chapters 18-20 honors u.s
TRANSCRIPT
Chapters 18-20 Honors U.S.
Chapter 18: The Machine Age, 1877-1920
Technology and the Triumph of Industrialization• Age of Invention
• All the inventions made in the last quarter of the 19th century• “captains of industry” or “robber barons” became rich during this time
• Carnegie• Sold company to J.P. Morgan
• Rockefeller• Oil
• Standard Oil• Richest person in American History?• Richest person in modern times?
• Thomas Edison• Edwin Drake
• First American to successfully drill for oil
• Bessemer Process• made steel production cheap
• Alexander Graham Bell• Telephone
Mechanization and the Changing Status of Labor• Economies of scale
• Cost per unit decreases as number of units produced increases• Buy more raw materials it is cheaper• Longer machines running less cost to operate those machines• Lower cost means more sold
• Assembly line production• People need to work just as efficiently as machines• Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts an influence but Henry Ford takes it to a new level
• Transcontinental railroad • Central Pacific and Union Pacific meet in Promontory, Utah• Golden spike May 10, 1869
• Railroad time• New York and Boston were 12 minutes off• Synchronized time November 18, 1883• 1884 international conference set worldwide time zones that incorporated railroad time
• Homestead Act• several laws in the United States by which an applicant could acquire
ownership of government land or the public domain, typically called a “homestead”
• more than 270 million acres of public land, or nearly 10% of the total area of the U.S., was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders; most of the homesteads were west of the Mississippi River
• George Pullman• sleeping car, a luxurious railroad coach designed for
overnight travel. In 1894 workers at his Pullman’s Palace Car Company initiated the Pullman Strike, which severely disrupted rail travel in the Midwestern United States and established the use of the injunction (court order) as a means of strikebreaking.
• Credit Mobilier• scandal of 1872-1873 damaged the careers of several
Gilded Age politicians. Major stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed a company, the Crédit Mobilierof America, and gave it contracts to build the railroad. They sold or gave shares in this construction to influential congressmen.
Standards of Living
• degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community
• Reduced labor cost by hiring women and children
• Also used immigrants
• All were eager to work so businesses could get away with paying such low wages• Poverty
• Crime, disease, lack of affordable housing
• Many families with one member disabled from work
The Corporation Consolidation Movement • Corporate consolidation
• Holding company• Company owning enough stock in various
companies to have a controlling interest in the production of raw materials, means of transporting the material to a factory, the factory itself, and the distribution network for selling the product
• Monopoly• Complete control of an industry• Some just naturally occur
• Horizontal integration• Creates a monopoly in a single industry• No longer allowed because of anti-trust laws
• Competition is good for the consumer
• Standard Oil• Either bought out or taken out
• Vertical integration• One company buys out all the factors of
production from raw materials to the finished product but still someone there to compete
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sb_-wfmJnHA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9baLJrPaQgM
• Titans of Industry
The Gospel of Wealth and Its Cities
• Andrew Carnegie• Scottish-American industrialist, business magnate, and philanthropist.
Carnegie led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and is often identified as one of the richest people. He became a leading philanthropist in the United States and in the British Empire
• Social Darwinism• Using Darwin’s theory of evolution for arguing for unrestricted competition• Allows for those “fittest” to survive
• Gospel of Wealth• Carnegie’s argument that with great wealth came social responsibility• Philanthropy
1. Define vertical and horizontal integration• Compare and contrast the 2
• Give an example of each
2. Captains of Industry or Robber Barons• What is the difference between the 2?
• Management tactics and business strategies?
• Contributions to the economy?
• Attitude toward competition?
• What are the arguments for each?
• Carnegie and Rockefeller• Which one are they? Evidence?
SHEG
Fight Against Child Labor
National Child Labor Committee & Lewis Hine
Lewis Hine• This photograph shows small
children maintaining a loom in a textile mill in Georgia in 1909. Serious injuries were common for children who tended these powerful machines. By some estimates, up to 25% of workers in textile mills in the South were under the age of 16 at the turn of the century.
• The owners and operators of these facilities typically opposed the NCLC’s crusade against child labor, and they would not have agreed to let a photographer document the working conditions of children in their factories and mills. Hine would often lie to gain access, telling people that he was an inspector or that he was only interested in taking photographs of the machinery. He was sometimes forcibly removed when management learned his real intentions
Lewis Hine
• This picture shows boys working for a glass manufacturer in Indiana in 1908. Boys in glass factories would often work dangerously close to hot furnaces and molten glass.
• Hine reported that this photo was taken at midnight. Hine used a basic box camera to take his photographs. The box camera, invented by Kodak in 1888, was light enough to be carried easily and allowed photographers to capture images by simply opening and closing a shutter. Although the box camera was portable and relatively easy to operate, it was not an effective tool for capturing action shots. Rapid movement by subjects would often cause them to appear blurry in the photograph, so Hine would often need his subjects to remain still when being photographed. Hine would also use a magnesium flash to capture images in dark conditions (like those pictured here). The flash technology was tricky to operate and would send a large cloud of fire and sparks into the air, so candid photographs were difficult to capture in dark conditions. Subjects were usually aware that they were being photographed.
Lewis Hine
• This photograph shows a five-year-old boy working in a seafood processing facility in Biloxi, Mississippi. He worked as a shrimp-picker, a job that involved breaking the shells of shrimp and separating the meat with his fingers. Behind him is a pile of oyster shells. Hine reported that the managers at the facility had refused to allow him to take photographs at the plant, so he returned at five o’clock in the morning the next day to photograph workers before any managers had arrived.
Child Labor Laws
• The efforts of organizations like the NCLC were effective in mobilizing the public to act, and some states passed significant laws to regulate the age at which children could work and under what conditions. The federal government also passed laws to limit child labor in 1916 and 1918, but the Supreme Court struck down both laws (the Keating-Owen Act and the Child Labor Tax Law of 1919) as unconstitutional. It wasn’t until the Great Depression that a federal law regulating child labor would stand. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 set 14 as the minimum age for all non-farm work. It also prevented children aged 14 to 15 from working during school hours and from taking jobs in manufacturing or mining. The law did not apply to agricultural work. Legal distinctions between industry and agriculture persist today, with industrial work being regulated more than child labor in agricultural work.
Central Historical Question
What was work like for children working in coal mines in the early
20th century?
Document AThe following photograph shows a group of “breaker boys” who were employed at a coal mine in northeastern Pennsylvania. The job of a breaker boy was to separate rocks and minerals from coal that had just been mined from the ground. They would typically use their bare hands to pick rocks from the coal.
Document BThe document shows breaker boys at work in Pennsylvania. The coal would travel through a chute below them and they would pick rocks from the coal as it passed.
Document C
In the photograph, Hine featured a young “driver” named Arthur Havard (pictured in the middle of the front row). Mines in this region of the country were deep in the ground and the coal needed to be hauled to the surface. Drivers would lead mules pulling carts full of coal out of the mines.
Document D
The photograph shows a young driver leading a mule in a mine shaft. To his left is an adult driver sitting on a type of steam engine that was also used to haul coal from mines.
Central Historical Question
What was work like for children working in coal mines in the early
20th century?
-Child Labor SHEG
may work together
-Anti-Competitive Markets: Crash Course Economics #25
half page summary (solo)
American Industrial Revolution
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Cvofeaj0y0&t=606s
Chapter 19: The Vitality and Turmoil of Urban Life, 1877-1920
Crash Course #23The Industrial Economy
Growth of the Modern City
• Mass transportation
• Urbanization
• Water, Sanitation, Crime, Fire
• Great Chicago Fire October 8-10, 1871
• San Francisco Earthquake 4/18/1906
Immigration
• Immigrants make up a majority of city populations
• 1880 most from southern and eastern Europe
• Prior from northern and western Europe
• Tenements
• Worse off were blacks and Latinos• 1890-1910 200,000 African Americans moved north to mostly Chicago and
Detroit
• Debt peonage • System that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off debt to the employer
• 1911 Supreme Court declares illegal since violation of 13th Amendment
More Immigration
• 1880-1920 260,000 immigrants arrived in eastern and southeastern U.S. from the West Indies
• Asian immigration• 1851 to 1883 300,000 Chinese mostly to find gold and work on railroads
• 1884 Japanese emigration to Hawaii
• 1898 U.S. annexed Hawaii and Japanese immigration to West Coast increased
• 1920 200,000 Japanese lived on the West Coast
Urban Neighborhoods
• Social Gospel Movement • Many Americans were desperately poor around the turn of the 20th century.
The Social Gospel movement emerged among Protestant Christians to improve the economic, moral and social conditions of the urban working class
• Settlement houses • an institution in an inner-city area providing educational, recreational, and
other social services to the community
• Jane Addams• Founded Chicago’s Hull House in 1889
• Workers can learn from life itself
Islands
• Angel Island
• Ellis Island
• Americanization movement• Assimilate to dominant culture
• Schools and voluntary associations try to teach skills needed for citizenship (English, History, Government), social etiquette
Islands
• Go onto google and search • Interactive Tour of Ellis Island
• Answer the questions that are on quia
Living Conditions in the Inner City
Crash Course #24
• Westward Expansion
Managing the City
• Political bosses• Many expected churches, private organizations, ethnic communities to help
the poor
• In exchange for controlling the vote and “donations” they gave housing, jobs, citizenship, and voting rights
• “Boss” Tweed of Tammany Hall in New York City most notorious
• Political Machines
Political Bosses SHEG
• Political bosses were political leaders who got people to vote for them by giving favors. They also made deals with various contractors. The ring of people who made deals and got votes for the political boss were called the political machine. In NYC the political machine was called Tammany Hall.
Thomas Nast Anti-Tweed Ring Satire, 1871
• What do you see here?
• Who is in the ring?
• What is the cartoonist saying?
• Does he like Tammany or not?
•Complete the graphic organizer that goes with the documents.
•Write a dialogue between Steffens and Plunkitt in which Steffens tries to convince Plunkitt to run a more honest government.
•Were political bosses corrupt?
The New Leisure and Mass Culture• Board Games
• More affordable • Milton Bradley and Parker Brothers
• Amusement parks
• Bicycling and tennis
• Spectator sports• Teddy Roosevelt tries to eliminate brutality and foul play in collegiate sports • Baseball
• Formalized in 1845• National Pastime• 1903 World Series
• Mass Circulation Newspapers• Pulitzer• Hearst• Yellow Journalism
• Promoting Fine Arts• Aschan School
New Ways to Sell Goods
• New Consumerism• Urban Shopping• Department Store• Chain Store
• Macy’s• Woolworth’s
• Advertising• 1865 $9.5 million to $500 million in 1919• Billboards• Magazine Ads
• Catalogs and Rural Free Delivery • More deliveries to farmers and the ability to receive packages• Sears Roebuck, Montgomery Ward
• In need of a wife?
Crash Course #25Growth, Cities, and Immigration
Chapter 20: Gilded Age Politics, 1877-1900
The Nature of Party Politics
Issues of Legislation• Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
• Laws trying to restrict monopolies• control business practices that limited competition
• Forbidding any “combination….or conspiracy in the restraint of trade”
• Knights of Labor, founded in 1869 of the first national labor unions• During 19th century shift from vertical identification to horizontal identification
• Apprentice shoemaker would likely think of himself as belonging to a class with journeymen shoemakers and master shoemakers but by 1850 more likely think of himself belonging to a class with apprentice tailor and apprentice blacksmiths
• Samuel Gompers• American Federation of Labor• Used strikes unlike Knights of Labor
• Munn v. Illinois• 1877 the Supreme Court upheld states’ regulation of railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers,
thus establishing the right of government to regulate private industry to serve public interest
• Interstate Commerce Act• 1887 law that established the federal government’s right to supervise railroad activities and created a
five-member Interstate Commerce Commission to do so• control business practices that limited competition
• Muller V. Oregon• Women were provided by state mandate, lesser work-hours than allotted to
men
• posed question was whether women's liberty to negotiate a contract with an employer should be equal to a man's
• Progressive Reformers were happy since less work hours but feminists upset since it was not equal
Tentative Presidents
Discrimination, Disfranchisement, and Responses• Melting pot
• Nativism
• 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
• Gentlemen's Agreement
Chinese Immigration
1857 Illustration of a Chinese miners in California
1858 Illustration of the Second Opium War
Transcontinental Railroad
Representatives of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific meet to complete the first transcontinental railroad at Promontory Point, Utah, in 1869.
Chinese Railroad Laborers
A Chinese railroad worker in the Sierra Nevada Mountains
The Chinese Exclusion Act
An excerpt of the Chinese Exclusion Act, The Daily Astorian, May 14, 1882
• 1842 China lost the First Opium War to Britain. The Qing Dynasty signed a treaty favorable to British trade interests and ceded Hong Kong Island to the British Empire.
• 1848 Gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill, California; thousands of Chinese immigrants departed from Hong Kong to mine for gold in California.
• 1850 California instituted the Foreign Miners’ tax, which targeted Chinese and Latino miners. The Taiping Civil War began in China. 20-30 million died as a result, and millions more were displaced by its end in 1863.
• 1852 Approximately 17,000-25,000 Chinese in California.
• 1854 California Supreme Court ruled that Chinese did not have the right to testify against white citizens in People v. Hall.
• 1860 United States trade with China tripled from 1845 levels. China lost the Second Opium War to France and Britain. The Qing Dynasty signed a treaty favorable to Western interests, including the legalization of the opium trade.
• 1865 Central Pacific Railroad recruited workers directly from China.
• 1868 China and U.S. signed the Burlingame Treaty. It guaranteed Chinese immigration to the U.S., protection of Chinese citizens, and helped U.S. trade interests in China.
• 1869 First transcontinental railroad completed. 1871 A white mob tortured and hanged 17 to 20 Chinese in Los Angeles.
• 1873 Panic of 1873 lead to a major economic depression in the U.S. The effects of the depression were felt into the 1880s.
• 1877 A white mob rioted against Chinese in San Francisco, killing several and extensively damaging Chinese-owned property.
• 1878 A U.S. federal court ruled in In re Ah Yup that Chinese were not eligible for citizenship.
• 1879 New California State Constitution forbade corporations and governments offices in California from employing Chinese.
• 1880 Approximately 105,000 Chinese in America (less than 10% of California’s population); California passed anti-miscegenation law (Chinese and whites could not marry).
• 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act restricted Chinese immigration (in one year, the number of new lawfully admitted Chinese immigrants dropped from 40,000 to 23).
• Read Document A
• Read Document B
• Read Document C
• Read Document D
• Fill-out Graphic Organizer
SHEG
• Today we are going to make some inferences about life in the United States and California by exploring a strange incident that happened in San Francisco in 1906 and President Theodore Roosevelt’s reaction to it.
• A few months after the earthquake of 1906, the San Francisco Board of Education decided to segregate Japanese students and force them to go to the Chinese school. This created a major crisis. President Roosevelt became involved and tried to get the Board of Education to change its decision.
• We are going to examine this event by reading some of President Roosevelt’s letters and speeches and analyzing a political cartoon.
• Your main goal is to answer the question: Why did Roosevelt intervene in the Japanese student segregation crisis?
• Another goal is to identify how these documents reflect what you might already know about this historical period and how they might help you learn more about the historical context of the time.
Document A
• Based on just Document A, why do you think Teddy Roosevelt intervened in the San Francisco law?
• Do you think he cared about the civil rights of Japanese?
• What does this document tell you about the United States in 1906? Japanese Segregation in San Francisco
• How does it relate to what you might have already known about this time and place in history?
• Fill-out Graphic Organizer
• Use documents A-E and the timeline to write a 2-paragraph response to the following statement: President Roosevelt intervened in San Francisco’s decision to segregate Japanese students because he really believed in equal rights for all races. Agree or disagree. Use evidence to support your answer
• Poll Tax• Annual tax that formerly had to be paid in some Southern states by anyone wishing to vote
• Grandfather Clause• Provision that exempts certain people from a law on basis of previously existing
circumstances• Some Southern states’ constitution that exempted whites from strict voting requirements
used to keep African Americans from the polls
• Segregation• Separation of people based on race
• Jim Crow Laws• Laws enacted by Southern state and local governments to separate white and black people in
public and private facilities
• Plessy v. Ferguson• 1896 Supreme Court Case ruled separate but equal is okay
Agrarian Unrest and Populism
Depression and Protests of the 1800s
• Great Strike of 1877• Mary Harris Jones
• Trying to expose effects of Child Labor• Mother Jones
• Haymarket Affair
• Homestead Strike• Issues at Carnegie Steel Company• Company hired armed guards from Pinkerton Detective Agency• National Guard had to be called in
• Pullman Company Strike• Wages were cut and strike turned violent• President Cleveland had to send in federal troops
1. Video Question1. Why do you think two different interpretations of the Homestead Strike are
described here from the same source?
2. In what ways were some people in the South disenfranchised?
3. How were people rewarded for helping those that got elected to public positions?
4. Why were factory workers upset? What was the U.S. Government’s response?
5. If laissez-faire thinking wants little government interference and capitalism supports business, then why do you think government got involved with regulating businesses?
SHEG
• Summarize the Homestead Strike?
• Read the documents on quia and answer the questions that follow
SHEG: Pullman Strike
Pullman Palace Car Company• The Pullman Palace Car Company
built sleeper cars for trains when train travel was at its peak in the United States. The Pullman Company was by far the largest maker of sleeper cars, and the company employed thousands of workers in Pullman, Illinois – a town near Chicago that the company owned. The Pullman Company’s founder, George Pullman, built the town to ensure a dependable and productive workforce for his company, and he enacted strict behavior standards for the workers who lived there. Pullman also expected to profit from the town, and he charged workers high rents and rates for utilities.
Pullman Company’s main factory in Illinois
Reasons for the Strike
• A deep economic depression began in 1893, resulting in a wave of company bankruptcies and bank failures. To protect profits, Pullman laid off thousands of workers and reduced the remaining workers’ wages by 25% or more. At the same time, Pullman refused to lower rents in the company town, which sparked outrage among struggling workers. Workers began to band together to demand higher wages, better living conditions, and shorter work days, but Pullman refused to negotiate. On May 11, 1894, Pullman workers walked off the job, initiating a strike at the plant. Workers’ homes in Pullman, Illinois.
ARU Supports Pullman Workers• The American Railroad Union
(ARU), under the leadership of labor organizer Eugene V. Debs, was sympathetic to the workers’ cause and called for a nationwide strike in which railroad workers would refuse to handle Pullman cars or move trains that carried them. The ARU strike grew rapidly in June and rail travel ground to a halt in much of the country. Trains were the primary means for transporting goods at the time, so the strike meant that food, mail, manufactured goods, and coal were not moving in many places. By the end of June, the strike had become a national crisis.
Eugene Debs in 1897
George Pullman circa 1894
President Cleveland’s Response• Railroad executives brought in strike breakers
and ordered them to attach mail cars to trains with Pullman cars. They hoped that a refusal to deliver the mail would give the federal government a legal justification to intervene. The ploy worked. President Cleveland’s administration, who was unsympathetic to the strikers, convinced a federal judge to order an end to the strike because it interfered with interstate commerce. To enforce the order, Cleveland deployed thousands of federal troops to Chicago.
President Cleveland in 1888
Violence Erupts
• Strikers were outraged by the deployment of troops, and violence erupted on July 6, with protesters destroying hundreds of rail cars and clashing with troops and police. On July 7, national guardsmen fired upon protesters, killing up to 30. (The exact number is disputed.)
Harper’s Weekly sketch portraying US troops firing at strikers
End of Strike• Federal troops and local police soon
gained control of the railyards, and ARU leaders, including Debs, were arrested for violating the court order to end the strike. After their arrest, the strike fell apart quickly and public support for the workers began to wane in the wake of the violence and destruction of the strike. The Pullman Company reopened in August and Pullman prohibited all workers from joining a union as a condition of their employment.
Homeless in Chicago during the Depression of 1893
• The Pullman strike was a contentious issue across the country. In Chicago, where the strike was centered, newspapers covered the strike differently. Some were sympathetic to the strikers, and others supported Pullman. Today we’re going to look at how two newspapers reported the strike and figure out which side each supported.
• Homestead Strike• Summarize the Homestead Strike?
• Read the documents on quia and answer the questions that follow
• Pullman Strike• Read through the documents
• Complete the graphic organizer
• Central Historical Question
• How did Chicago newspapers cover the Pullman Strike? (use evidence from the texts)
The Silver Crusade and the Election of 1896
Crash Course #26Gilded Age Politics
• Patronage• Officeholder’s power to appoint people-usually those who have helped him
or her get elected-to positions in government
• Graft• Illegal use of political influence for personal gain
• Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883• Law enacted in 1883, established bipartisan civil service commission to make
appointments to government jobs by means of the merit system
Farmers’ Problems• Farmers in the rural Midwest and South
faced a variety of problems in the late 19th century. First, prices for crops fell steadily over time, which left farmers in debt as they were unable to pay back the high-interest loans they took out to plant their crops at the start of the season. On top of this, the farmers relied on the railroads to transport their crops to market, and the railroad companies charged high rates because they knew that farmers had no choice but to pay them if they wanted to sell their crops. Discontented farmers began to the blame the railroads and banks for their woes.
1888 snapshot of Nebraska family farm life
Railroad workers at a coal chute in
the 1880s
Farmers’ Organizations
• Farmers began to organize to address these problems in the late 1860s. The Grange (also known as the Patrons of Husbandry) was a network of local organizations founded in 1867 to address farmers’ issues. In the 1870s, the Grange was successful in promoting state laws to regulate railroad rates (though these laws were struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1880s).
• The popularity of the Grange waned in the 1880s, but new organizations known as the Farmers’ Alliance arose to promote farmers’ interests. By the late 1880s, Alliances in the Midwest and South had become politically powerful, successfully electing candidates that supported their positions—including four Southern governors, 44 congressmen, and several senators.
A Granger-inspired lithograph championing the value of
farmers in society
Populist Party
• The successes of the Alliances inspired the rise of a new political party in 1891—the People’s Party, better known as the Populists
1890 Populist Party
convention in Nebraska
1892 Presidential Election• The new political party held a
national convention in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1892 and drew up a platform that promoted farmers’ interests, including:
• Expanding the supply of money by coining silver as well as gold, which would help indebted farmers by reducing the value of the money they owed; • Government ownership of railroads to control shipping rates; • The implementation of an income tax, with wealthier individuals paying higher rates. The platform also attempted to reach out to urban workers by promoting labor issues, like the eight-hour workday.
For a third party, the Populists had remarkable success in 1892. Their presidential nominee, James B. Weaver, won 8.5% of the popular vote. The party had even greater success at the state and local level, with roughly 1,500 Populist candidates elected to state legislatures.
1896 Election
Democratic candidate William
Jennings Bryan (who the Populists
supported)
Republican candidate William
McKinley (who won the election)
• In 1896, the Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan for the presidency. Bryan had won the nomination by promoting the free coinage of silver, a major issue of the Populists. When the Populists held their convention two weeks later, they faced a dilemma: should they nominate their own candidate who represented all of their interests or throw their support behind Bryan who promoted some of their interests and had a better chance of winning office? They opted for the latter, nominating Bryan as their candidate as well.
1896 Presidential Election• Bryan faced off against Republican
William McKinley, who appealed to the interests of big businesses and banks more than farmers. He opposed coining money from silver, and instead wanted to maintain the “gold standard,” in which currency was only backed by gold. Bryan carried most of the South and West, but McKinley carried the more heavily populated areas in the Northeast and ultimately won the Presidency. The influence of the Populist Party declined after the election of 1896, but many of its issues were taken up by Progressives in the coming decades.
Central Historical Question
How did Populist leaders appeal to the people??
• Read Document A
• Read Document B
• Define populism.
• Answer the questions that follow.
• Central Historical Question (paragraph)• How did Populist leaders appeal to the people?
• How does populism affect politics today? (paragraph)