling nervous. You just can’t control any of those.

Stress puts our body on a state of alert in the face of either positive or negative new situations. It helps you meet a deadline, work a problem out, or avoid accidents, for example. It may also emerge from good, expected challenging situations, such as your wedding day or getting that job you wanted so much.

So, in short, feeling stressed under certain situations is absolutely normal. It’s just like many other emotions we experience.

The problem is when this state of alert won’t go away, you feel worn out all the time. That’s not normal at all, and it can really undermine your mental and physical health. In fact, that’s a sign that something is wrong, and that stress has become chronic.

STRESS MANAGEMENT

In this chapter, you will learn how to deal with typical symptoms of chronic stress. You will also see some important vocabulary and grammar topics to make it happen.

Now look at the script of Stress Management.


Part 1.


But how can we cope with chronic stress?

First of all, you have got to take care of your health. Maybe keep your regular checkups in check, change your diet, and start exercising.

If you feel your time is too short for those, make time. Write down a list of all the tasks you need to carry out, be them at work, at home, or socially...Prioritize, categorize what is urgent, important, and doable. Leave the last for the least important, not urgent ones.

Define the amount of time you’ll need for each of them. Try to balance your tasks in a way you still have some moments to rest and have fun.

Once you have organized your tasks according to their level of priority and deadlines, visualize if you can do them by yourself or if you could use some help. No one needs to go through diff icult situations alone. Maybe sharing tasks with a workmate or delegating others to a family member will help you relieve pressure. That’s why teamwork and partnership are essential.

It also depends on how you look at things. Challenges are part of life, be them at work, at home, or among your friends. Resilience helps manage stressful situations without undermining all the other vital aspects of life, such as taking care of your health and dedicating some moments to having fun. Isn’t that the essence of entrepreneurship?

So, as you can see, it all comes to this—Developing business skills can help you not only get ahead in your career but also deal with challenging situations that are simply part of life.

Well, guys, this is where we part ways…It’s been a wonderful journey, and I hope you have enjoyed it too!

ADMINISTRANDO O STRESS

Vivemos em um mundo agitado. A tecnologia e a internet encurtaram distâncias e aceleraram o tempo. Somos sobrecarregados com tantas informações que, às vezes, parece que não conseguimos acompanhá-las.

Você provavelmente já ouviu pessoas reclamando que se sentem estressadas. Mas o que é estresse, af inal?



O estresse é uma reação biológica natural do corpo a qualquer mudança que exija ajuste ou reação. É um mecanismo importante que prepara o corpo para combater ou escapar.

Na verdade, o estresse é só uma reação f isiológica, assim como o medo, o cansaço ou mesmo a agitação. Todos eles podem causar reações no seu corpo. Você pode sentir o coração acelerado, falta de ar ou tontura. A mesma coisa acontece quando você f ica corado, envergonhado ou quando suas mãos tremem porque você está nervoso. Você simplesmente não consegue controlar nada disso.

O estresse coloca nosso corpo em estado de alerta diante de novas situações, sejam elas positivas ou negativas. Ele te ajuda a cumprir um prazo, resolver um problema ou evitar acidentes, por exemplo. Ele também pode surgir em situações desafiadoras, boas e esperadas, como o dia do seu casamento ou ao conseguir o emprego que você tanto queria.

Então, em suma, sentir-se estressado sob certas situações é completamente normal. É como qualquer outra emoção que vivenciamos.

O problema é quando esse estado de alerta não passa e você se sente esgotado o tempo todo. Isso não é nem um pouco normal, e realmente pode prejudicar sua saúde mental e f ísica. Na verdade, esse é um sinal de que algo está errado e de que o estresse se tornou crônico.

Mas como podemos lidar com estresse crônico?

Primeiro de tudo, você tem que cuidar da sua saúde. Talvez manter seus checkups regulares em dia, mudar sua alimentação e começar a se exercitar.

Se você acha que tem pouco tempo para essas coisas, arranje tempo. Faça uma lista de todas as tarefas que você precisa realizar, seja no trabalho, em casa ou socialmente... Priorize, categorize o que é urgente, importante e possível de ser feito. Deixe por último as tarefas menos importantes, que não são urgentes.

Defina quanto tempo você vai precisar para cada uma delas. Tente distribuir suas tarefas de modo que você ainda tenha alguns momentos para descansar e se divertir.

Assim que você tiver organizado suas tarefas de acordo com suas prioridades e prazos, veja se pode fazê-las sozinho ou se vai precisar



de ajuda. Ninguém precisa passar por situações dif íceis sozinho. Talvez, compartilhar tarefas com um colega de trabalho ou delegar outras a um membro da família te ajude a aliviar a pressão. É por isso que trabalho em equipe e parcerias são essenciais.

Também depende de como você enxerga as coisas. Desafios são parte da vida, seja no trabalho, em casa ou entre amigos. A resiliência ajuda a gerenciar situações estressantes sem prejudicar os demais aspectos essenciais da vida, como cuidar da saúde e dedicar alguns momentos à diversão. Não é essa a essência do empreendedorismo?

Então, como você pode ver, tudo se resume a isto: desenvolver habilidades de negócios pode te ajudar não apenas a avançar na sua carreira, como também a lidar com situações desafiadoras que simplesmente são parte da vida.

Bem, pessoal, nos despedimos aqui... Foi uma jornada incrível, e espero que vocês tenham curtido também!



Responding to the high standards of the corporate world may cause some stress. And that is when having stress management skills becomes essential.

But what is stress?

Stress is a physiological reaction, such as fear, tiredness, or even excitement. O estresse é uma reação f isiológica, como o medo, o cansaço ou mesmo a agitação.

So stress is a natural answer the body gives to new or defying situations. All of us have felt physical changes when facing a demanding task at one point or another in life. Demanding situations may be positive, such as:

your wedding dayo dia do seu casamento

a job interviewuma entrevista de emprego

an important presentationuma apresentação importante

Observe that the noun wedding refers to the ceremony and reception, whereas the noun marriage refers to the union established when people get married.

These situations may cause anxiety, but, in a way, they are positive. Our adrenaline level rises, and we are put in a state of alert. But there are other challenging situations that can be stressful too. For instance:

tight deadlines prazos apertados

pressure at work pressão no trabalho

problems at home problemas em casa

unpredictable situations imprevistos


Part 2.


Notice that at work and at home indicate location in the sense of environment: home environment and work environment. So home here does not refer to the physical construction itself, which is called a house.

Most of these situations are part of life. It is impossible to avoid the stress they cause. But we can deal with it the best way possible. Some signs of stress are:

You often feel sick. Você se sente mal com frequência.

Notice that we commonly use the verbs to feel, to get, and to have to describe symptoms.

When someone has all these symptoms together and they do not go away, they may be suffering from chronic stress.

Chronic stress is unhealthy. Estresse crônico não é saudável.

You get easily irritated. Você f ica irritado com facilidade.

You have insomnia. Você tem insônia.

You feel worn out all the time. Você se sente esgotado o tempo todo.

In English, we use the adjective unhealthy to talk about something that is not healthy. Notice the use of the prefix UN- to form this word.

What should you do to avoid suffering from chronic stress?

You have got to take care of yourself. Você tem que cuidar de si mesmo. / Você tem que se cuidar.



In the previous example, notice that the main verb is to take care of (someone), which is an idiom that means to look after (someone). Observe that the person you need to take care of, in this case, is yourself.

Now, notice this structure: have got. It is a way of talking about an obligation or a necessity. It is similar to you have to or you need to. We can also say you must take care of yourself. They convey the same idea.

Here is some advice you can follow:

You could work out regularly.Você poderia se exercitar regularmente.

Notice that to work out is a phrasal verb formed by the verb work and the preposition out. In this context, it means to exercise.

It is also important to remember that:

You don’t have to do everything by yourself. Você não precisa fazer tudo sozinho.

You could eat healthy. Você poderia comer de maneira saudável.

You could try yoga. Você poderia experimentar yoga.

So:

Ask for help. Peça ajuda.

Ask people for help. Peça ajuda às pessoas.



Write down a list of tasks you must do.Escreva uma lista das tarefas que precisa fazer.

When it comes to managing your tasks better, you can do the following:

You should leave for last the least important, not urgent tasks. Você deve deixar por último as tarefas menos importantes, que não são urgentes.

Now you know how to talk about stress and manage stressful situations.



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( 1 ) f icar irritado

( 2 ) dia do casamento

( 3 ) experimentar

( 4 ) entrevista de emprego

( 5 ) cuidar de (alguém)

( 6 ) tarefas

( 7 ) escrever / anotar no papel

( 8 ) prazos apertados

( 9 ) fazer exercícios f ísicos / exercitar-se

( 10 ) sentir-se mal

( 11 ) sentir-se esgotado

( 12 ) comer de maneira saudável

( ) job interview

( ) tight deadlines

( ) to feel sick

( ) tasks

( ) to try

( ) to feel worn out

( ) to write down

( ) to get irritated

( ) to take care of (someone)

( ) to eat healthy

( ) to work out

( ) wedding day

a. You must take care of . Você tem que cuidar de si mesmo.

b. You don’t have to do everything . Você não precisa fazer tudo sozinho.

c. a list of tasks you must do. Escreva uma lista das tarefas que precisa fazer.

d. You could regularly. Você poderia se exercitar regularmente.

e. You could . Você poderia comer de maneira saudável.

f. You feel all the time. Você se sente esgotado o tempo todo.


Part 3.

Activities


In the vocabulary part of this chapter, you saw how to say some structures used to convey necessity or obligation. Take a look:

You have got to take care of yourself. You have to take care of yourself. Você tem que cuidar de si mesmo.

HAVE GOT AND HAVENecessity / Obligation

The structure have got followed by a verb in the infinitive means we must do something. Depending on the context, it is a necessity or an obligation. The difference between have got and have is that have got is more informal than have.

Anna has got to take care of herself. Anna has to take care of herself.

A Anna tem que cuidar de si mesma.

HAVE GOT AND HAVENecessity / Obligation

But changing the subject of the sentence impacts not only the verb, but also the reflexive pronoun, that is, the object of the verb. Let’s compare these examples again:

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

You have got to take care of yourself. Você tem que cuidar de si mesmo.

Anna has got to take care of herself. A Anna tem que cuidar de si mesma.


Part 4.


Observe that, in the f irst sentence, the reflexive pronoun is yourself, because it refers back to the subject: you. In the second sentence, however, the reflexive pronoun is herself, because it refers back to the subject Anna.

The reflexive pronoun is used when the subject and the object are the same. Each subject pronoun has its corresponding reflexive pronoun. Let’s take a look at them:

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

singular

Subject Reflexive Pronoun

Imyself

eu mesmo(a)

youyourself

você mesmo(a)

hehimself

ele mesmo

sheherself

ela mesma

ititself

ele mesmo/ela mesma

plural

weourselves

nós mesmos(as)

youyourselves

vocês mesmos(as)

theythemselves

eles mesmos/elas mesmas

To choose between using yourself or yourselves, observe the context. Suppose you are going to get married, and someone gives some advice to you and your signif icant other. That person may say:

Since the subject refers to two people, the corresponding reflexive pronoun is yourselves.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

You have got to prepare yourselves for challenging situations. Vocês têm que preparar a si mesmos para situações desafiadoras.

Vocês têm que se preparar para situações desafiadoras.



There is another frequent use of reflexive pronouns: when we use the preposition by before the pronoun. This way, we are saying that a certain action is performed without help from anyone. Let’s see an example:

You don’t have to do everything by yourself. Você não precisa fazer tudo sozinho.

Pete and Jake can’t go to the gym. They have to work out by themselves. Pete e Jake não podem ir à academia. Eles têm que se exercitar sozinhos.

BY + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

Notice that the subject still defines the corresponding reflexive pronoun, even though it is preceded by the preposition by.

Now, as you learned before, modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that imprint meaning to the main verb, depending on the speaker’s perspective. The structure of the modal verbs is always the same. Take a look:

subject + modal verb + main verb in the base form + complementsujeito + verbo modal + verbo principal na forma base + complemento

MODAL VERBSBasic structure

Notice that the main verb is always in its base form. That is, in the infinitive without to.

You already know the modal verb can. It expresses a possibility or an ability, depending on the context. For example:

PossibilityYou can try yoga to help cope with stress.

Você pode experimentar yoga para tentar lidar com o estresse.

AbilityRachel can manage stressful situations just fine.

Rachel consegue administrar situações estressantes muito bem.

MODAL VERB CAN



Besides can, the modal verb could is also used to express possibility. Let’s see a few examples:

Possibility

You could eat healthy. Você poderia comer de maneira saudável.

You could try yoga. Você poderia experimentar yoga.

MODAL VERB COULD

Could also expresses ability. However, it refers to an ability in the past. And in the case of can, it is an ability in the present. Let’s see some examples:

Ability in the past

Janice could make a great speech. Janice conseguiu fazer um ótimo discurso.

Claire and I could improve the project during the meeting.Claire e eu conseguimos melhorar o projeto durante a reunião.

MODAL VERB COULD

What the modal verb expresses depends on the context. There is also the person’s intention when choosing which one to use. But you can learn the general ideas that each of them expresses.

There is another general idea that the modal verb could conveys. It may be used to make polite requests. To do that, we use the interrogative form.

Let’s see how:



Interrogative formmodal verb could + subject + main verb + complement

verbo modal could + sujeito + verbo principal + complemento

Could you help me with my task? Você poderia me ajudar com minha tarefa?

MODAL VERB COULDPolite Requests

Another modal verb you saw in some examples in the vocabulary part of this chapter was must. It expresses a necessity or obligation.

In the beginning of the grammar part of this chapter, you saw have got and have followed by a verb in the infinitive. They both express the ideas of necessity and obligation. Now, the modal verb must may be a third option to convey the same idea. Observe:

You must take care of yourself. Você precisa cuidar de si mesmo.

Your blood pressure is high. You must pay attention to the signs of stress.Sua pressão arterial está alta. Você precisa prestar atenção aos sinais de estresse.

MODAL VERB MUSTNecessity & Obligation

Notice that the modal verb must is followed by the main verb in the base form, in accordance with the basic structure of modal verbs.

In this chapter, you learned how to use modal verbs to talk about abilities in the present and past, necessity, obligation and how to make polite requests.

You have also learned how to place a reflexive pronoun in a sentence and what it is used for. If you want to learn more about these topics, you can refer to the

Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.

GRAMMAR GUIDE

Modal Verb Can Page 186Modal Verb Could Page 189Modal Verb Must Page 192Reflexive Pronouns Page 241



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Part 5.

Activities

Subject Pronoun

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

Reflexive Pronouns

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

A. Complete the chart with the correct reflexive pronoun.

B. Fill in the blanks with the missing modal verbs and main verbs, according to the translation.

a. Janice a great speech. Janice conseguiu fazer um ótimo discurso.

b. Claire and I the project during the meeting. Claire e eu conseguimos melhorar o projeto durante a reunião.

c. You yoga to help cope with stress. Você pode experimentar yoga para tentar lidar com estresse.

d. You healthy. Você poderia comer de maneira saudável.

e. You yoga. Você poderia experimentar yoga.

f. You yourself. Você precisa cuidar de si mesmo.


Grammar Guide.

Adjectives are used to describe things. We can use adjectives to describe objects, people, places, the weather, and food, for example.

Adjectives don’t have singular or plural forms or feminine and masculine, and they always refer to nouns or pronouns.

Adjectives are used mainly in two positions. In the first one, a noun or a pronoun is the subject of the sentence, followed by the verb and the adjective.

Mary is smart.Mary é esperta.

(subject: Mary + verb: is + adjective: smart)

John is smart.John é esperto.

(subject: John + verb: is + adjective: smart)

Mary and John are smart.Mary e John são espertos.

(subject: Mary and John + verb: are + adjective: smart)

ADJECTIVESSubject + Verb + Adjective

Mary has a great job.Mary tem um ótimo emprego.

(determiner: a + adjective: great + noun: job)

John has a great job.John tem um ótimo emprego.

(determiner: a + adjective: great + noun: job)

Mary and John have great jobs.Mary e John têm ótimos empregos.

(no determiner + adjective: great + noun: job)

ADJECTIVES(Determiner) + Adjective + Noun

The other position for adjectives is right before the noun to which they refer. In this case, we’ll have a determiner (if necessary), the adjective and the noun.

Take a look:


Adjectives

Article: the/a/anArtigo: o(a) / um(a)

Demonstratives: this; these / that; thosePronomes demonstrativos: este(a), esse(a); estes(as) esses(as) / aquele(a); aqueles(as)

Possessive adjectives: my / your / his / her / its / our / theirPronomes possessivos: meu(s); minha(s) / teu(s); tua(s); seu(s); sua(s) /

seu; sua; dele; dela / nosso(s); nossa(s) / seus; suas; deles; delas

DETERMINERS

In this second structure, it’s possible to use a determiner or not. But what is a determiner?

A determiner can be an article, such as the, a, or an; a demonstrative, such as this, that, these, or those; or a possessive adjective, such as my, your, his, her, its, our, or their.

Chris is the best student in the class.Chris é o melhor aluno da sala.

(determiner: the + adjective: best + noun: student)

Look at those cute dogs!Olha aqueles cachorros fofos!

(determiner: those + adjective: cute + noun: dogs)

Chocolate is my favorite dessert.Chocolate é minha sobremesa favorita.

(determiner: my + adjective: favorite + noun: dessert)

ADJECTIVES(Determiner) + Adjective + Noun

Let’s see some examples with determiners before the adjective and the noun.


Carnival is a beautiful big old festival.O Carnaval é uma grande e bonita festa antiga.

(determiner: a + adjectives: beautiful, big, and old + noun: festival)

ADJECTIVES

It’s possible to use two or more adjectives in a sentence. Look at the example:

When you use more than one adjective in a sentence, there is an order to be followed. Check it out:

It’s not common to use many adjectives for the same noun, but it’s possible.

1st – OpinionExample: Amazing, beautiful, nice.

Exemplo: Incrível, bonito(a), legal.

5th – AgeExample: Old and young.

Exemplo: Velho(a) e novo(a).

3rd – Physical characteristicsExample: Thin, tall, short.

Exemplo: Magro(a), alto(a), baixo(a).

3rd – Physical characteristicsExample: Japanese, Italian, American.

Exemplo: Japonês(esa), Italiano(a), Americano(a).

9th – Type Example: General, specific.

Exemplo: Geral, específ ico(a).

2nd – SizeExample: Big, small, tall, short.

Exemplo: Grande, pequeno(a), alto(a), baixo(a).

6th – ColorExample: Blue, red, yellow.

Exemplo: Azul, vermelho(a), amarelo(a).

4th – ShapeExample: Round, square, rectangular.

Exemplo: Redondo(a), quadrado(a), retangular.

8th – MaterialExample: Wooden, plastic, glass.

Exemplo: De madeira, de plástico, de vidro.

10th – PurposeExample: Cooking, cleaning, teaching.Exemplo: Para cozinhar, limpar, ensinar.

ADJECTIVE ORDER

This is how adjectives are used in English.


This car is faster than that one.Esse carro é mais rápido do que aquele.

(The adjective faster refers to the noun car.)

Can you drive faster?Você pode dirigir mais rápido?

(The adverb faster refers to the verb drive.)

Adjective/Adverb + -ER + Than (if necessary)

Julie looks younger now.A Julie parece mais nova agora.

Julie is younger than her brother.A Julie é mais nova do que seu irmão.

In English, one of the ways we can compare things is using the comparative form of adjectives and adverbs. We can use them to compare two things, ideas, or people, and to determine if one has more or less of a particular quality than the other.

Adjectives qualify nouns. Adverbs qualify verbs. But they can have the same form. That is what happens with fast, for example. It can be either an adjective or an adverb—but regardless of its function, there will be a comparative form.

There are basically two structures to use the comparative form of adjectives and adverbs. One is when we have a short adverb or adjective. In these cases, we’ll add -ER at the end of the adjective or adverb.

When we mention the two elements, we also use than right after the comparative form.

ORDINAL NUMBERSOrder of things or events

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSShort Adjective or Adverb


Comparatives

The other structure is for long adverbs or adjectives. In that case, we’ll use more before it. The rule for using the word than is the same. If we mention the element of comparison, we’ll use it.

Short adjectives are the ones that have one syllable, and they have some spelling rules that must be observed. In most cases, we simply add -ER.

More + Long Adjective/Adverb + Than (if necessary)

The airfares are more expensive today.As tarifas aéreas estão mais caras hoje.

The airfares are more expensive than last week.As tarifas aéreas estão mais caras do que na semana passada.

Adjective/Adverb Comparative Adjective/Adverb

young younger jovem mais jovem

strong stronger forte mais forte

high higher alto mais alto

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSLong Adjective or Adverb

COMPARATIVES – ONE-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBSMost cases: Add -ER


Ending in E: Add -RTerminação em E: Adicionar -R


nice nicer legal mais legal

wise wiser sábio mais sábio

Ending in Y: Replace Y for -IERTerminação em Y: Trocar o Y por -IER


dry drier seco mais seco

shy shier tímido mais tímido

However, for the short adjectives or adverbs ending in E, we just need to add -R.

Regarding the short adjectives and adverbs ending in Y, we will drop the Y and add -IER.

COMPARATIVESOne-syllable Adjectives and Adverbs – Special Cases



Ending in Y: Replace Y for -IERTerminação em Y: Trocar Y por -IER

easy easier fácil mais fácil

busy busier ocupado mais ocupado

happy happier feliz mais feliz

The comparative of most two-syllable adjectives and adverbs will be formed by using the word more before them.

But there are some exceptions. If the two-syllable adjectives or adverbs end in Y, we drop the Y and add –IER, and when they finish in E or OW, we’ll add -ER.

COMPARATIVESTwo-syllable Adjectives and Adverbs – Special Cases

Ending in E or OW: Add -ERTerminação em E ou OW: Adicionar -ER

polite politer educado mais educado

simple simpler simples mais simples

narrow narrower estreito mais estreito

shallow shallower raso mais raso

Ending in CVC: Double the last consonant and add -ERTerminação em CVC: Dobrar a última consoante e adicionar -ER


hot hotter quente mais quente

big bigger grande maior

Some short adjectives and adverbs are known as CVC because they are composed of or end in consonant, vowel, consonant. It’s the case of hot and big. For these, we double the last consonant and add -ER.



For long adjectives and adverbs, which is the general case of those with two or three or more syllables, we’ll just use the word more before them.

Adjective ColorfulThis painting is more colorful than that one.

Esse quadro é mais colorido do que aquele.

Adverb CarefullyYou drive more carefully than Mark.

Você dirige mais cuidadosamente do que o Mark

COMPARATIVESLong Adjectives and Adverbs

There are also some irregular comparative forms that do not f it the rules.

Ending in CVC: Double the last consonant and add -ERTerminação em CVC: Dobrar a última consoante e adicionar -ER

Adjective/Adverb Comparative Adjective/Adverb Good/Well Better Bad/Badly Worse Far Farther/Further Little Less

COMPARATIVESIrregular Adjectives and Adverbs

And now you know how to make comparisons in English using adjectives and adverbs.

Now, when we want to say that two elements are equal, the structure is as + adjective/adverb + as. In such case, we’ll always use the adjective or adverb in their base form. Structure: as + adjective/adverb + as

This restaurant is as good as the one we went to yesterday.Este restaurante é tão bom quanto o que fomos ontem.

Mary dances as gracefully as Jane.Mary dança tão graciosamente quanto Jane.

COMPARATIVESEquality


I need to study and write a paper for tomorrow.Eu preciso estudar e escrever um artigo para amanhã.

The new quarterback played badly. In addition to that, he was rude during the press conference.O novo quarterback jogou mal. Além disso, ele foi grosseiro na coletiva de imprensa.

The price is reasonable. Moreover, the location is perfect.The price is reasonable. Besides that, the location is perfect.

O preço é justo. Além disso, a localização é perfeita.

Connectors are words used to join other words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs. They can be used to convey ideas of addition, contrast, conclusion, logical consequence, or cause, among others. Connectors help the f low of the speech both in written and spoken language.

In spoken language, it is natural to use fewer connectors, since the sentences tend to be shorter. But in written language, it is advisable to connect paragraphs and ideas in different ways.

It is important to be able to recognize the connectors when you see them in a text to understand the ideas they convey.

Let’s see a few of them grouped according to their main ideas.

CONNECTORSAddition


Connectors

Connectors are also used to contrast ideas and information.

Some connectors sound more formal than others. Nonetheless, they convey the same idea.

These are common connectors used to refer to logical consequences or conclusions.

CONNECTORSContrast

CONNECTORSContrast

CONNECTORSConclusion

The player had an injury during the game, but he played amazingly.O jogador sofreu uma lesão durante o jogo, mas jogou de maneira surpreendente.

The player had an injury during the game; however, he played amazingly.O jogador sofreu uma lesão durante o jogo; no entanto, jogou de maneira surpreendente.

Although she studied hard, she didn’t pass the exam.Though she studied hard, she didn’t pass the exam.

Embora ela tenha estudado muito, ela não passou na prova.

Our vacations were great in spite of the bad weather.Our vacations were great despite the bad weather.

Nossas férias foram ótimas, apesar do mau tempo.

The product was damaged, so she asked for a refund.O produto estava danif icado, então ela pediu um reembolso.

Some clients reported bugs. Therefore, we’ll have to release a new version to fix them.Alguns clientes relataram erros. Portanto, teremos que lançar uma nova versão para corrigi-los.


It’s common to use connectors to explain reasons or a cause.

CONNECTORSReason

Now you know what connectors are and how to use them. Remember that, in most cases, using one or the other is just a matter of choice.

However, one connector may be more appropriate than the other, and that depends on whether you are speaking or writing, or on how formal or informal the context is.

I read this book because my friend recommended it.Eu li esse livro porque um amigo o recomendou.

As I had to arrive earlier at work, I didn’t go to the gym.Como eu tinha que chegar mais cedo ao trabalho, eu não fui à academia.

The traffic is jammed due to the holiday.O trânsito está engarrafado devido ao feriado.

They decided not to go to the beach, since it was raining.Eles decidiram não ir à praia, já que estava chovendo.


The definite article is a determiner. Determiners are groups of words that will always precede a noun, since they are used to “mark” nouns.

In English, there is only one definite article: the.

Unlike other languages, the definite article in English does not change according to gender. This means that it will remain the same before a feminine, masculine, or neutral noun.

Take a look:

The same goes for number. The definite article in English does not change in number either. So, there’s no article variation, whether it is referring to a singular or a plural noun.

Theo(a); os(as)

Masculine noun Feminine noun Neutral nounthe boy the girl the kido menino a menina a criança

Masculine noun Feminine noun Neutral nounthe boys the girls the kidsos meninos as meninas as crianças

DEFINITE ARTICLE

DEFINITE ARTICLEGender

DEFINITE ARTICLENumber


Definite article

We use the definite article when we believe the listener or reader knows or is familiar with the noun to which we are referring.

The article is placed before the noun to which it refers. And although it is not always immediately before the noun, articles are always determining a noun.

Take a look:

This is the place I told you about.Este é o lugar do qual eu te falei.

Get the phone. It’s ringing.Pegue o telefone. Está tocando.

The moon is beautiful tonight.A lua está bonita hoje.

The car is outside.O carro está lá fora.

(article: the + noun: car)

The red car is outside.O carro vermelho está lá fora.

(article: the + adjective: red + noun: car)

DEFINITE ARTICLE

DEFINITE ARTICLE

In English, there are some situations in which we will not use articles before nouns. Articles are not used before generalizations, possessive adjectives, and most proper nouns.

Let’s see each of these cases:

The shopping bags are on the bed.As bolsas de compras estão na cama.

(Specif ic shopping bags and specif ic bed = article)

Your shopping bags are on my bed.Suas bolsas de compras estão na minha cama.

(Specifying the owner of the objects with possessive adjectives = no article)

DEFINITE ARTICLENo article before generalizations


In most cases, we do not use the definite article before proper nouns either.

Europe Russia California JuliaThe Europe The Russia The California The Julia

DEFINITE ARTICLEGeneral rule: no article before proper nouns

Proper nouns that include a common noun as part of their name, such as states, kingdom, and republic in the following examples.

The United States The United Kingdom The Czech Republic Os Estados Unidos O Reino Unido A República Tcheca

Names of seas, rivers, deserts, mountain groups, and island groups

The Atlantic The Sahara The Caribbean O Atlântico O Saara O Caribe

Geographical regions

The South The East The Midwest O sul O leste O Centro-Oeste

DEFINITE ARTICLEExceptions: definite article before proper nouns

But there will be some exceptions to this general rule. We’ll use the definite article before proper nouns in some situations, as we can see in the following table.

This is how we use the definite article in English.


Demonstratives can be used as determiners or as pronouns. The difference is in how they function. When they are placed before the noun to which they refer, they function as determiners; when they are used to replace a noun, they function as pronouns.

QuestionThat baby in the picture is so cute. Is he your son?

Aquele bebê da foto é tão fofo. Ele é seu f ilho?(Demonstrative, that, placed before the noun it refers to, baby determiner)

Shorter Answer: Option 1Yes, that is my son.

Sim, aquele é meu f ilho.(Demonstrative that replacing the noun baby pronoun)

Longer Answer: Option 2Yes, that baby is my son.

Sim, aquele bebê é meu f ilho.(Demonstrative, that, placed before the noun it refers to, baby determiner)

DEMONSTRATIVES

QuestionLet’s watch that movie you mentioned tonight.

Vamos assistir àquele f ilme que você mencionou hoje à noite.(Demonstrative, that, placed before the noun it refers to, movie determiner)

DEMONSTRATIVES

We can also use the demonstrative as a pronoun to replace longer structures.


Demonstratives

Demonstratives have singular and plural forms. We use this in the singular or these in the plural to talk about people or things that are near us.

Shorter Answer: Option 1That’s a great idea. (that pronoun)

Essa é uma ótima ideia.(Demonstrative that replacing the longer structure watch that movie pronoun)

Longer Answer: Option 2Watching that movie is a great idea. Assistir àquele f ilme é uma ótima ideia.

(Demonstrative, that, placed before the noun it refers to, movie determiner)

SingularThis book is amazing.

Este/Esse livro é incrível.

PluralShe needs to read all these books.

Ela tem que ler todos estes/esses livros.

DEMONSTRATIVESPosition—Near


If we want to talk about people or things that are not near us, we use that or those.

DEMONSTRATIVESPosition—Far

PluralI’ve been working really hard these past few months.Eu venho trabalhando muito duro nestes últimos meses.

We can also use demonstratives to refer to time. When we use this or these, we are referring to the present moment, something that is ongoing or about to start.

SingularThis week I’ll finish reading John’s book.

Esta semana eu vou terminar de ler o livro do John.

DEMONSTRATIVESTime—Present

SingularThat blouse over there is beautiful.

Aquela blusa lá é bonita.

PluralThose shoes back there are nice.

Aqueles sapatos lá atrás são legais.


The demonstratives have some special uses and meaning.

When referring to people, we can also use the subject pronoun it to identify a person or ourselves, but we’ll use the demonstrative this to introduce someone.

Identifying a person

Look! It’s Anne.Olha! É a Anne.

Saying who the person is

This is Anne.Essa é a Anne.

DEMONSTRATIVESIt or This?

PluralThose days were the best!

Aqueles dias foram os melhores!

That and those can also be used to refer to time. We use them to talk about something that has just f inished or that is more distant in the past.

SingularDo you remember that month we spent at the ranch with the kids?

Você se lembra daquele mês que passamos na chácara com as crianças?

DEMONSTRATIVESTime—Past


That’s it. Now you know the main uses and functions of demonstratives.

The demonstratives this and that can also be used to emphasize adjectives and adverbs, having the function of an intensifier.

DEMONSTRATIVESEmphasize an adjective or adverb

OMG! He proposed to you. I never thought he’d be that fast.Meu Deus! Ele te pediu em casamento. Eu nunca pensei que ele seria tão rápido.

(Demonstrative that emphasizing the adjective fast)

I didn’t expect the exam to be this hard. I’m surprised.Eu não esperava que a prova fosse tão dif ícil assim. Estou surpreso.

(Demonstrative this emphasizing the adjective hard)

I can’t believe you still have that job.Não acredito que você ainda está naquele trabalho.(Demonstrative that showing disapproval or dislike)

We can also use this or these to show approval or interest in something, and that or those to show disapproval or dislike.

Tell me about this new job of yours.Conte-me sobre esse seu novo trabalho.

(Demonstrative this showing interest or approval)

DEMONSTRATIVESApproval or Disapproval


The imperative form is used to tell people what to do and for this reason it does not have an interrogative form. The Imperative is only used in the affirmative and negative forms.

In English, the imperative performs many functions. It can be used to give orders or to demand something, to instruct, to give advice or recommendation, or to encourage someone.

Affirmative FormMain Verb in the Base Form + Complement

Go there.Vá lá.

Negative FormAuxiliary Verb Do + Not (Don’t) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

Don’t come here.Não venha aqui.

IMPERATIVE FORMStructure

IMPERATIVE FORMFunctions

1. Order; demand

Open your book. Don’t get in. Abra o seu livro. Não entre.

2. Instructions

Mix the ingredients and add salt. Don’t put too much salt. Misture os ingredientes e adicione sal. Não coloque muito sal.


Imperative

3. Advice, suggestions

Have a cup of tea and rest. Don’t forget to take your coat.Tome uma xícara de chá e descanse. Não se esqueça de levar seu casaco.

4. Requests; favors

Bring it to me, please. Don’t tell John, please. Traga isso para mim, por favor. Não conte para o John, por favor.

5. Encouragement

Try again! You can do it. Don’t give up. You can do it. Tente novamente! Você consegue. Não desista. Você consegue.

Imperative sentences are always addressed to the listener or listeners. So, the subject is always in the second person, which is “you,” in the singular or plural forms. For that reason, in most imperative sentences, the subject is omitted.

However, the subject can be included in imperative sentences to add emphasis to the action. In such cases, it will be placed before the main verb, in both aff irmative and negative sentences.

Affirmative FormSubject (second person) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

You sit down now.Sente-se agora.

Negative FormAuxiliary Verb Do + Not (Don’t) + Subject (second person) +

Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

Don’t you lie to me.Não minta para mim.

IMPERATIVE FORMUsing the Subject to Add Emphasis


In English, we can only use the imperative form to address the person or people to whom we are talking. But if we want to make suggestions or requests in the first person, we can use the verb let in the imperative.

We’ll use the verb let in the imperative form, the object pronoun for the first person, which is either “me” or “us,” a verb in the infinitive form (without to), and the complement.

Let (Imperative Form) + Object Pronoun in the First Person (me/us) + Verb in the Infinitive Form (without “to”)

Let me see.Deixe-me ver.

Let me help you.Deixe-me ajudá-lo.

Let’s meet tomorrow. (Let’s Let us)Vamos nos encontrar amanhã.

Let’s watch a movie tonight. (Let’s Let us)Vamos assistir a um filme hoje à noite.

INDEFINITE ARTICLEMaking Suggestions or Requests in the First Person

We can use the same structure to make suggestions or requests for a third person. To do that, we just have to use the object pronouns in the third person.

Let (Imperative Form) + Object Pronoun in the Third Person (him/her/it/them) + Verb in the Infinitive Form (without “to”)

Let it go.Deixe isso para lá.

Let him stay.Deixe-o f icar.

Let them talk.Deixe-os falar.

IMPERATIVE FORMMaking Suggestions or Requests for a Third Person

And this is how we use the imperative in English.


Articles are determiners. Determiners are a group of words that will always precede a noun, since they are used to “mark” nouns.

The indefinite article “a” or its variation “an” are used to refer to things in general. In opposite to the definite article, which is used to talk about specific things.

In English, the articles do not change according to gender. This means that no matter if the noun is feminine or masculine, there will be no variation.

Regarding number, it is important to notice that the English indefinite article is only used before singular nouns.

I gave Mark a book.Eu dei um livro ao Mark.

(Things in general = indefinite article “a” or “an”)

He loved the book I gave him.Ele adorou o livro que eu dei a ele.

(Specif ic things = definite article “the”)

Singular

a girluma menina

a boyum menino

Plural

girls (umas) meninas

boys (uns) meninos

ARTICLESIndefinite x Definite

INDEFINITE ARTICLE


Indefinite Article

Take a look at the following examples to see how it works in a sentence:

We should also pay special attention to the variation of the indefinite article in English.

The indefinite article in English will vary depending on the initial sound of the word that comes after it. If the following word begins with a consonant sound, we’ll use a, and if the following word begins with a vowel sound, then we’ll use an.

Notice that the variation occurs based on the initial sound and not on the spelling. Considering the vowels, sound and spelling will coincide in all words starting with the vowels A, E, and I. That means that these words are spelled with initial vowels and have an initial vowel sound. Therefore, they will be preceded by an.

Have a look:

The baby is a girl / a boy.O bebê é uma menina / um menino.

(Singular noun = we can use the indefinite article)

The babies are girls/boys.Os bebês são meninas/meninos.

(Plural noun = we cannot use the indefinite article)

INDEFINITE ARTICLE

Words spelled with initial vowels and pronounced as vowels.Palavras que começam com vogais que são pronunciadas como vogais.

A E I an army an elephant an island an avenue an event an institution an alien an employee an immigrant

INDEFINITE ARTICLEIndefinite Article + Words Starting with A, E, and I


Words starting with O and U require more attention because, although they are spelled with an initial vowel, they may have an initial consonant sound.

As for words spelled with an initial O, most will be pronounced as vowels. Among the most frequent words in English, we should pay special attention to the word “one,” which has an initial consonant sound.

As for words spelled with an initial U, we should pay more attention to the difference in pronunciation, since there are a considerable number of words spelled with initial U but pronounced as a consonant.

Take a look at the difference:

an objectum objeto

(pronounced as vowel)(pronunciada como vogal)

a one-way streetuma rua de mão única

(pronounced as a consonant – sounds like /w/ as in the verb want)(pronunciada como consoante – como o som inicial do verbo “want”)

an umbrellaum guarda-chuva

(pronounced as vowel – sounds like / / as in the word “other”)(pronunciada como vogal – como o som inicial da palavra “other”)

a universityuma universidade

(pronounced as a consonant – sounds like /j/ as in the pronoun you)(pronunciada como consoante – como o som inicial do pronome “you”)

INDEFINITE ARTICLEIndefinite Article + Words Starting with O

INDEFINITE ARTICLEIndefinite Article + Words Starting with U


We must also pay attention to the initial consonant H. Words spelled with an initial H may carry initial vowel sounds – in case the H is silent – or consonant sounds.

an houruma hora

(pronounced as vowel – silent initial H)(pronunciada como vogal – o H inicial é mudo)

an honest manum homem honesto

(pronounced as vowel – silent initial H)(pronunciada como vogal – o H inicial é mudo)

a houseuma casa

(pronounced as consonant – the initial H is not silent)(pronunciada como consoante – o H inicial não é mudo)

a hurricaneum furacão

(pronounced as consonant – the initial H is not silent)(pronunciada como consoante – o H inicial não é mudo)

INDEFINITE ARTICLEIndefinite Article + Words Starting with H

And this how we use the indefinite article in English.


Interrogative sentences in English follow some basic structures.

In a sentence with the verb to be as the main verb in the simple present or the simple past, there is no need to use an auxiliary verb. Therefore, the sentence will have the following structure: the verb to be as the main verb, the subject, and the complement.

Sentences that have one auxiliary or modal verb are made by placing the auxiliary right before the subject, and then the main verb, which may be followed by a complement.

In the case of verb forms that have more than one auxiliary, the structure is the first auxiliary verb, the subject, and then the second or third auxiliary verbs, followed by the main the verb and a complement, if necessary.

Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (Simple Present and Simple Past)Verbo To Be + Sujeito + Complemento (Simple Present and Simple Past)

Auxiliary or Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)Verbo Auxiliar ou Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento (se necessário)

First Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Other Auxiliaries + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)

Primeiro Verbo Auxiliar + Sujeito + Outros Auxiliares + Verbo Principal + Complemento (se necessário)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESStructures


Interrogative Form

However, in the case of verb forms in which the main verb is not the verb to be, one auxiliary verb or a modal verb is required.

Check out some examples with these structures. In verb forms such as the simple present and the simple past, in which the verb to be is the main verb, we don’t need an auxiliary to ask a question.

Structure: Verb To Be + Subject + Complement

Is she a lawyer?Ela é advogada?

Were you home last night?Você estava em casa na noite passada?

Structure: Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)

Does she work as a lawyer? (main verb: work)Ela trabalha como advogada?

(The verb to do works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple present)

Did you do your homework? (main verb: do)Você fez sua lição de casa?

(The verb to do works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple past)

Can you help me? (main verb: help)Você pode me ajudar?

(The modal verb can works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the simple present)

Are you studying for the test? (main verb: study in the -ING form)Você está estudando para a prova?

(The verb to be works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the present continuous)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESVerb forms with the verb to be as the main verb (simple present and simple past)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESVerb forms with other verbs as the main verb


Question Full Answer Short Answer Wrong Answer

Do you like chocolate? Yes, I like chocolate. Yes, I do. Yes, I like.Você gosta de chocolate? Sim, eu gosto de chocolate. Sim, eu gosto.

Depending on the verb form, there may be more than one auxiliary verb before the main verb, which is the case of the present perfect continuous.

Notice that in English when someone asks a question using auxiliaries, we can give a long or a short answer, and to give a short answer we need to use the auxiliary verb.

Structure: First Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Other Auxiliaries + Main Verb + Complement (if necessary)

Have you been studying for the test? (main verb: study in the -ING form)Você tem estudado para a prova?

(The verb to have works as the f irst auxiliary, and the verb to be in the past participle, as the second)

Have you been waiting for a long time? (main verb: wait in the -ING form)Você está esperando há muito tempo?

(The verb to have works as the f irst auxiliary, and the verb to be in the past participle, as the second)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESVerbs forms with more than one auxiliary verb

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCESLong and short answers

And this is how we use the interrogative form in English. Now, you know its basic sentence structure.


Irregular verbs are those that do not follow the rule for regular verbs. These verbs have different forms in the past that do not follow specif ic spelling rules. Some will have a different ending, some will have a vowel change, some will become totally different from their base form, and some won’t change at all.

The verb to read has no change in spelling. However, the pronunciation of the central vowel will be different.

Another group of irregular verbs will change the stressed vowel in their past forms.

To cut (cut)cortar

To begin (began)começar

To come (came)vir

To give (gave)dar

To know (knew)saber, conhecer

To run (ran)correr

To see (saw)ver

To hurt (hurt)machucar

To let (let)deixar, permitir

To put (put)botar, colocar

IRREGULAR VERBSNo Change

REGULAR VERBSChange the Stressed Vowel


Irregular Verbs Past

To break (broke)quebrar

To have (had)ter

To take (took)levar, tomar

To drive (drove)dirigir

To understand (understood)entender, compreender

To bring (brought)trazer

To make (made)fazer

To tell (told)contar, dizer

To get (got)pegar, conseguir

To win (won)ganhar

To buy (bought)comprar

To say (said)falar, dizer

To think (thought)pensar, achar

To speak (spoke)falar

To write (wrote)escrever

IRREGULAR VERBSChange the Stressed Vowel to “O” or “OU”

IRREGULAR VERBSChange to end in a “D” Sound

Still in the group of irregular verbs that undergo changes in the stressed vowel, there is a very large group of verbs that will change the vowels from the base form to the vowel o, which is sometimes spelled “ou.” In some verbs from this group this will be the only change. Others undergo some additional changes.

Another group of irregular verbs will be altered in order to have the final syllable of their past forms sounding as a D. Among the most frequent verbs, we can highlight three.

These widely used verbs are: to have, in the past had, to make, in the past made, and to say, in the past said (in this case we dropped the -Y and added –ID).


There’s also a group that will vary to have the ending -T in the simple past.

In addition to the ending, another feature of this group of verbs is that the stressed vowel in the base form, pronounced as a long vowel, in the past becomes a short vowel. For example, the verb to feel. The stressed vowel has a long sound. But, in the past, it’s felt, which is a short vowel, and it ends in -T.

Check out a group of verbs that undergo similar changes:

There are three very frequent verbs in English that do not f it any of the aforementioned groups, which are the verbs to be, to go, and to do.

The verb to be is the most irregular verb in English. In the past, it is the only verb to have two different conjugations: was and were. Look at the conjugation table of the verb to be in the past.

To feel (felt)sentir

To meet (met)encontrar, conhecer

To keep (kept)manter, permancer

To lose (lost)perder

To leave (left)sair, partir, deixar

To leave (left)sair, partir, deixar

REGULAR VERBSChange the Stressed Vowel

To do (did)fazer

Subject Pronoun Verb To Be (Simple Past) I/he/she/it was you/we/they were

To go (went)ir

To be (was/were)ser, estar

IRREGULAR VERBSNo pattern

IRREGULAR VERBSTo Be (ser/estar)

And now you know some irregular verbs in the past.


I can’t drive.Eu não posso dirigir.

(subject: I + modal verb: can + not (can’t) + main verb: drive)

I can’t play the piano.Eu não posso tocar piano.

(subject: I + modal verb: can + not (can’t) + main verb: play + complement: the piano)

I can drive.Eu posso dirigir.

(subject: I + modal verb: can + main verb: drive)

I can play the piano.Eu posso tocar piano.

(subject: I + modal verb: can + main verb: play + complement: the piano)

Modal verbs function as auxiliary verbs, adding meaning to the main verb. Modal verbs express possibility, probability, ability, permission, assumption, obligation, or prohibition.

Modal verbs have the same sentence structure. In the affirmative, the structure is the subject, the modal verb followed by the main verb in the base form, and it can be followed by a complement or not.

In negative sentences, we keep the same pattern, but include NOT after the modal verb. We generally use the contracted form can’t.

MODAL VERBSAffirmative Form

MODAL VERBSNegative Form


Modal Verb Can

Can you drive?Você pode dirigir?

(modal verb: can + subject: you + main verb: drive)

Can you play the piano?Você pode tocar piano?

(modal verb: can + subject: you + main verb: play + complement: the piano)

In interrogative sentences, we invert the position of the modal verb and the subject. The structure is the modal verb, the subject, the main verb in the base form, and a complement, when necessary.

The modal verb can in its aff irmative form typically expresses possibility, present ability, and permission. In the negative form, it expresses lack of possibility, lack of ability, and lack of permission.

MODAL VERBSInterrogative Form

MODAL VERBSUses

Affirmative

PossibilityI can meet you later.

Eu posso te encontrar mais tarde.

Present AbilityI can dance very well.

Eu posso/sei dançar muito bem.

PermissionYou can come in. Você pode entrar.

Negative

Lack of PossibilityI can’t meet you later.

Eu não posso te encontrar mais tarde.

Lack of AbilityI can’t dance very well.

Eu não posso/sei dançar muito bem.

Lack of PermissionYou can’t come in.

Você não pode entrar.


Interrogative

Asking a FavorCan you help me?

Eu não posso te encontrar mais tarde.

Asking for PermissionCan I come in?

Eu não posso/sei dançar muito bem.

Asking about PossiblityCan we meet after work?

Você não pode entrar.

As for the interrogative form, the modal verb can is typically used to make requests. It’s used to ask for favors and for permission, or to ask about the possibility of something happening.

MODAL VERB CANUses

It’s important to acknowledge that these uses are usually easily noticed within the context, since the same sentence in different contexts may have different meanings.

You can speak English.Você pode/sabe falar inglês.

It’s possible for you to speak English in a certain situation.É possível que você fale inglês em determinada situação.

You have the ability to speak English.Você tem habilidade para falar inglês.

You have permission to speak English in a certain situation.Você tem permissão para falar inglês em determinada situação.

MODAL VERB CANContexts

And this is how you use the modal verb can.


Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main verb. Modal verbs can express possibility, probability, ability, permission, assumption, obligation, or prohibition.

Modal verbs follow the same sentence structure. Let’s look at structures in the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms.

In the affirmative, the structure is the subject, the modal verb, and the main verb in the base form, which may be followed by a complement or not. Take a look at the table.

In negative sentences, we’ll include the word not after the modal verb. When we use the negative form, we generally use the contracted form couldn’t.

Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

We could go to the gym.Nós poderíamos ir à academia.

Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

We couldn’t go to the gym.Nós não pudemos ir à academia.

MODAL VERBSAffirmative

MODAL VERBSNegative


Modal Verb Could

It’s important to notice that modal verbs in general should be associated with their functions in the context, and not with time (past, present or future). This is particularly important when analyzing the modal verb could, since the time reference may change drastically according to its function in the context.

The modal verb could in its affirmative and negative forms can be used to express probability or lack of probability, either of a present or a future event. It can also refer to abilities, but in such case, could refers to past abilities.

Mary is not home right now. She’s usually at her parents’ in the morning. She could be there.Mary não está em casa agora. Ela geralmente está na casa de seus pais de manhã. Ela pode estar lá.

(She could be there = It’s possible that she is there)

Mary’s parents are out of town. She couldn’t be there.Os pais da Mary estão fora da cidade. Ela não poderia estar lá.

(She couldn’t be there = It’s not possible for her to be there)

MODAL VERB COULDProbability / Lack of Probability (in the Present)

To make interrogative sentences, the modal verb is placed before the subject.

Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement

Could we go to the gym together?Nós poderíamos ir à academia juntos?

MODAL VERBSInterrogative

We can also use the modal verb could to talk about probability in the future, that is, the chances for something to happen.

MODAL VERB COULDProbability / Lack of Probability (in the Future)

Sylvia is an excellent professional. I think she could be the new manager.A Sylvia é uma profissional excelente. Eu acho que ela poderia ser a nova gerente.

(She could be the new manager = It’s likely to happen)

Brian is just as good. But he couldn’t be the new manager; he has no management skills.Brian é tão bom quanto ela. Mas ele não poderia ser o novo gerente; ele não tem habilidades gerenciais.

(He couldn’t be the new manager = It’s not likely to happen)


Could you lend me your car?Você poderia me emprestar o seu carro?

Could I borrow your car?Eu poderia pegar o seu carro emprestado?

However, when we use the modal verb could to refer to ability, we are referring to abilities people had in the past, and that they probably don’t have anymore, or, in the case of negative sentences, abilities people didn’t have in the past.

Kevin won a lot of football tournaments back in our school days. Boy, he could run!Kevin ganhou muitos torneios de futebol americano na época de escola. Cara, como ele

sabia/podia correr!

George was a good player, but he couldn’t run long distances.George era um bom jogador, mas ele não sabia/podia correr distâncias longas.

MODAL VERB COULDAbility / Lack of Ability (in the Past)

The modal verb could in the interrogative form is used to ask about possibilities or abilities in the past.

Could you meet me at the coffee shop tomorrow?Você poderia me encontrar no café amanhã?

(Asking about possibilities for the future)

Could you speak English by the time you lived abroad?Você podia/sabia falar inglês quando morou fora?

(Asking about past ability in the past)

MODAL VERB COULD

In the interrogative, the modal verb could is also very frequently used to make requests in a polite way, either asking for a favor or for permission.

MODAL VERB COULDMaking Requests

And now you know how to use the modal verb could.


Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main verb.

Modal verbs will follow the same sentence structure in the aff irmative, negative, and interrogative forms, as you can see in the following table.

MODAL VERBSSentence Structure

Affirmative Form

Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)Sujeito + Modal Verb + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)

Negative Form

Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)Sujeito + Modal Verb + Not + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)

Interrogative Form

Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)

You must pay your taxes.Você tem que pagar seus impostos.

You must be 18 to drive in some countries.Você tem que ter 18 anos para dirigir em alguns países.

MODAL VERB MUSTObligation/Necessity

Must is used in the aff irmative form to express obligation or necessity. For example:


Modal Verb Must

John’s son was born. He must be very happy.O filho do John nasceu. Ele deve estar muito feliz.

It must be nice to be rich.Deve ser legal ser rico.

You must not (mustn’t) drink and drive.Você não pode beber e dirigir.

Visitors must not (mustn’t) cross this line. This is a restricted area.Os visitantes não podem cruzar esta linha. Esta é uma área restrita.

MODAL VERB MUSTAssumption/Deduction

MODAL VERB MUSTProhibition

It can also be used to make assumptions or deductions in the aff irmative form. Have a look:

In the negative form, however, must is used to express prohibition. We generally use the contracted form, mustn’t. If you wish to emphasize the prohibition, use must not. For example:

Must is rarely used in the interrogative form, but it can be used to confirm or to double-check duties and obligations. For instance:

MODAL VERB MUSTConfirm and Double-check Duties and Obligation

Must I take the exam today? I didn’t know that.Eu tenho que fazer a prova hoje? Eu não sabia disso.

Eu sou obrigado a fazer a prova hoje? Eu não sabia disso.

Mustn’t you be at the job interview at 9h? It’s 8:30h already.Você não tem que estar na entrevista de emprego às 9h? Já são 8:30h.Você não tem a obrigação de estar na entrevista às 9h? Já são 8:30h.

And this is how you use the modal verb must.


Modal verbs are also known as modal auxiliary verbs because they add meaning to the main verb.

Modal verbs will follow the same sentence structure in the aff irmative, negative, and interrogative forms. Check the following table to see how it works:

MODAL VERBSSentence Structure

Modal Verb Should

Affirmative Form

Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)Sujeito + Modal Verb + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)

Negative Form

Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)Sujeito + Modal Verb + Not + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)

Interrogative Form

Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)


You should clean your room.Você deve limpar o seu quarto.

(It’s your responsibility).

People should respect other people’s choices.As pessoas devem respeitar as escolhas de outras pessoas.

(It’s a social rule).

MODAL VERB SHOULDExpressing Obligations and Duties

Depending on the context, sentences with the modal verb should can be understood as a polite way to talk about obligations and duties. Have a look at some examples:

In some other cases, should expresses that something is probable because it is logical or normal, that is, you refer to a deduction. For instance:

MODAL VERB SHOULDDeductions

She left home half an hour ago. She should be arriving.Ela saiu de casa meia hora atrás. Ela deve estar chegando.

(It’s a deduction based on the time she left her house and how far her home is from here)

The singer should launch her new album next month.A cantora deve lançar o seu novo álbum mês que vem.

(Deduction based on behavior or clues).

You should check the airline policies before you pack.Você deve verif icar as políticas da companhia aérea antes de fazer as malas.

You shouldn’t drink so much coffee.Você não deve beber tanto café.

MODAL VERB SHOULDAdvice and Recommendation

The modal verb should has different uses. One of the most frequent is to give advice or recommendations. For example:


MODAL VERB SHOULDDifferent Meanings Depending on the Context

You should get here before noon.Você deve chegar aqui antes de meio-dia.

• It could be a piece of advice• Poderia ser um conselho

• It could be your duty • Poderia ser sua obrigação

• It could be the speaker’s expectation• Poderia ser uma expectativa do falante

And this is how you use the modal verb should.

When talking about modals, the meaning we want to convey depends on the context. The same sentence may have different meanings. Compare:


Nouns are used to refer to people or things. They vary in number, which means they have singular and plural forms.

There are countable and uncountable nouns. The noun “cat” is countable, since you can count cats and quantify them, such as in “one cat,” “two cats,” “three cats,” and so on.

And there are uncountable nouns, which means that we cannot use numbers to quantify them. Let’s take the noun “water” as an example. We don’t say “one water,” “two waters,” “three waters,” etc.

However, we can express an amount by using quantifiers such as a lot of.

Check it out:

My cat is lazy.Meu gato é preguiçoso.

My cats are lazy.Meus gatos são preguiçosos

I have three cats.Eu tenho três gatos.

(countable noun = there are singular and plural forms)

It’s important to drink a lot of water.É importante beber muita água.

(uncountable noun = there is no plural form)

NOUNSSingular and Plural

NOUNSCountable and Uncountable


Nouns

People’s Names

GeorgeJohnMaryKate

Pets’ Names

MaxBella

ArchieLuna

Names of Places

BrazilNew YorkLondon

Hollywood

Although it’s not common in English, nouns may vary in gender, which means that they will have a different form when referring to male or female people or animals.

Most nouns in English do not vary in gender, as it happens to the noun “student.” But others do, such as the nouns “actor” and “actress.” Yet, it is worth noting that nowadays neutral forms are usually preferred.

Nouns can be classified as proper or common.

Proper nouns are the names of people, pets, or places, for example. They are capitalized, and in most cases, not preceded by articles.

John is a good student. Mary is a great student. John é um bom aluno. Mary é uma boa aluna.

(The noun “student” doesn’t vary in gender: whether referring to male or female, it remains the same).

John is a good actor. Mary is a great actress. John é um bom ator. Mary é uma boa atriz.

(The noun “actor” varies in gender: We use “actor” to refer to men and “actress” for women).

NOUNSGender variation

NOUNSProper Nouns


Common nouns are used to designate generic people, animals, things, or ideas.

It is also possible to classify nouns as concrete or abstract.

Concrete nouns refer to things we can touch or see, material objects, whereas abstract nouns refer to things that are not material, such as feelings, emotions, situations, and ideas.

People

childcriança

manhomem

studentestudante

Animals

dogcachorro

catgato

birdpássaro

Things/Places

housecasa

citycidade

countrypaís

Ideas/Feelings

loveamor

securitysegurança

opinionopinião

Concrete Nouns

phonetelefone

tablemesa

foodcomida

Abstract Nouns

freedomliberdade

dreamsonho

passionpaixão

NOUNSCommon Nouns

NOUNSConcrete and Abstract

Now you know what a noun is, its characteristics, and some categories.


There are two types of personal pronouns in English: personal pronouns used in the subject position, which, for that reason, are called subject pronouns, and personal pronouns used in the object position, which are called object pronouns.

Check the following table to see the subject and object pronouns.

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns (Replace nouns as subjects) (Replace nouns as objects)

I me eu me/mim you you tu/você te/ti/você/lhe

he him ele ele/o/lhe

she her ela ela/a/lhe

it it ele/ela ele/ela/o/a/lhe

we us nós nos/nós

you you vós/vocês vos/vocês/lhes

they them eles/elas eles/elas/os/as/lhes

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Second personsingular

Second personplural

Third personplural

Third personsingular

First personsingular

First personplural


Object Pronouns

OBJECT PRONOUNFirst Person Singular

OBJECT PRONOUNFirst Person Plural

Tell me. What is your problem?Conte-me. Qual é o seu problema?

Read this story to me, please!Leia esta história para mim, por favor!

Do you want to talk to me?Você quer falar comigo?

Tell us about your day.Conte-nos sobre o seu dia.

Are they talking about us?Eles estão falando sobre nós / a gente?

Do you want to go to the movies with us?Você quer ir ao cinema conosco / com a gente?

Object pronouns are usually placed after the main verb of the sentence, since they function as the object of these verbs. They might not be placed immediately after the main verb, but they will always come after it. The only exception to this rule is when they are used in certain expressions such as both of us, all of them, none of you, etc. In such situations, they can be part of the subject of a sentence.

Let’s now take a closer look at each object pronoun.

Some languages present variations of the object pronouns used depending on the verb they are complementing. But that won’t happen in English.

The first-person pronouns used in the position of the object of the sentence will always be me for the singular and us for the plural.


I’ll help you.Eu vou te ajudar. / Eu vou ajudar você. / Eu vou lhe ajudar. /

Eu vou ajudar vocês/ Eu vou lhes ajudar.

I don’t understand you.Eu não te entendo. / Eu não entendo você. /

Eu não entendo vocês.

I’ll help you people / you all / you both.Eu vou ajudar vocês / vocês todos / vocês dois.

OBJECT PRONOUNSecond Person Singular/Plural

OBJECT PRONOUNSecond Person Plural

For the second person, the personal pronoun used as the object pronoun is the same used as the subject pronoun: you. And it is used for both singular and plural. Therefore, the context tells us if you will be referring to singular or plural.

When we read these sentences, it’s not clear if we are using you to refer to one or to more people, that is, singular or plural. Especially because they are isolated sentences.

In spoken language, chances are the context will make it clear, since you is used to refer to the person or to the people you are talking to. Either way, you can make it clearer that you are using the plural form by combining you with other words, for example: you people, you all, or you both.

Mike’s son looks just like him.O filho do Mike se parece muito com ele.

(The object pronoun him refers to “Mike,” a male noun, and it’s the object of the sentence.)

My sister is an amazing person. I love to talk to her.Minha irmã é uma pessoa incrível. Eu adoro conversar com ela.

(We used the object pronoun her to replace the female noun “my sister.”)

OBJECT PRONOUNThird Person Singular (Him/Her)

The third person singular object pronouns used for people are: him for masculine and her for feminine. Both are used mostly for people.


I don’t understand this topic. I don’t understand it.Eu não entendo este tópico. Eu não entendo (isto).

I love chocolate cake. I love it.Eu adoro bolo de chocolate. Eu adoro (isso).

I’m watching this show. I’m watching it.Estou assistindo a este programa. Estou assistindo (a isto).

I’m going to the beach with my friends. I’m going to the beach with them.Estou indo à praia com meus amigos. Estou indo à praia com eles.

(The object is “my friends,” and it’s in the plural, so we could replace it with the object pronoun them.)

I don’t know those people. I don’t know them.Eu não conheço aquelas pessoas. Eu não as conheço. / Eu não conheço elas.

(To avoid repetition, we can replace the object “those people” for the object pronoun them.)

I like these shoes. I like them.Eu gosto destes sapatos. Eu gosto deles.

(The object of the sentence is “these shoes.” To avoid repetition, we can use the object pronoun them.)

OBJECT PRONOUNThird Person Singular (It)

OBJECT PRONOUNThird Person Plural (Them)

There’s still another third person singular object pronoun that is used for the other cases: the pronoun it. This personal pronoun will also have the same form when used as the subject or as the object pronoun.

In the third person plural, we’ll use they as the subject pronoun, and them as the object pronoun. In the plural, we will use the same pronoun to refer to people, places, objects, animals, or any other third person plural reference.

And now you know more about object pronouns.


Singular Plural

cat cats gato gatos

bike bikes bicicleta bicicletas car cars carro carros

Plural nouns are words that show there is more than one person, animal, thing, place, or idea, and, because of that, they require verbs in the plural.

In English, as a general rule to form the plural of nouns, in most cases you simply add –S at the end of the noun.

Singular Plural

Her daughter is beautiful. Her daughters are beautiful. A f ilha dela é bonita. As f ilhas dela são bonitas.

PLURAL NOUNS

PLURAL NOUNSGeneral Rule: Add –S


Plural Nouns

The nouns ending in –O can either have their plural form ending in –S or –ES, and some can be spelled either way. As a general rule, we add –S to make the plural of most nouns ending in –O.

PLURAL NOUNSNouns ending in –O

Add –S

piano pianos piano pianos

studio studios estúdio estúdios

Add –ES

tomato tomatoes tomate tomates

potato potatoes batata batatas

hero heroes herói heróisAdd –S or –ES

mango mangos/mangoes manga mangas

volcano volcanos/volcanoes vulcão vulcões

tornado tornados/tornadoes tornado tornados

For nouns ending in –S, –X, –Z, –SH, and –CH, add –ES at the end.

PLURAL NOUNSNouns ending in –S, –X, –Z, –SH, –CH: add –ES

Singular Plural

bus buses ônibus ônibus

tax taxes imposto impostos

watch watches relógio relógios


Nouns ending in –F or –FE will present variations in the plural form as well. In most cases, we replace the end with –VES. However, some cases follow the general rule for plural, and –S is added at the end.

For nouns ending in –Y, check if the –Y is preceded by a consonant or a vowel, because this is what will define the plural form.

For the nouns ending in consonant + Y, drop the –Y and add –IES. As for the ones ending in vowel + Y, just add –S.

PLURAL NOUNSNouns ending in –S, –X, –Z, –SH, –CH: add –ES

Add –S

sheriff sheriffs xerife xerifes

giraffe giraffes girafa girafas

Vowel + YAdd –S

boy – boysmenino – meninos

day – daysdia – dias

Replace –F or –FE with –VES

wife wives esposa esposas

wolf wolves lobo lobos

Consonant + YReplace –Y with –IES

city – citiescidade – cidades

lady – ladiessenhora – senhoras

PLURAL NOUNSNouns ending in –Y


There are some nouns that have an irregular plural form. In these cases, the nouns may have their basic form completely changed. The ones most used are in the following table.

There are also some nouns that have the same form for the singular and plural. In these cases, we’ll understand if it’s singular or plural by the context.

Singular Plural

tooth teeth dente dentes

foot feet pé pés

mouse mice camundongo camundongos

goose geese ganso gansos

Singular Plural

child children criança crianças

person people pessoa pessoas

woman women mulher mulheres

man men homem homens

PLURAL NOUNSIrregular Plural Forms

PLURAL NOUNSNouns that keep the same form

I’d like fish and chips, please.Quero peixe e fritas, for favor.

We saw some beautiful fish when we were scuba diving.Vimos alguns peixes bonitos quando estávamos mergulhando.

Now you know some rules and how to use the plural. But remember: When in doubt, research!


my dogmeu cachorro

(It’s not your dog or his dog, it is my dog)

our housenossa casa

(It’s not a house or a beautiful house, it is our house)

their booksos livros deles

(It’s not just any book, it is their books)

Possessive adjectives are always used before a noun, and they determine who possesses the noun to which they refer.

Take a look at the following table to see all the possessive adjectives in English.


Singular Plural

My Our meu(s), minha(s) nosso(s), nossa(s) Your Your teu(s), tua(s), seu(s), sua(s) seus, suas, de vocês

His seu(s), sua(s), dele

Her Their seu(s), sua(s), dela seus, suas, deles, delas

Its seu(s), sua(s), dele, dela


Second person

Third person

First person


Possessive Adjectives

Is this cute boy your son?Este menino fofo é seu/teu f ilho?

Este menino fofo é f ilho de vocês?

It is important to notice that possessive adjectives in English do not suffer number or gender variations according to the nouns to which they are referring, as opposed to what happens in several other languages.

That means that the possessive adjectives will keep the same form whether they are referring to a singular noun or to a plural noun, as well as to a masculine, neutral, or female noun.

Let’s take a closer look at each one of them.

For the first person, we’ll use the possessive adjective my in the singular or our in the plural.

This is my dog.Este é o meu cachorro.

That is our house.Aquela é nossa casa.

These are my daughters.Estas são minhas f ilhas.

Those are our sons.Aqueles são nossos f ilhos.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESFirst Person (singular and plural)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESSecond Person

For the second person, we’ll use your. This possessive adjective will be the same for both the singular and plural forms, and only the context will make it clear if we are referring to one or more owners.


Jeff is my best friend. I’m going to his birthday party.Jeff é o meu melhor amigo. Eu estou indo à sua festa de aniversário.

I’m going to Jeff’s birthday party.Eu estou indo à festa de aniversário do Jeff.

(Jeff’s name wasn’t mentioned before, so the possessive case is used because it makes it clear whose birthday party it is.)

(O nome do Jeff não havia sido mencionado anteriormente, então usa-se o possessive case porque ele deixa claro de quem é a festa de aniversário.)

When we express possession referring to the third person, singular or plural, we can use the possessive case or the possessive adjectives his, her, its in the singular, or their in the plural.

The possessive case might be preferred if it is not clear in the context to whom we are referring.

POSSESSIVE CASE

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

If the context makes it clear to whose party we are referring, we can replace the possessive case with a third person possessive adjective.

For the third person singular, we’ll use the possessive adjectives his for a masculine owner, her for feminine, and, for other cases, we will use its.

George is traveling with his wife.George está viajando com a sua esposa / a esposa dele.

(We used “his” because we are talking about George’s wife, and George is a man.)(Usamos his porque estamos nos referindo à esposa do George, e George é um homem.)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESThird Person Singular


George and Paula are traveling with their son.George e Paula estão viajando com o seu f ilho / o f ilho deles.

The kids are playing with their toys.As crianças estão brincando com os seus brinquedos / os brinquedos delas.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVESThird Person Plural

In the third person plural, we will use their regardless of the gender.

Paula is traveling with her husband.Paula está viajando com o seu marido / o marido dela.

(We used “her” because we are talking about Paula’s husband, and Paula is a woman.)(Usamos her porque estamos nos referindo ao marido da Paula, e Paula é uma mulher.)

Don’t use this computer. Its keyboard is not working.Não use este computador. Seu teclado / O teclado dele não está funcionando.

(We used “its” because we are talking about the computer keyboard, which is an object.)(Usamos its porque estamos nos referindo ao teclado do computador, que é um objeto.)

And this is how we use the possessive adjectives in English.


The present continuous is mainly used to talk about actions and events in progress at the moment or about temporary states or situations that are true at the moment of speaking.

The basic structure of the present continuous is the verb to be, which works as an auxiliary, and a main verb in the -ING form. The verb to be will be conjugated according to the subject. Take a look at its structure:

AffirmativeSubject + To Be + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement

I am watching a movie.Eu estou assistindo a um filme.

NegativeSubject + To Be + Not + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement

I am not hearing you.Eu não estou te ouvindo.

InterrogativeTo Be + Subject + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement

Are you taking your pills?Você está tomando os seus remédios?

PRESENT CONTINUOUSStructure


Present Continuous

We can use the present continuous to talk about changes that take time.

It’s getting easier every day.Está f icando mais fácil a cada dia.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSGradual Change

The present continuous can also be used to describe actions that are repeated or frequent, but that we believe to be a temporary situation, different from our routine.

I am working a lot this week.Estou trabalhando muito nesta semana.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSRepeated Temporary Actions and Events

The present continuous is also used to talk about future events that have been previously arranged or planned.

I am getting married next week.Vou me casar na próxima semana.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSFuture

Some verbs are not used in the continuous form, even if they refer to temporary situations or things that are happening now. They are called non-progressive verbs, and they express feelings, like the verbs to love and to hate; mental states and opinions, like the verbs to believe, to guess, and to agree; and senses, like the verbs to see and to hear.

I like this book.NOT: I am liking this book.

Eu gosto desse livro.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSNon-progressive Verbs


Some of these non-progressive verbs can be used with continuous forms, but they will have different meanings.

I see someone at the door.Eu estou vendo alguém na porta.

I have two pieces of luggage. Eu tenho duas malas.

I am seeing someone. Eu estou saindo com alguém.

I am having breakfast at the hotel restaurant.Eu estou tomando café da manhã no restaurante do hotel.

PRESENT CONTINUOUSNon-progressive Verbs in Continuous Forms: Different Meaning

Now you know what the present continuous is all about: you’ve seen its structure, some examples, and how to properly use it.


Common question words include what, when, where, which, why, who, and how. On this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the question word how.

The question word how means “in what way” or “to what extent” and, as all the other question words, it can be used in direct and indirect questions.

QUESTION WORD – HOWDirect and Indirect Questions

How are you feeling?Como você está se sentindo?

(Direct Question: How + Structure of the Interrogative Form)

Can you tell me how you are feeling?Você pode me dizer como está se sentindo?

(Indirect Question: How + Structure of the Affirmative Form)

The structure for direct questions is the question word followed by the interrogative form, and it can be used with different verb forms.

In the simple present, we can use how with the verb to be or with other verbs. The difference is that when the verb to be is the main verb, we do not use an auxiliary verb. For all the other verbs, an auxiliary must be used to create the questions.

Check out some examples:

QUESTION WORD – HOWSimple Present

Structure: How + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)

How are the kids?Como estão as crianças?

(main verb is the verb to be = do not use an auxiliary verb)


Question Word - How

Structure: How + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

How do you go to work?Como você vai para o trabalho?

(main verb is not the verb to be = the auxiliary verb do must be used)

Structure: How + Verb to Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)

How was the game?Como foi o jogo?

(main verb is the verb to be = do not use an auxiliary verb)

Structure: How + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

How did you go to the game?Como você foi para o jogo?

(main verb is not the verb to be = the auxiliary verb did must be used)

How can also be used in the simple past, and the structure will follow the same pattern of the simple present. The difference is that the verb to be or the auxiliary verb will be conjugated in the past.

The question word how can also be used with continuous forms such as the present and the past continuous. In this case, we’ll use how followed by the interrogative form of these structures.

For the interrogative form of the present and past continuous, the verb to be works as an auxiliary verb, followed by the subject, the main verb in the -ING form, and a complement, if necessary.

QUESTION WORD – HOWSimple Past


Structure: How + Verb to Be + Subject + Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement (if necessary)

How are you organizing your tasks?Como você está organizando as suas tarefas?

(I am asking about an action that is in progress now)

How were you feeling when you started therapy?Como você estava se sentindo quando iniciou a terapia?

(I asked about a feeling that was going on before the person decided to start therapy)

QUESTION WORD – HOWPresent and Past Continuous

It is also possible to use how with perfect forms such as the present perfect and the present perfect continuous.

Structure: How + Verb To Have + Subject + Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement (if necessary)

How have you been?Como você tem estado?

(I want to know how this person has been lately or since I last saw him or her)

Structure: How + Verb To Have + Subject + Been + Main Verb in the –ING Form + Complement (if necessary)

How have you been dealing with this situation?Como você tem lidado com essa situação?

(It’s an ongoing situation that started in the past and is still going on)

QUESTION WORD – HOWPresent Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous


Structure: How + Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

How should we help her?Como devemos ajudá-la?

(Should works as an auxiliary, and it was used to ask for guidance or recommendation)

How can we go to the party?Como podemos ir para a festa?

(Can works as an auxiliary, and it shows the idea of possibility)

We also use how with modal verbs. In this case, they come right after the question word.

If you want to ask more specif ic questions using how, you can use an adjective or an adverb after it. Check out the examples.

How old is your brother?Quantos anos seu irmão tem?

(How + Old = Age)

How much is this T-shirt?Quanto custa esta camiseta?

(How + Much = Amount or Price)

How often do you go to the gym?Com que frequência você vai à academia?

(How + Often = Frequency)

How many people were there at the concert?Quantas pessoas havia no show?

(How + Many = Quantity)

How far is San Diego from Los Angeles?Quão distante é San Diego de Los Angeles? / Qual é a distância de San Diego a Los Angeles?

(How + Far = Distance)

QUESTION WORD – HOWModal Verbs

QUESTION WORD – HOWOther Possibilities

How long does it take to get there?Qual tempo demora para chegar lá?

(How + Long = Duration)

How tall is your brother?Qual é a altura do seu irmão?

(How + Tall = Height for People)

How high is Mount Everest?Quão alto é o Monte Everest? / Qual é a altura do Monte Everest?

(How + High = Height for Places)


How can also be used with prepositions such as “about.” There are two ways we can use it—to offer something or to make a suggestion.

In spoken English, there is a very common expression with how—how come. It is used to ask about the reason why something has happened. We could say that how come is an informal way to ask “why.”

How come can also be used to show surprise. There is an important detail in the structure of the question, though: how come is always followed by the affirmative form, regardless of the verb form.

How about a cup of coffee?Que tal uma xícara de café?

(How + About + Noun = Offer)

How about going to the movies?Que tal irmos ao cinema?

(How + About + Verb in the –ING Form = Suggestion)

How come she went to the party alone?Como assim ela foi à festa sozinha?

(How Come + Structure of the Affirmative Form in the Simple Past)

How come she is not here?Como é que ela não está aqui?Como pode ela não estar aqui?

(How Come + Affirmative Form of the Simple Present)

HOW ABOUTOffers and Suggestions

HOW ABOUTReason and Surprise (Informal)


We can also use how in exclamations. It can either be followed by a complete sentence or by an adjective. It’s important to notice, though, that what can also be used in exclamations.

The difference is that when there is either a complete sentence or only an adjective, you’ll use how. However, in the case of the structure adjective + noun or just a noun, you’ll have to use what.

Compare the difference:

How + Complete Sentence

How I love this city!Como eu amo essa cidade!

(How + Subject “I” + Main Verb “love” + Complement “this city”)

How + Adjective

How beautiful!Que bonito!

(How + Adjective “beautiful”)

What + (Article) + Adjective + Noun

What a beautiful city!Que cidade bonita!

(What + Article “a” + Adjective “beautiful” + Noun “city”)

HOW AND WHATExclamation

And now you know different ways to use the question word how, it’s meaning, structures in different verb forms, as well as how to use it in exclamations.


Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. On this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the question word what, which is used to ask general questions.

In most cases, the structure of direct and indirect questions follows this pattern:

But when we ask direct questions with the question word what, there are three possible structures.

What is your favorite color?Qual é a sua cor favorita?

(Direct Question: Question Word + Interrogative Form)

Tell me what your favorite color is.Diga-me qual é a sua cor favorita.

(Indirect Question: Question Word + Affirmative Form)

1. What + Interrogative Form

2. What + Verb in the Third Person Singular + Complement

3. What + Noun + Interrogative Form

QUESTION WORD – WHATDirect and Indirect Questions

QUESTION WORD – WHATStructure – Direct Questions


Question Word - What

Let’s analyze each structure, starting with the f irst one, which is the question word what followed by an interrogative form. This structure can be used with any verb form.


What does she want for breakfast?O que ela quer de café da manhã?

(Simple Present: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in its Base Form+ Complement)

What did you do yesterday?O que você fez ontem?

(Simple Past: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in its Base Form + Complement)

What were you doing last week?O que você estava fazendo semana passada?

(Past Continuous: Question Word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the –ING Form + Complement)

What have you been doing lately?O que você tem feito ultimamente?

(Present Perfect: Question Word + 1st Auxiliary + Subject + 2nd Auxiliary + Main verb in the –ING Form + Complement)

What would you do with a million dollars?O que você faria com um milhão de dólares?

(Simple Present: Question Word + Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in its Base Form + Complement)

QUESTION WORD – WHATWhat + Interrogative Form


It is important to notice that the structure what + interrogative form will never be used for questions about the subject of the sentence. When we follow this structure, it means that the subject is included in the given question.

Let’s take a closer look:

(The question is not about who performs the action, but about what the person wants. The subject “she” is part of the question. The core answer is “eggs and toast.”)

(Não tem relação com o sujeito, mas com o que o sujeito quer fazer. O sujeito “ela” é parte da pergunta. A resposta central é “ovos e torradas”.)

(It’s not about who was performing the action, but what the person was doing. The subject “you,” which is part of the question, becomes “I” in the answer.

And the core answer is “traveling.”)(Não tem relação com quem estava fazendo a ação, mas com o que a pessoa estava

fazendo. O sujeito “você”, que é parte da pergunta, vira “eu” na resposta. A resposta central é “viajando”.)

QUESTION WORD – WHATWhat + Interrogative Form

What were you doing last week?O que você estava fazendo semana passada?

I was traveling. Eu estava viajando.

What does she want for breakfast?O que ela quer de café da manhã?

She wants eggs and toast. Ela quer ovos e torradas.


But it is possible to ask questions with the question word what to learn about the subject of a sentence. In such cases, we will use the structure: What + Verb in The Third Person Singular + Complement.

Check the following examples:

QUESTION WORD – WHATWhat + Verb in Third Person Singular + (Complement)

(The core answer is “spending time with my family,” which is the subject of the answer and is not part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “makes.”)

(A resposta central é “passar tempo com a minha família”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “makes”, deixa.)

(The core answer is “a music festival,” which is the subject of the answer and is not part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “is.”)(A resposta central é “um festival de música”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “is”, está.)

(The core answer is “not having money to pay their bills,” which is the subject of the answer and is not part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “is.”)

(A resposta central é “não ter dinheiro para pagar suas contas”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “is”, está.)

What makes you happy?O que deixa você feliz?

There are so many people here. What’s happening?Tem tanta gente aqui. O que está acontecendo?

Spending time with my family makes me happy.Passar tempo com a minha família me deixa feliz.

Not having money to pay their bills (is bothering them).Não ter dinheiro para pagar as suas contas (está incomodando eles).

A music festival (is happening here).Um festival de música (está acontecendo aqui).

What’s bothering them?O que está incomodando eles?


Let’s take a closer look and analyze the structure of the examples we have previously seen.

If you want to ask a more specific question using what, place a noun right after the question word.

What time do you usually wake up?A que horas você geralmente acorda?

(What + time = used to ask about the hour)

What kind of music do you like?De que tipo de música você gosta?

(What + kind = used to ask about the specif ic type of a thing)

What size do you need?De que tamanho você precisa?

(What + size = used to ask about size)

QUESTION WORD – WHATWhat + Noun + Interrogative Form

What + Verb in the Third Person Singular + Complement (if necessary)

What makes you happy?

What’s happening?

What’s bothering them?

QUESTION WORD – WHAT

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(3)

(3)

(3)


There are still some special cases, such as what + about. It is used to make an offer or to ask about your opinion or how you feel about something.

QUESTION WORD – WHATSpecial Cases – What About

In informal conversations, there are some common expressions with the question word what.

What’s up?E aí?

What now?O que agora?

QUESTION WORD – WHATExpressions

What about going to the movies?Que tal irmos ao cinema?

How are you?Como vai você?

Great idea.Ótima ideia.

I’m fine, thanks. What about you?Eu estou bem. E você?


The question word what can also be used in exclamations to express surprise, shock, or emotions. In this case, we use: what + an article + (an adjective) + a noun. We may or may not include the adjective, but the noun must always be there in exclamations with what.

Structure: What + Article + (Adjective) + Noun

What a (beautiful) place!Que lugar (bonito)!

(What + Article “a” + (Adjective “beautiful”) + Noun “place”)

What a great song!Que música ótima!

(What + Article “a” + Adjective “great” + Noun “song”)

What a (nice) gesture!Que gesto (legal)!

(What + Article “a” + (Adjective “nice”) + Noun “gesture)

What a song!Que música!

(What + Article “a” + Noun “song”)

QUESTION WORD – WHATExclamations

Now you know different ways in which you can use the question word what, the structure used with different verb forms, as well as how to use it in exclamations and expressions.


Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. Common question words include what, when, where, which, why, who, and how. On this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the question word where.

Where is used to ask questions about place.

The question word where can be used in direct and indirect questions.

WhereOnde/Aonde

Where is the subway station?Onde é a estação de metrô?

(Direct Question: Where + Structure of the Interrogative Form)

I am asking you where the subway station is.Eu estou te perguntando onde f ica a estação de metrô.

(Indirect Question: When + Structure of the Affirmative Form)

QUESTION WORD - WHERE

QUESTION WORD – WHEREDirect and Indirect Questions

Direct questions with where will follow the same pattern, regardless of the verb form. The structure will be the question word where followed by the interrogative form.


Question Word - Where

Take a look at the structure to use where with the simple present. Note that when the main verb is the verb to be, there is no auxiliary verb. For all other verbs, the auxiliary is necessary.

SIMPLE PRESENT

Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)

Where are you?Onde você está?

Structure: Where + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where do you work? Where does she work? Onde você trabalha? Onde ela trabalha?

QUESTION WORD – WHEREWhere + Interrogative

Questions with where in the simple past follow the same pattern of the simple present. The only difference is that you’ll conjugate the verb to be or the auxiliary verb in the past

SIMPLE PAST

Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject + Complement (if necessary)

Where were you?Onde você estava?

Structure: Where + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where did you go? Where did he go? Aonde você foi? Aonde ele foi?

QUESTION WORD – WHEREWhere + Interrogative


The question word where can also be used with continuous forms such as the present and the past continuous.

QUESTION WORD – WHEREContinuous Forms

Where + Interrogative Form

PRESENT AND PAST

Structure: Where + Verb To Be + Subject + Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where are you going?Aonde você está indo?

Where were you going last night when I arrived?Aonde você estava indo ontem à noite quando cheguei?

It is possible to use where with perfect forms such as the present perfect and the present perfect continuous.

PRESENT PERFECT

A past action that is still relevant. Uma ação passada que ainda é relevante.

Structure: Where + Verb To Have + Subject + Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement (if necessary)

Where have you been?Por onde você esteve?

QUESTION WORD – WHEREPerfect Forms

Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous


Modal verbs can be used in questions with where. In this case, the modal verb comes right after the question word.

Structure: Where + Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where should we go on our next vacation?Aonde devemos ir em nossas próximas férias?

(should = recommendation)

Where would you like to live?Onde você gostaria de viver?

(would = hypothetical question)

Where can we find an ATM machine?Onde podemos encontrar um caixa eletrônico?

(can = possibility)

QUESTION WORD – WHEREModal Verbs

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Action started in the past and still going on.Ação iniciada no passado que ainda está acontecendo.

Structure: Where + Verb To Have + Subject + Been + Main Verb in the -ING Form + Complement (if necessary)

Where have you been working?Onde você tem trabalhado?

In English, it is common to use where with verbs followed by prepositions that express directions. When we use these prepositions, they are placed right after the verb.

Two frequent prepositions used in questions with where are “to” and “from,” since they typically follow verbs that express movement.


And now you know what a question word is and how to use the question word where to ask indirect or direct questions with different verb forms.

Check out some questions with the verbs to go and to come followed by these prepositions.

Where are you going (to)?Para onde você está indo? / Aonde você está indo?

(The preposition is optional because the verb to go expresses movement toward a place with or without the preposition.)

(A preposição é opcional porque ir o verbo ir indica movimento em direção a algum lugar, com ou sem preposição.)

Where is she coming from?De onde ela está vindo?

(The preposition is mandatory, otherwise the verb to come might not imply the idea of origin.)(A preposição é obrigatória, caso contrário, o verbo vir pode não transmitir a ideia de origem.)

QUESTION WORD – WHEREWhere + Verbs Followed by Prepositions


Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. The question word who is used to ask questions about people.

Question Word—WhoDirect and Indirect Questions

Who is that girl?Quem é aquela garota?

(Direct question = who + structure of interrogative form)

As with all question words, the most frequent structure to ask a direct question is the question word followed by the interrogative form in different verb forms.

In the simple present, when we use who with the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary verb.

WHO – SIMPLE PRESENTTo be

Who is your favorite singer?Quem é o seu cantor favorito?

(Simple Present + To be = No auxiliary)

Tell me who that girl is.Diga-me que é essa garota.

(Indirect question = who + structure of aff irmative form)


Question Word – Who

With all the other verbs in all other verb forms, we need to use an auxiliary verb in the interrogative form. But when we ask questions with the question word who, we have to pay special attention to this structure.

The question word who is always used to ask about the identif ication of a person. However, it is possible to ask about the subject or the object of the sentence. This is important because the structure of the question will change.

Take a look:

When we ask about the subject, the main verb is conjugated in third person singular. Pay attention to the structure of the interrogative sentence:

WHO – SIMPLE PRESENTQuestions about the subject

Structure: Who + Verb in the third person singular + Complement

Who helps you with the kids?Quem te ajuda com as crianças?

(Who + verb in the third person singular “helps” + complement “you with the kids”)

My mom helps me with the kids.Minha mãe me ajuda com as crianças.

(Subject “my mom” + verb in the aff irmative “helps” + complement “me with the kids”)(The core of the answer is the subject “My mom.”)(A parte central da resposta é o sujeito “Minha mãe”.)

When we ask questions to learn about the object of a sentence, then the subject is included in the question, and we will use who followed by the structure of the interrogative form.

WHO – SIMPLE PRESENTQuestions about the object

Structure: Who + Structure of the Interrogative Form

Who do you want to win the elections?Quem você quer que vença as eleições?

(Who + Interrogative Form: Auxiliary “do” + Subject “you” + Main Verb “want” + Complement)

I want Michael to win the elections.Eu quero que o Michael vença as eleições.

(Subject “I” + Verb in the Affirmative “want” + Object “Michael” + Complement “to win the elections”)(The core of the answer is the object “Michael.”)(A parte central da resposta é o objeto “Michael”.)


WHO – SIMPLE PASTSubject and Object Questions

Who was Anne Frank?Quem foi Anne Frank?(Who + Verb To Be)

Who called you?Quem te ligou?

(Who + Verb in the Third Person Singular + Complement)

Who did you call?Para quem você ligou?

(Who + Interrogative Form: Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb)

In the simple past, we follow the same pattern. The difference here is that the auxiliary verb in the past is did regardless of the subject.

As with the simple present, if we use the verb to be, we don’t use the auxiliary verb. We will use was or were, according to the subject.

WHO – CONTINUOUS FORMSPresent and Past Continuous

Who is driving today?Quem está dirigindo hoje?

(Who + Verb in the third person singular + Complement)

Who were you talking to?Com quem você estava falando?

(Who + Interrogative Form: Auxiliary + Subject + Main Verb)

In continuous forms such as the present and the past continuous, we’ll use the question word who followed by the interrogative of these structures.


With perfect forms, such as the present perfect and the present perfect continuous, we’ll use the same patterns.

WORD – PERFECT FORMSPresent Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous

Who has won the most Oscars?Quem ganhou mais Oscars?

(Who + Verb in the Third Person Singular + Complement)

Who have you been seeing?Com quem você tem saído?

(Who + Interrogative Form: Auxiliary 1 + Subject + Auxiliary 2 + Main verb)

Who is commonly used with modal verbs. In this case, the modal comes right after the question word.

WHO – MODAL VERBS

Who should we consider for the project?Quem devemos considerar para o projeto?

Who can help us?Quem pode nos ajudar?

Who would you take to a desert island?Quem você levaria para uma ilha deserta?

You can make questions using who and verbs followed by prepositions. In these cases, the prepositions go to the end of the sentence.

WHOVerbs + Prepositions

Who are you going out with?Com quem você vai sair?

(I am asking about the person or people who are joining you.)

Who did you talk to?Com quem você falou?

(In this question, we want to know who that person is.)

And now you know when and how to use who, and you’ve seen its structure with different verb forms.


Question words are used to ask direct and indirect questions. Common question words include what, when, where, which, why, who, and how.

The question word why is used to ask or to talk about the reason for something.

QUESTION WORD – WHY

WhyPor que / Por quê

Just like the other question words, why can be used in direct and indirect questions.

QUESTION WORD – WHYDirect and Indirect Questions

Why are you so sad?Por que você está tão triste?

(Why + interrogative form = direct question)

Please, tell me why you are so sad.Por favor, me diga por que você está tão triste.

(A question inside a sentence = indirect question)

Most direct questions will follow this pattern: question word why + interrogative form, no matter which verb form you choose to use.


Question Word –Why

Why did you say that?Por que você disse isso?

(Why + Interrogative Form – Simple Past)

QUESTION WORD – WHYWhy + Interrogative Form

I’ve already told you this movie is terrible. Why waste your time with it?Eu já te disse que esse f ilme é horrível. Por que perder seu tempo com isso?

(Why + verb “to waste” in the infinitive without to)

Why argue with Gabriel? He’ll never change his mind.Por que discutir com o Gabriel? Ele nunca vai mudar de ideia.

(Why + verb “to argue” in the infinitive without to).

QUESTION WORD – WHYWhy + Infinitive Form (without To)

Questions with why can also be followed by a verb in the infinitive without to. This structure is typically used to suggest that an action is pointless or unnecessary.

Why are you doing this?Por que você está fazendo isso?

(Why + Interrogative Form – Present Continuous)

Why have you been going there?Por que você tem ido lá?

(Why + Interrogative Form – Present Perfect Continuous)

Why would I do that?Por que eu faria isso?

(Why + Interrogative Form – Modal Verb)


When we reply to a negative statement and we want to ask the reason, why not sounds more natural than why. Why not can also be used as a reply when we want to accept a suggestion.

QUESTION WORD – WHYWhy + Not—Replies

It is also possible to use why not when we want to give a suggestion. In this case, we can use why not + infinitive without to or we can use why + interrogative-negative form of the simple present.

Check the examples:

Why not stay home and watch a movie?Por que não f icar em casa e assistir a um filme?

(In this sentence, “why not” is followed by the verb “to stay” in the infinitive without to and the complement.)

Why don’t we stay home and watch a movie?Por que a gente não f ica em casa e assiste a um filme?

(In this sentence, “why” is followed by the interrogative-negative form of the simple present.)

QUESTION WORD – WHYWhy + Negative Form—Suggestions

Replying to a Negative StatementRespondendo a uma declaração negativa

I don’t want to go out tonight.Eu não quero sair hoje à noite.

Why not?Por que não?

Replying to a Suggestion or InvitationRespondendo a uma sugestão ou convite

Let’s order some food and watch a movie at home.

Vamos pedir comida e assistir a um filme em casa.Sure, why not?


It is important to notice that we use why to ask about the reason, and we use because or because of when we are giving the reason for something in aff irmative sentences.

The difference is that because will be used before a complete sentence, whereas because of will be followed by a noun or noun phrase.

Why are you leaving earlier?Por que você está saindo mais cedo?

BECAUSE VS. BECAUSE OF

Now you know what a question word is, how to use why as a question word using different verb forms, and how to use because to state reasons.

Because I have a doctor’s appointment.Porque eu tenho uma consulta médica.

(Complete sentence = Because + Subject + Verb + Complement)

Because of my doctor’s appointment.Por causa da minha consulta médica.

(Because of + Noun Phrase)


Now, imagine, we want to replace the object of the sentence, which is John, with a pronoun. In this case, we would use an object pronoun, as you

can see in the following sentence.

Reflexive pronouns are used when the object and the subject of the sentence refer to the same person or to the same thing.

First, check what is an object pronoun.

Mary talked about John for hours.Mary falou sobre o John por horas.

(Mary performs the action. Therefore, she is the subject of the sentence; and John, who receives it, is the object.)

(Mary pratica a ação. Portanto, ela é o sujeito da frase; e John, que recebe a ação, é o objeto.)

Mary talked about him for hours. Mary falou sobre ele por horas.

(Him replaces John, which is the object; so, it is an object pronoun.)(Ele substitui John, que é o objeto da frase.

Por essa razão, é um object pronoun.)

OBJECT PRONOUNS


Reflexive Pronouns

Finally, pay attention not to confuse reflexive pronouns with object pronouns.

Reflexive pronoun

Mary talked about herself for hours.Mary falou de si mesma por horas.

(Mary performed the action and she was also the object of the action.)(Mary praticou a ação e também foi objeto da ação.)

Object pronoun

Jane was absent and Mary talked about her.Jane estava ausente, e Mary falou sobre ela.

(Mary talked about another person, Jane. So, we can use the object pronoun her to replace Jane.)(Mary falou sobre outra pessoa, Jane. Então, podemos usar o object pronoun her para substituir Jane).

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS AND OBJECT PRONOUNS

The second sentence should be avoided. It sounds ambiguous since two female names were mentioned before. Still, it’s clear that Mary is not talking about herself, because we used the object

pronoun her and not the reflexive herself.

Now, check the reflexive pronoun.

Mary talked about herself for hours.Mary falou de si mesma por horas.

(Mary performed the action, and she was also the object of the action.)(Mary praticou a ação, e também foi objeto da ação.)

The person who performs the action, that is, the subject, is the same person who receives the action: the object.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS


You can see the relation of each subject pronoun to its corresponding reflexive pronoun on the following table.

Now that you know the reflexive pronouns in English, check their use.

We mainly use them when the subject and the object of the sentence refer to the same person or thing.

Reflexive Pronoun

myselfeu mesmo(a)

yourselfvocê mesmo

himselfele mesmo / si mesmo

herselfela mesma / si mesma

itselfa si mesmo(a)

ourselvesnós mesmos(as)

yourselvesvocês mesmos(as)

themselveseles mesmos/elas mesmas

Subject Pronoun

Ieu

youvocê

heele

sheela

itele(a) / isso

wenós

youvocês

theyeles/elas

Singular

Plural

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS


I have to take care of myself.Eu preciso me cuidar.

(I have to take care of my own. So, I am both the doer and the beneficiary of the action.)

He cut himself this morning.Ele se cortou essa manhã.

(He was performing some action when he accidently cut himself. So, he did it and he was affected by it.)

Her songs are all about herself.As músicas dela são todas sobre ela mesma.

(The subject her songs is equivalent to they, but there is a relation between the possessive adjective her, which is part of the subject, and the

complement herself.)

His dogs bite themselves.Os cachorros dele se mordem.

(The subject his dogs can be replaced by they. Themselves refers to they.)

I agree with that.Eu concordo com isso.

I myself agree with that.Eu mesmo(a) concordo com isso.

(Here, I am emphasizing that it’s my opinion.)

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

In some situations, ref lexive pronouns are used even if the subject and the object are not the same but are somehow related.

We can also use reflexive pronouns to emphasize the subject of the sentence. In this case, they are not the object of the action, and they can be removed from the sentence without changing the meaning. But if we decide to use it, we should place the reflexive right after the subject or at the end of the sentence.


Now you know what a reflexive pronoun is and how to use it.

I like to be by myself.Eu gosto de f icar sozinho(a).

(It means that I like to be alone.)

How are you?Como você está?

I’m so proud of him. He did it all by himself.Estou tão orgulhoso(a) dele. Ele fez tudo isso sozinho.

(In this case, he didn’t have any help.)

I’m good, what about yourself?Eu estou bem, e você?

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

It’s important to mention that when we use the preposition by followed by a reflexive pronoun, we mean alone or without help.

There are some special cases in which reflexive pronouns can be used in some specif ic questions, replacing the object pronoun.


In English, verbs can be either regular or irregular.

Most verbs are regular, that is to say that both their past and past participle will follow a general rule for regular verbs, which is to add -ED to the base form.

REGULAR VERBSGeneral rule add -ED

to call (called)chamar, telefonar

to listen (listened)ouvir

to play (played)brincar, jogar, tocar

to visit (visited)visitar

to finish (finished)acabar, terminar

to look (looked)olhar, parecer

to show (showed)mostrar

to want (wanted)querer

to help (helped)ajudar

to need (needed)precisar

to start (started)começar

to work (worked)trabalhar


Regular Verbs

REGULAR VERBSFor verbs ending in -E, add -D

REGULAR VERBSVerbs ending with a consonant followed by Y, add -IED

Infinitive Form: to arrive (chegar)You’ve arrived early.Você chegou cedo.

Infinitive Form: to live (morar)I lived in London when I was a child.

Eu morei em Londres quando eu era criança.

Infinitive Form: to introduce (apresentar)I’ve introduced Julia to Mark.Eu apresentei a Julia ao Mark.

Infinitive Form: to like (gostar)I liked this book very much.Eu gostei muito desse livro.

Infinitive Form: to study (estudar)Michelle has studied a lot for her math exam.

Michelle estudou muito para sua prova de matemática.

Infinitive Form: to cry (chorar)The baby cried a lot last night.

O bebê chorou muito noite passada.

Infinitive Form: to try (tentar)I tried to help her, but I couldn’t.

Eu tentei ajudá-la, mas não consegui.

However, there are some specific spelling rules depending on how the base form ends.

For regular verbs that already end in -E, we just add -D.

For regular verbs that end with a consonant followed by the letter Y, we drop the -Y, and add -IED.


Infinitive Form: to stop (parar)We stopped at the drugstore to buy some things.

Nós paramos na farmácia para comprar algumas coisas.

Infinitive Form: to plan (planejar)We had planned to arrive early, but we are late.

Nós tínhamos planejado chegar cedo, mas estamos atrasados.

Infinitive Form: to prefer (preferir)Tony preferred to stay home last night.

Tony preferiu f icar em casa noite passada.

Infinitive Form: to occur (ocorrer)Something unexpected has occurred.

Algo inesperado ocorreu.

British English: Double the L and add -EDAmerican English: Add -ED

Infinitive Form: to travel (viajar)I travelled/traveled to Paris in my honeymoon.

Eu viajei para Paris em minha lua de mel.

Infinitive Form: to cancel (cancelar)The flight has been cancelled/canceled due to bad weather conditions.

O vôo foi cancelado devido ao mau tempo.

When the regular verb ends in the combination of consonant, vowel, consonant (CVC) and the last syllable is stressed, we double the final consonant and add -ED to form the past.

Pay attention to the fact that there are also verbs ending in the combination consonant + vowel + consonant in which the last consonant is L.

In British English, these verbs, regardless of the stressed syllable, will always have their past and past particle forms with double L. Therefore, travelled with double L or traveled with one L are both correct spellings of the past of the verb to travel. The same happens with the verb to cancel.

REGULAR VERBSVerbs ending in CVC: double the last consonant and add -ED

REGULAR VERBSVerbs ending in CVC in which the last consonant is L: add -ED or double the L and add -ED


REGULAR VERBSVerbs ending in –C: add -KED

And now you know how to use the regular verbs in the past and the past participle.

For verbs ending in -C, we’ll add -KED to form the past and past participle. These are rarer cases, but, among the most frequent verbs in the English language, we could mention the verb to panic.

Infinitive Form: to panic (entrar em pânico)I panicked when I saw my bank balance.

Eu entrei em pânico quando vi meu saldo bancário.


The simple past is a verb form used to talk about things that happened or existed in the past.

Check the structures, starting with aff irmative sentences in the past.

SIMPLE PASTAffirmative Sentences

Structure: Subject + Main Verb (in the Past) + Complement

I watched all the episodes of this series.Eu assisti a todos os episódios desta série.

(I performed this action in the past. It’s over now because I f inished it).

In affirmative sentences, the auxiliary verb is not necessary, but it can be used in some specif ic contexts to emphasize the message.

If we decide to use the auxiliary did to add emphasis to aff irmative sentences, the main verb goes back to its base form.

SIMPLE PASTAffirmative Sentences – Adding Emphasis

Structure: Subject + Auxiliary Verb (in the Past) + Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement

I did watch all the episodes of this series.Eu (de fato) assisti a todos os episódios desta série.

(Note that the auxiliary doesn’t have a meaning, only the function of emphasizing).


Simple Past – Other Verbs

The verb conjugation in the simple past will be the same for all persons, singular or plural. What we must take into consideration, though, is that some verbs in English are regular, while others are irregular.

In the previous example in the aff irmative form, we used the regular verb to watch in the past, which is watched.

For regular verbs, we’ll add -D, -ED, or -IED to the end, depending on how the base form is spelled. Check the spelling rules for regular verbs in the past.

SIMPLE PAST – REGULAR VERBSSpelling Rules

GENERAL RULE: ADD -ED

To watch – watched To play – played Assistir Brincar, jogar, tocar

VERBS ENDING IN -E: ADD -D

To like – liked To love – loved Gostar Amar

VERBS ENDING IN CONSONANT + -Y: DROP THE -Y AND ADD -IED

To study – studied To cry – cried Estudar Chorar

CVC VERBS: DOUBLE THE LAST CONSONANT AND ADD -ED

To stop – stopped To plan – planned Parar Planejar


These are the spelling rules for all regular verbs in the past, which are most verbs in English.

But there are few irregular verbs in English, and they do deserve some special attention. As the name says, they are irregular, which means there is not one pattern that applies to all of them.

For instance, some irregular verbs suffer signif icant changes in their base forms. That’s the case of the verb to be, which in the past becomes was or were depending on the subject, or the verb to have, which becomes had, and the verb to go, which becomes went. On the other hand, verbs such as to quit, to put, or to cut will keep their base form when conjugated in the past.

SIMPLE PASTIrregular Verbs

To be – was/wereSer, estar

To quit – quitDesistir

To have – hadTer

To cut – cutCortar

To go – wentIr

To put – putBotar, colocar

There’s a grammar guide dedicated to irregular verbs in the past. Check it so you can learn more about them.

Now, when using sentences in the negative and in the interrogative forms, the fact that the verbs can be either regular or irregular is unimportant, since it’s the auxiliary verb did that will be conjugated. This means that the main verb goes back to its base form.

SIMPLE PASTNegative Sentences

Structure: Subject + Auxiliary (Did) + NOT + Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement

I didn’t watch this series.Eu não assisti a esta série.

(didn’t = did not)


The contracted form didn’t will be used in most cases. However, in formal written language, it is advisable to avoid the use of the contraction. In spoken language, if you use the full form, you are adding emphasis to a negative statement.

I did not watch this series.Eu não assisti a esta série.

SIMPLE PASTNegative Sentences – Adding Emphasis

For interrogative sentences, we’ll invert the order and place the auxiliary before the subject.

Structure: Subject + Auxiliary (Did) + NOT + Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement

Did you watch all the episodes of the final season?Você assistiu a todos os episódios da temporada f inal?

SIMPLE PASTInterrogative Sentences

Now that we’ve seen the simple past in the affirmative form and the spelling rules for regular verbs, as well as the structures of negative and interrogative sentences, it’s time to see its common usages.

We use the simple past to talk about definite time in the past.

I graduated in December.Eu me formei em dezembro.

(“To graduate” is a regular verb, and its past form is “graduated”)

We went to the movies yesterday.Nós fomos ao cinema ontem.

(“To go” is an irregular verb, and its past form is “went”)

SIMPLE PASTUses


The simple past may or may not have an explicit time reference. Either way, it refers to past events.

We can use the simple past to talk about events that happened once or events that happened with some frequency in the past.

Anne studied with me.A Anne estudou comigo.

(No time reference: but it’s still a f inished action in past)

Santos Dumont flew around the Eiffel Tower.Santos Dumont voou em volta da Torre Eiffel.

(No time reference: but it’s still a f inished action in past)

SIMPLE PASTUses

I went to Italy for my 15th birthday.Eu fui para a Itália no meu aniversário de 15 anos.

(The trip to Italy is an isolated event that happened because of my 15th birthday).

Every summer I traveled with my family to Italy.Todo verão eu viajava com minha família para a Itália.

(The trip to Italy was something that happened more frequently, every summer.)

SIMPLE PASTUses


When we want to make it clearer that we are talking about a past habit, something that happened frequently in the past, it’s also possible to use the expression used to followed by a main verb.

Structure: Subject + Used to + Main Verb (Base Form) + Complement

I used to travel to Italy every summer.Eu costumava viajar para a Itália todo verão.

(Used to + Main Verb in the Base Form = frequent events or habits in the past)

USED TOFrequent Events in the Past

Now you know when and why we use the simple past with other verbs, as well as its structures and spelling rules.



The simple past is used to talk about an event that happened in the past. The time it occurred may be given or not, but it refers to an event that happened in the past.

In this grammar guide, we’ll focus on the verb to be in the past. First, it’s important to know that the verb to be is an irregular verb, and it’s the only verb in English that has two irregular conjugations for the simple past depending on the person: was and were.

Check the structures for interrogative, negative, and aff irmative sentences.

The basic structure for affirmative sentences is the SVC structure, that is, the subject, the verb to be in the past, and the complement.

Singular Plural Verb (To Be) Verb (To Be)

I was we were you were you were

he/she/it was they were seu(s), sua(s), dela seus, suas, deles, delas

Structure: Subject + Verb + Complement

I was in Los Angeles last week.Eu estava em Los Angeles na semana passada.

(Subject “I” + Verb in the Simple Past “was” + Complement “in Los Angeles last week”)

We were at the annual conference.Nós estávamos na conferência anual.

(Subject “we” + Verb in the Simple Past “were” + Complement “at the annual conference”)

SIMPLE PASTVerb To Be

SIMPLE PAST – TO BEAffirmative Sentences

Second person

Third person

First person


Simple Past - To Be


To make a negative statement, you’ll place the negative particle not after the verb. It is very common to see the contracted forms, which are, wasn’t for was not, and weren’t for were not.

In the simple past, you’ll only see contracted or short forms in negative sentences. Short forms are very common in everyday situations. However, if you want to sound more formal or more emphatic, use the full form.

In interrogative sentences, we invert the order and place the verb before the subject.

SIMPLE PAST – TO BENegative Sentences

SIMPLE PAST – TO BEInterrogative Sentences

Structure: Subject + Verb + NOT + Complement

I wasn’t home when he arrived.Eu não estava em casa quando ele chegou.

(wasn’t = was not)

We weren’t in Rio last summer.Nós não estávamos no Rio no verão passado.

(weren’t = were not)

Structure: Verb + Subject + Complement

Were you home last night?Você estava em casa ontem à noite?

Was Meg with you?A Meg estava com você?



I was sad because I failed the exam.Eu estava triste porque não passei na prova.

(I was feeling that way, but I am not anymore).

AgeI was 40 years old when my son was born.Eu tinha 40 anos quando o meu f ilho nasceu.

(I am not 40 anymore. I was 40 at the time of that specif ic event—the day my son was born).

I was so thirsty.Eu estava com muita sede.

(I am referring to a past state. I probably had water, and I am not thirsty anymore).

ProfessionI was a teacher.

Eu era professor(a).(I was a teacher. I may have retired or I changed my profession).

Marital StatusI was married.

Eu era casado(a).(Since it is in past, it means I am not married anymore. I may be divorced or have become a widow/widower).

I was skinnier.Eu era mais magro(a).

(It was how I looked in the past, but I’ve changed).

SIMPLE PAST – TO BEUses


Let’s now check some possible uses of the verb to be in the simple past.

To Be is used to refer to past physical conditions or states.

We can talk about a past age, profession, or marital status.



We were friends.Nós éramos amigos.

(We are not that close anymore, maybe we don’t see each other as often as we used to).

He was my boyfriend.Ele era meu namorado.

(We broke up and he is not my boyfriend anymore. He is my ex now).

It was about 8 a.m. when she left.Eram cerca de 8 horas da manhã quando ela saiu.

Our last appointment was on January 3rd.A nossa última consulta foi no dia 3 de janeiro.



We can use the verb to be in the past to talk about past relationships.

We can also use the verb to be in the past to talk about past time and dates.



Meg was at the mall with me.A Meg estava no shopping comigo.

(I am mentioning the place where Meg and I were).

My office was on Fifth avenue.Meu escritório f icava na 5ª avenida.

(I am talking about a past location—it’s not there anymore. I may have moved to another off ice).


And now you know when and why we use the verb to be in the simple past, as well as its structure and the contracted form for negative sentences.

We can use the verb to be in the past to refer to places and locations in the past.


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Verb To Be Other Verbs

Interrogative Is she a teacher? Does she work as a teacher? Ela é professora? Ela trabalha como professora?

Negative She isn’t a teacher. She doesn’t work as a teacher. Ela não é professora. Ela não trabalha como professora.

The simple present was divided into two grammar guides, and we did that because there is an important difference in structure.

In this grammar guide, we’ll talk about the simple present with verbs that are not the verb to be, that is, all the other verbs.

When we use the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary verb to make interrogative and negative sentences. But when we use other verbs, we need to use the auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verb for the simple present is do or does, according to the subject.

Check out the difference in the box.

SIMPLE PRESENT

The basic structure for the aff irmative form is the SVC structure, that is, subject, main verb, and complement. And the verb conjugation works like this: we’ll use the base form of the verb for all persons, except for the third person singular. In this case, we’ll add –S, –ES, or –IES to the end of the verb, depending on how it’s spelled.


Simple Present -Other Verbs

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Usage of the Auxiliary Do

I do have the right to speak my mind.Eu tenho (sim) o direito de dar minha opinião.

(The verb “do” is used as an auxiliary. So it does not have a meaning, but a function). (O verbo “do” é usado como auxiliar. Portanto, não tem um signif icado, mas uma função).

If you want to learn more about the third person spelling rules, you can check the grammar guide on this topic. However, most verbs will only take a final S in the third person singular, as you can see in the following table.

SIMPLE PRESENTAffirmative Form: Adding Emphasis

Notice that we do not use the auxiliary verb in the affirmative form. But it’s possible to use it to add emphasis to a statement. In that case, the auxiliary verb is placed before the main verb.

Singular Plural

I work here. We work here. Eu trabalho aqui. Nós trabalhamos aqui.

You work here. You work here. Você trabalha aqui. Vocês trabalham aqui.

He works here. Ele trabalha aqui.

She works here. They work here. Ela trabalha aqui. Eles/Elas trabalham aqui.

It works for now. Isso funciona por enquanto.


Second person

Third person

First person


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Thus, it is possible to use the auxiliary with the simple present in the aff irmative form, but it’s also important to notice that it adds emphasis to the sentence, which means that it is only going to happen in very specif ic contexts.

As for the negative and interrogative forms, the auxiliary do is not optional, it’s necessary.

The basic structure for the negative form is the subject, the auxiliary verb do conjugated according to the subject, the negative particle not, the main verb in its base form, and the complement, if necessary.

You should pay close attention to the third person singular. In both negative and interrogative forms, the conjugation goes in the auxiliary verb, that is, we will use does, and, because of that, the main verb goes back to its base form.

Singular Plural

I don’t work here. We don’t work here. Eu não trabalho aqui. Nós não trabalhamos aqui.

You don’t work here. You don’t work here. Você não trabalha aqui. Vocês não trabalham aqui.

He doesn’t work here. Ele não trabalha aqui.

She doesn’t work here. They don’t work here. Ela não trabalha aqui. Eles/Elas não trabalham aqui.

It doesn’t work for now. (Isso) não funciona por enquanto.


Second person

Third person

First person

Do Not Use the Contracted Form

You do not have the right to shout at people.Você não tem o direito de gritar com as pessoas.

SIMPLE PRESENTNegative Form: Adding Emphasis

In informal language, the contracted forms don’t (do + not) or doesn’t (does + not) are used in most cases. In formal written language, we avoid using contractions.

On the other hand, in spoken language, if we use the full form, it probably means we want to add emphasis to a negative statement.


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I work at a law firm.Eu trabalho em um escritório de advocacia.

She works a lot.Ela trabalha muito.

SIMPLE PRESENTOther Verbs – Uses

The simple present is used to talk about facts and to show repetitions, habits, or generalizations.

The basic interrogative form structure in the simple present is the auxiliary verb do conjugated according to the subject, the subject, the main verb in its base form, and the complement, if necessary.

So the position of the auxiliary verb and the subject is inverted, and, once again, in the third person singular, the main verb goes back to its base form, and the auxiliary verb is conjugated.

Check out the following table:

Singular Plural

Do I work here? Do we work here? Eu trabalho aqui? Nós trabalhamos aqui?

Do you work here? Do you work here? Você trabalha aqui? Vocês trabalham aqui?

Does he work here? Ele trabalha aqui?

Does she work here? Do they work here? Ela trabalha aqui? Eles/Elas trabalham aqui?

Does it work for now? Isso funciona por enquanto?


Second person

Third person

First person


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She crosses the street toward him, looks back, and decides to let it go.Ela atravessa a rua em direção a ele, olha para trás e decide deixar para lá.

He gets the ball, passes through the defense and shoots, but the goalkeeper saves it.Ele pega a bola, passa pela defesa e chuta, mas o goleiro agarra.

Firefighters save many lives in Brooklyn.Os bombeiros salvam muitas vidas no Brooklyn.


The simple present can convey the idea of immediacy and drama, and that’s why it’s commonly used in stories or novels, in sports broadcasting, and in newspaper headlines, even when reporting past events.

It can also be used to present a series of events when we narrate something or give instructions and directions.

First you read the questions, then you have to mark the correct statement.Primeiro você lê as perguntas, depois você tem que marcar a afirmação correta.

You go straight and turn right on the traffic light.Você segue em frente e vira à direita no semáforo.



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In English, some verbs cannot be used in continuous forms. These verbs are called non-progressive verbs, and we use them in the simple present. This group is divided into different subgroups of verbs.

Mental process verbs

know, suppose, think, understandsaber, supor, achar, entender

Verbs that describe senses

smell, taste, hearsentir cheiro, sentir sabor, ouvir

Verbs that express feelings

admire, adore, hate, like, respectadmirar, adorar, detestar, gostar, respeitar

Speech act verbs

promise, swear, agree, denyprometer, jurar, concordar, negar

SIMPLE PRESENTNon-progressive Verbs

And now you know the structure and the most common uses of the simple present.


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The simple present is used to talk about factual information or things that happen regularly.

SIMPLE PRESENT

This wall is white.Esta parede é branca.

(It’s a factual piece of information.)

I sleep for 8 or 9 hours a day.Eu durmo de 8 a 9 horas por dia.

(It’s part of a routine, something I do every day.)

The simple present will be tackled in two different grammar guides. In this one, we’ll focus on the simple present sentences in which the main verb is the verb to be.

Check the following table to see the conjugation of the verb to be in the simple present.

SIMPLE PRESENTVerb To Be

Singular PluralFirst person I am We areSecond person You are You areThird person He/She/It is They are


Simple Present -Verb To Be

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There is a different sentence structure for the interrogative, negative, and affirmative forms. In affirmative sentences, we’ll frequently use the SVC structure, that is, Subject, Verb, and Complement. To make a negative statement, you’ll place the negative particle not after the verb. And to ask a question, we invert the order and place the verb before the subject.

AffirmativeSubject + Verb To Be + Complement

I’m a writer.Eu sou escritor.

NegativeSubject + Verb To Be + NOT + Complement

I am not a writer.Eu não sou escritor.

InterrogativeVerb To Be + Subject + Complement

Are you a writer?Você é escritor?

Affirmative Negative I’m I’m not You’re You aren’t He’s/She’s/It’s He/She/It isn’t We’re We aren’t They’re They aren’t

SIMPLE PRESENTVerb To Be

SIMPLE PRESENTVerb To Be – Contracted Form

The simple present of the verb to be is commonly used in its contracted form, also known as short form. Contractions are considered informal, and they are very common in everyday situations. However, if you want to sound more formal or more emphatic, use the full form.

The short or contracted forms can be used in affirmative or negative sentences.


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Now that you know the conjugation in the plural and singular forms, its structure for aff irmative, negative, and interrogative sentences, as well as its full and contracted forms, check out the possible uses of the verb to be in the simple present.

It can be used to refer to personal information such as name, age, profession, marital status, and nationality.

I am thirsty.Eu estou com sede.

(It’s a state. Something I am experiencing now.)

I am skinny.Eu sou magro(a).

(It refers to a physical characteristic.)

SIMPLE PRESENTVerb To Be – Uses


We can also use the verb to be followed by an adjective to talk about permanent or temporary physical characteristics and feelings.

AgeI am 36 years old.Eu tenho 36 anos.

ProfessionI am an architect.Eu sou arquiteta.

NameI am Sophie.

Eu sou Sophie.My name is Sophie.

O meu nome é Sophie.

NationalityI am French.

Eu sou francesa.

Marital StatusI am single.

Eu sou solteira.


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The verb to be in the simple present is also used to talk about permanent or temporary qualities or states, personal characteristics, or mood.

I am stressed.Eu estou estressado(a).

(It’s a current mood or a temporary state.)

I am a stressed person.Eu sou uma pessoa estressada.

(It’s part of my personality.)

It’s eleven o’clock.São onze horas.

Our meeting is on December 3rd.A nossa reunião é no dia 3 de dezembro.



The verb to be in the simple present is also used to talk about time and dates.

We can use the verb to be in the simple present to refer to places and locations as well.

I am at the mall.Eu estou no shopping.

The 9/11 Memorial is in Manhattan.O memorial do 11 de Setembro é em Manhattan.


And now you know when and why we use the verb to be in the simple present.


Subject pronouns are personal pronouns that replace nouns that work as the subject of the sentence. Let’s take a look at them:

First person pronouns are the ones used to refer to the person speaking; second person pronouns refer to the person we are talking to; and third person pronouns, to the people or objects we are talking about.

Let’s start analyzing the f irst person pronouns, the ones that refer to the person who is talking.

The first person singular pronoun (I) is always written with a capital letter, regardless of its position in the sentence. Capitalization does not happen with any other pronoun in English, not even with the first person plural (we).

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

Singular Plural

I we eu nós you you tu/você vós/vocês

he ele (pessoa)

she they ela (pessoa) eles/elas

it ele/ela (exceto pessoas)

Second person

Third person

First person


Subject Pronouns

For the second person, the subject pronoun you will be used both in the singular and in the plural. You always refers to the person or the people you are talking to. Therefore, the context will tell you whether it is singular or plural.

SUBJECT PRONOUNSFirst Person

SUBJECT PRONOUNSSecond Person

You are a teacher.Você é professor.

(second person singular pronoun you)

You are teachers.Vocês são professores.

(second person plural pronoun you)

I am her friend.Eu sou amigo(a) dela.

(f irst person singular pronoun I)

Karen and I work at the same company.Karen e eu trabalhamos na mesma empresa.

(f irst person singular pronoun I)

We are friends.Nós somos amigos.

(f irst person plural pronoun we)

That was the moment we decided to quit the job.Foi nesse momento que nós decidimos deixar o emprego.

(f irst person plural pronoun we)


John is a teacher. He is very good.O John é professor. Ele é muito bom.

(third person singular masculine pronoun he)

Sarah is an actress. She is great.A Sarah é atriz. Ela é ótima.

(third person singular feminine pronoun she)

Turn off the computer. It’s too hot.Desligue o computador. Ele está muito quente.

(third person singular neutral pronoun it)

Turn the TV down. It’s loud.Abaixe a televisão. Ela está alta.

(third person singular neutral pronoun it)

The third person is used to refer to the people or objects we are talking about. In the third person singular, there are two pronouns used to refer to people, and, in some cases, to pets: he and she. “He” is used for the masculine; and “she,” for the feminine.

For all the other cases, we will use the other third person singular pronoun, it; that is, to talk about any other thing in the singular.

Notice that, in the examples we have just seen, the reference of the pronoun it is clear in the sentence. It refers to the computer in the f irst example, and to the TV in the second one.

But the pronoun it will also be used as a subject in sentences that have an impersonal subject. This impersonal use of it introduces new information, and it is used particularly to talk about time, dates, the weather, and opinion.

When it has an impersonal function, it does not refer to a previously mentioned noun. In this case, the pronoun it simply works as the subject of the sentence.

SUBJECT PRONOUNSThird Person Singular (He/She)

SUBJECT PRONOUNThird Person Singular (It)


It’s a pleasure to be here.É um prazer estar aqui.

(third person singular neutral pronoun it impersonal subject)

They are good teachers.Elas são boas professoras.

(third person plural pronoun they)

It’s hot today.Está quente hoje.


They are great students.Eles são ótimos alunos.


It’s late.Está tarde.


They are good books.São bons livros.


SUBJECT PRONOUNThird Person Singular (It)

SUBJECT PRONOUNThird Person Plural (They)

And now you know how to use subject pronouns in English.

Take a look at the following examples:

For the third person plural, there is only one pronoun: they. This is the plural form of the pronouns he, she, and it—meaning this pronoun can be used to refer both to people and objects.


Structure: The + Adjective/Adverb -EST + Noun

It was the longest distance I’ve run.Foi a maior distância que eu já corri.

Structure: THE + MOST/LEAST + Long Adjective/Adverb + Noun

Tokyo is one of the most populated cities in the world.Tóquio é uma das cidades mais populosas do mundo.

This is the least interesting episode of the season.Este é o episódio menos interessante da temporada.

Superlatives are used to compare a person, thing, or idea to the group to which they belong. We use different structures for short and long adjectives or adverbs.

The structure used with short adjectives or adverbs, that is, one-syllable adjectives or adverbs, is the following:

And the following table shows the structure for long adjectives or adverbs.

SUPERLATIVESShort Adjectives and Adverbs

SUPERLATIVESLong Adjectives and Adverbs


Superlatives

It is important to pay attention to some spelling rules as well. For the short adjectives or adverbs, the general rule is to add -EST to the end.

There are other spelling cases. For the short adjectives or adverbs finishing in E, we add -ST.

Adjective/Adverb The + Superlative

long the longest longo(a) o(a) mais longo(a)

high the highest alto(a) o(a) mais alto(a)

old the oldest velho(a) o(a) mais velho(a)

SUPERLATIVES – SPELLINGShort Adjectives/Adverbs – General Rule: Add -EST

SUPERLATIVES – SPELLINGShort Adjectives/Adverbs – Special Rules

Ending in E: Add -STTerminação em E: Adicionar -ST


nice the nicest legal o(a) mais legal

safe the safest seguro(a) o(a) mais seguro(a)


Ending in Y: Change Y to I and add -ESTShort Adjectives/Adverbs – Special Rules


lucky the luckiest sortudo(a) o(a) mais sortudo(a)

happy the happiest feliz o(a) mais feliz

For the short adjectives that finish in Y, we change Y to I and add -EST.


CVC: Double the Last Consonant and Add -ESTCVC: Dobre a Última Consoante e Adicione -EST


hot the hottest (double the T) quente o(a) mais quente

big the biggest (double the G) grande o(a) maior

There’s also a spelling rule for the short adjectives or adverbs that end in CVC: consonant, vowel, consonant. In this case, we double the last consonant and add -EST.



Ending in Y: Replace Y for -IESTTerminação em Y: Substituir o Y por -IEST


easy the easiest fácil o(a) mais fácil

shiny the shiniest brilhante o(a) mais brilhante

The superlative of most two-syllable adjectives and adverbs will be formed by using the structure of the long adjectives and adverbs. However, there are some exceptions.

Take a look:

SUPERLATIVESTwo-syllable Adjectives – Exceptions

Ending in E or LE: add -STTerminação em E or LE: Adicionar -ST


simple the simplest simples o(a) mais simples

gentle the gentlest gentil o(a) mais gentil

Ending in OW: Add -ESTTerminação em OW: Adicionar -EST


narrow the narrowest estreito(a) o(a) mais estreito(a)

shallow the shallowest raso(a) o(a) mais raso(a)


There are also irregular adjectives, which may change their form completely.

Adjective/Adverb The + Superlative good the best bom o(a) melhor

bad the worst ruim o(a) pior

far the farthest/furthest distante o(a) mais distante

SUPERLATIVES – IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

For long adjectives or adverbs or for the two-syllable ones that do not f inish in Y, E, or OW, we’ll use: the + most + adjective or adverb.

The most expensiveO(A) mais caro(a)

The most comfortableO(A) mais confortável

SUPERLATIVES – LONG ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS (THREE OR MORE SYLLABLES)

The Most + Long Adjective/Adverb

Superlatives are often used to compare one person or thing to other people or things of the same group.

Jackie is the most dedicated student in her class.A Jackie é a aluna mais dedicada da turma dela.

This is the best English course.Esse é o melhor curso de inglês.

SUPERLATIVES – USAGE


And now you know how to use the superlative form in English.

It is also possible to compare a person or thing in a situation to the same person or thing in a different situation. In this case, we don’t use the article the.

The company is facing its most difficult challenge.A empresa está enfrentando o seu desafio mais dif ícil.

I am in my best shape.Estou na minha melhor forma.

SUPERLATIVES – USAGE


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