chapters i,ii,iii

8/7/2019 Chapters i,II,III

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INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

Industrial health and safety today mean protecting the life and health of people

from the dangers arising during or through work. Industrial health and safety are one of

the social components of industrialization and technicalization. They are supported to

humanize not only technology and chemicals but also the whole working situation. The

Status of industrial health and safety in a country is therefore determined to a large

extent by the degree of industrialization and technicalization. The status is a good

indicator for the social, political, democratic and cultural standard of the state or society.

Health and safety is a discipline with a broad scope involving many specialized

Fields. In its broadcast sense, it should aim at:

• The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and

Social well-being of workers in all occupations.

• The promotion among workers of adverse affects on health caused by their

working conditions.• The protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors

adverse to health.

• The placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted

to physical and mental needs.

• The adaptation of work to humans.

In other words, industrial health and safety encompasses the social, mental and

physical well-being of worker, which is the “whole person”. Successful health

and safety practice requires the collaboration and participation of both employers

and workers in health and safety programmes, and involves the consideration of

issues relating to occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, toxicology,

education, Engineering safety, ergonomics, psychology, etc.,



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1.2 INDUSTRY PROFILE

1.2.1 An Overview of Indian Pump Industry

Pumps play a dominant role in the sectors like agriculture, production of oil and

natural gas, petroleum refining, petrochemicals, power generation, domestic and

household utilities, etc, and contribute a major part in nation’s economy.

Pump is not a new concept in the Indian industry. In fact, the ‘Pichkari’ which Lord

Krishna and his playmates used for splashing coloured water on Gopies, can be termed as

the oldest reference to a pump concept, especially of the reciprocating plunger type.

Thus, pumps must be an Indian invention, but commercial production of pumps in India,

as contemporarily understood, is quoted to be way back in the first decade of twentieth

century.

Manufacturing Scenario

Presently, the gross value of pump’s production in India is estimated to be in the

order of US$ 450 million(approx. 1.2 million No.).The scales of production and corporate

structures of manufacturers range from the small scale industries, medium to large scale

industries, both in the unorganised sectors and also public sector units.

In terms of drive ratings, the range of manufacture extends from fractional horsepower

designs to large pumps of drive rating of the order of three MW. Almost all types of

pumps, manufactured internationally, are also made in India.

Demand and Supply Situation

Indian pumps have contributed to the nation’s economy significantly. Prominent

sectors amongst them are agriculture, onshore and offshore production of oil and natural

gas, petroleum refining, petrochemicals, mining, ship-building and marine duties, power

generation, public water supply and sanitation, domestic and household utilities, process

industries producing fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, drugs and pharmaceuticals,

textiles, soaps and detergents, cosmetic and health care products, dairies, vegetable oil

and processed and packed food products, breweries, paints, etc.



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National and International Standards in Practice

Indian standards on agricultural pumps have been trail-blazing even in the

international context, with respect to minimum efficiency norms which were incorporated

in the standards, since 1979, and they have been reviewed and upgraded periodically.

Comparatively, only the 1994 edition of hydraulic Institute Standards gives a monogram

on estimating efficiency of centrifugal pumps. These are again, not mandatory, because

there is no certification marking system in practice for compliance with the HIS-

monogram efficiencies.

Many companies in the organized sector and some, even in the medium-scale sector,

have attained ISO-9000 certification.

Amongst process pumps, the dimensions and ratings often follow the ISO-2858

specifications, whereas API-610’s technical requirements like centre-line supports for

high temperature applications, vibrations levels, nozzle loads and moments, are also

widely popular.

In the associated field of mechanical seals, Sealol, Durametallic, Mars Cyclam,

Burgmann makes have been manufacturing for quite some time and Flexibox and John

Crane are also known to be actively interested to chip in. Alongside, magdrive and

canned motor pumps have been successfully developed indigenously.

Exports and Share in the Global Market

Exports have been a regular feature of Indian pump industry for years. Indian

pumps have reached more than sixty countries around the world including developed

countries.

Some buy-back arrangements have also consistently been in operation for nearly twenty

in some cases, showing the strong confidence and trust, earned in the process.

But, by and large, the size and potential of the domestic market has itself been so good

that majority of manufacturers take little interest in exports to the global market is

admittedly insignificant. In contrast, the size of domestic markets of most individual

European countries has been so small that perforce of such situation. European

manufactures have developed a culture of being a global player, right from the launch of

an enterprise.



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Reservations or Constraints?

It is not easy to explain why manufacturing technologies, like on-line welded

sheet metal fabrication do not have an appeal for real large-scale production as the truly

appropriate technology. Such a venture is bound to be very capital-intensive and Indian

enterprises are typically shy of big

Investments. Alongside, there are natural apprehensions of being able to garner a market

position, which would give an assured and sustainable returns on such large-scale

investments. Yet conveyorised assembly lines have been there, especially, in the

production of agricultural pumps, CNC machines have also been in vogue for long. So,

Indian psyche is shy but definitely open-minded, often needing only an attitude

adaptation.

1.2.2 Future of the Industry

The resilience exhibited by the Indian economy, in the midst of the turmoil in

South Eastern economics and politically motivated economic sanctions, has underscored

the basic growth-prospective characteristics of the Indian economy. That should be a

strong enough base to reason that except for the place of the growth rate, growth by itself

will be always there. Since pumps are needed in every sector of the economy, the Indian

pump industry will always grow.



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1.3 COMPANY PROFILE

SAM TURBO INDUSTRY LIMITED

SAM TURBO INDUSTRY LTD., are in the field of designing, manufacturing

,supplying and servicing pumps for essential industries in India since 1971. Today, SAM

is an acknowledged leader in its industries and continues to combine innovative design

and material with most advanced manufacturing techniques to ensure unequalled quality

and reliability.

Sam’s product range includes Horizontal and Vertical Pumps with open and

closed impeller construction suitable for Chemical, Petrochemical, Paper, Fertilizers,

Refineries, Power, Sugar, Basic Metal Industries, etc. Wide range of Pumps are available

to handle all kinds of liquids in these industries.

Any pump is only as good as the material it is made from and SAM standards

could accept only castings from our own foundry. Sam have got captive steel foundry

producing castings of 450 MT/month and spectrovac and the alloying is adjusted to

stringent metallurgical specifications to ensure precise chemical composition.

Sam produces materials confirming to IS,ASTM,JIS,AFNOR, and BS Standards

like graded Cast Iron, WCB (Carbon Steel), CF8 (SS-304), CF8M (SS-316), CF3M(SS-

316L), CG8M (SS-317), CG3M (SS-317L), CD4MCU, ALLOY-20, HAST ALLOY-C,

B, Nihard-IV, Hi-Chrome (550-600 BHN) etc.

Sam pumps are approved by leading consultants/inspection agencies like

EIL,DCL, Jacob H & G, UDHE, RJ, KPG, PDIL, NTPC etc. and have executed plenty of

project orders through these consultants. Some of our important customers are Hindalco

Industries Ltd.,Reliance Industires Ltd., Grasim Industries Ltd., Birla Copper, Hindustan

Zinc Ltd, Binani Zinc Ltd., FACT., EID Parry, Ballarpur Industries Ltd., Nalco, NTPC,

SAIL, TISCO, NLC, ITC Ltd, etc. The list of projects executed thro’ various consultants

is enclosed



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II. ORGANISATION PROFILE: SAM TURBO INDUSTRY LIMITED

Chairman and Managing Director K. SAMPATH KUMAR

Joint Managing Director S.K. SENTHIL KUMAR Financial Director T.SRINIVASAN

Technical Director M. ANTONISAMY

Year of Establishment and starting of

Production

1971

Present Investment 181 Million

Annual Turnover 555 Million

Installed Power a) EB2500KVA + Genset 1800 KVA b) 67 KVA for welding

Collaboration – Technical Thyssen Ruhurpumpen GMBH - Germany

Number of Employees 600

Executives 25

Engineers 30

Inspectors 15

Supervisors 30

Skilled workers 325

Others 175



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1.3.2 THIRD PARTY INSPECTION AGENCIES / CONSULTANTS

1. Bharath Heavy Electricals Ltd.

2. Bax Council Bureau Ltd.

3. Chem Projects design Engineering (P) Ltd.

4. Chemtex Engineering of India Ltd.

5. Certification Engineers India Ltd.

6. Development Consultant Pvt. Ltd

7. DESEIN Pvt. Ltd

8. Dalal Consultants & Engineers Ltd.

9. Aarvi Encon.

10. Engineers India Ltd.

11. Engineering Project India Ltd.

12. FACT Engineering and Design Organisation

13. Fichtner Consulting Engineers

14. Humprey & Glasgow Consultants Pvt. Ltd

15. International Development Engineering Associates

16. Indian Register Shipping.

17. ICB Limited.

18. Kvearner Power Gas India Ltd.

19. Lloyd’s Register Industrial Services (India) Ltd.

20. Linde Process Technologies India Ltd.

21. MN Dastur & Company Pvt. Ltd

22. MK Raju consultants Pvt. Ltd

23. Metallurgical & Engineering Consutant (India) Ltd

24. National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd

25. Protech Consultants Pvt. Ltd

26. Project development India Ltd



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27. Quality Evaluation & Systems Team Pvt. Ltd

28. Rail India Technical & Economical Service Ltd.

29. SMO ( A division of SPIC).

30. SGS India Ltd

31. Shroff & Associates Engineering (P) Ltd.

32. SPB Project Consultancy Ltd

33. Thaper Chemtex consultants Ltd

34. Tata Consulting Engineers Ltd.

35. Tata Projects Ltd.

36. Toyo Engineering India Ltd.

37. Uhde India Ltd

1.3.3QUALITY

QUALITY ASSURANCE

INTRODUCTION

Quality Assurance System and Control Programmes in the Company are applied

to manufacturing process to have, effective control methods, relevant

documentation,corrective action and provided a means for verification to assertain the

status of level of implementation of various Quality Control measures at any point of

time.

As Quality is defined as confirming to requirements to gain customer’s satisfaction

by satisfying stated and implied needs, satisfying fit form and function. In total to meet

complete expectation of the customer for satisfaction of quality throughout the contract

deal.

Various Quality Control measures are implemented to match the National and

International level of standards.

OBJECTIVE



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The Quality Control Programmes in the works include preventive and corrective

steps to control the Quality in line with the laid- down standards and approved

specifications right from the incoming raw – material stage to the finished goods stage

including after sales service to the gain customer’s satisfaction. This shall be followed in

day – to - day basis.

The General Manager - Quality Assurance Delegates responsibilities to sub –

ordinate personnel and promulgates all Quality measures and procedures necessary in the

company to ensure the end product satisfies to the laid – down approved specification.

The Quality functions include

(a) Acceptance of sub – contractors (including overseas).

(b) Review of Purchase orders.

(c) Pattern Inspection and Control.

(d) Caliberation of Inspection Equipments.

(e) Raw – material control.

(f) Control and Disposition of Non Conforming Products.

(g) Process Inspection.

(h) Final Inspection.

(i) Install Corrective Action.

(j) Identification and Application of Statistical Techniques.

(k) Identification and approval of new tools, Jigs and fixtures.

(l) Handling of customer complaints and analysis for resolution.

1.3.4 LIST OF DOCUMENTS / CERTIFICATES



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1. MATERIAL TEST CERTIFICATES SHOWING CHEMICAL

COMPOSTION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.

2. DYNAMIC BALANCING CERTIFICATES.

3. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TEST CERTIFICATES

4. TESTED RECORDS SHEETS FOR PUMP PERFORMANCE

5. TESTED PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR PUMPS

6. NPSH TEST REPORTS – (OPTIONAL)

7. GUARANTEE CERTIFICATE

8. OPERATION AND INSTRUCTION MANUAL

9. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWING / FOUNDATION DETAILS

DRAWING

10. SECTIONAL DRAWING WITH BILL OF MATERIALS

11. NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST DATAS SUCH AS

A). ULTRASONIC TEST SHEET (OPTIONAL)

B). DYE PENTRATION TEST SHEET (OPTIONAL)

C). RADIOGRAPHY FILMS (OPTIONAL)

1.4 REVIEW OF LITERATURE



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HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY

The major Health and safety issues can be stated as under:

1. Exposure to cotton dust.

2. Exposure to chemicals

3. Exposure to noise

4. Ergonomic issues

1. Exposure to cotton dust

The workers engaged in the processing and spinning to cotton are exposed to

significant amounts of cotton dust. Exposure to cotton dust and other particulars leads to

respiratory disorders including tightening of the chest, coughing, wheezing and shortness

of breadth among textile workers.

In the year 1938 in USA, it was estimated that the disease had already affected

about 35000 people, while 100000 other people were at risk of contracting it. Hence the

Occupational safety and Health Administration i.e. OSHA made it compulsory for

employers in the textile industry to protect their workers from over exposure to cotton

dust and its evil effects.

As per those guidelines, the employer is required to inform the employees in

writing of the dust level present in the atmosphere as well as the steps that the

management is planning to take for its reduction. If the dust level cannot be reduced, it is

the duty of the management to provide respirators to the employees. The OSHA cotton

dust standard was amended in the year 2000.

A study conducted by R. Steinberg, J. Hannak and K.Balakrishnan regarding textile units

in India revealed that pulmonary function in textile workers decreased significantly with



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exposure to cotton dust over a long period of time. Another study conducted on textile

units in Mumbai, India indicated as 11-33% incidence of chronic Bronchitis in textile

workers.

2. Exposure to chemicals

Workers in the textile industry are also exposed to a number of chemicals,

especially those engaged in the activities of dyeing, printing and finishing. Contact of the

chemicals with skin as well as inhalation of the chemicals can lead to several serious

health effects.

3. Exposure to noise

High levels of noise have been observed in most of textile industries, particularly

those in developing countries. In the long run, exposure to high noise levels has been

known to damage the eardrum and cause hearing loss. Other problems like fatigue,

absenteeism, anxiety, reduction in efficiency, changes in pulse rate and blood pressure as

well as sleep disorders have also been noted. Lack of efficient maintenance of machinery

is one of the major reasons behind the noise pollution in a majority of the units.

A study of 77 employees in textile mills in Nagpur was conducted by Ruikar MM,

Motghare DD and Vasudeo ND. This study revealed that 76.6% of the employees were at

risk for developing noise-induced hearing loss. The study of Indian textile units by

R. Steinberg, J. Hannak and K. Balakrishnan indicated that 21.3% of the workers studied

suffered from noise-induced hearing loss.

4. Ergonomic Issues



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Ergonomic issues are observed in majority of the textile units in India. Most of

these units have a working environment that is unsafe and unhealthy for the workers.

Workers in these units face a number of problems such as unsuitable furniture, improper

Ventilation and lighting, and lack of efficient safety measures in case of emergencies.

The workers in such units are at risk for developing various occupational diseases like

lower back pain, neck pain, shoulder pain, and osteoarthritis of the knees.

As per a study by parimalam, Kamalamma N. and Ganguli AK in the year 2006,

there is a considerable difference in the heights of the stools and the tables used for

various operations. This led to the workers having to sit in as uncomfortable position for

entire work days. The stools were not padded and did not have backrest in most of the

units, leading to increased discomfort on the part of the workers. Also, the level of

lighting was low and improper placement of lighting fixtures led to low lighting at the

point of work, leading to eyestrain.

Apart from this, lack of efficient measures for the safety of the workers was also

observed. Lack of essential items such as first aid kits, fire extinguishers, and alarms was

noted in most of the units. This puts the workers under great risk in times of an

emergency. Protective equipments like metallic gloves were not provided to the workers

in several units for protection against potential accidents and injuries. Thus safety and

health measures play an important role in any industry. It is essential that the workers be

aware of the various occupational hazards in the industry. At the same time, it is

necessary that the management take the necessary steps to protect workers from potential

hazardous situations.

MEASURING THE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT FOR

HEALTH AND SAFETY



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Safe behavior at work is a managerial challenge. Traditionally, research into

occupational health and safety has focused on safety culture and safety climate to explain

risk-taking and safety behaviors. Managers in high-hazard industries have therefore

concentrated on creating positive safety cultures and climates.

Recently, 1 proposed that a “Psychological contract for health and safety” may

offer an alternative explanation for individual risk-taking and safety behaviors at work.

The psychological contract is used to explain general areas of the employment

relationship and has been investigated by examining the fulfillment of promises or

obligations from both employees and employers’ perspectives. It should be noted that

different occupational groups (if not different individuals in the same group) may have

their own perceived obligations about health and safety. Therefore, organizational and

occupational contexts need to be considered carefully.

A study was conducted to develop a psychological contract measure for health

and safety. It aimed to discover whether employees with a positive psychological contract

would trust line managers more with respect to health and safety, would perceive a better

safety climate (i.e., would have more positive perceptions about what their line managers

say and do about health and safety).

The results showed participants had high expectations of what their employer had

promised with respect to health and safety. Most notably training about the risks in their

jobs, personal protective equipment and an incident reporting system. On average,

perceived obligations or promises were seen to be slightly unfulfilled, especially with

regard to investigating accidents.

The main finding was that there were significant positive relationships between

the psychological contract, trust and safety climate measures. This suggests that line

managers play a key role. To ensure that employees develop appropriate expectations,

line managers should be involved in the development of organizational health and safety

policies and procedures so they will be better able to live up to their expectations.

THE MAIN THEME OF THE PROJECT



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2.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY

The project work entitled “A Study on Workers’ attitude towards health and

safety measures” in Sam Turbo Industry Ltd.,Coimbatore, was undertaken with a view to

have a descriptive study of health and safety conditions prevailing in the firm.

The selection of the topic has its own importance in the present industrial

scenario. The concept of health and safety has gained importance right from the onset and

has been in transition since it began that most of the industrial accidents can be avoided

with a bit of care and better planning.

Work plays a central role in people’s lives, since most workers spend at least

eight hours a day in the workplace, whether it is on a plantation, in an office, factory, etc.,

Therefore, work environments should be safe and healthy. Yet this is not the case for

many workers. Every day workers all over the world are faced with a multitude of health

hazards, such as:

• Dusts

•

Gases

• Noise

• Vibration

• Extreme temperature

Unfortunately some employers assume little responsibility for the protection of

worker’s health and safety. In fact, some employers do not even know that they have the

moral and legal responsibility to protect workers. As a result of the hazards and a lack of attention given to health and safety, work related accidents and diseases are common in

all parts of the world.

According to Factories Act, 1948



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1. Cleanliness :

(1) Every factory shall be kept clean and free from effluvia

arising from any drain, privy, or other nuisance. The floor of every work room shall be

cleaned at least once in every week.

(2) When a floor is liable to become wet in the course of any manufacturing process to

such extent as is capable of being drained, effective means of drainage shall be provided

(3) Use of disinfectants, etc., painting and varnishing, revarnishing, whitewashing or

color washing shall be resorted to.

2. Disposal of wastes and effluents : Effective arrangements shall be made in every

factory for the treatment of wastes and effluents due to the manufacturing process carried

on therein, so as to render them innocuous and for their disposal.

3. Ventilation and Temperature : Adequate ventilation shall be provided for

circulation of fresh air, and such a temperature as will secure to workers therein

reasonable conditions of comfort and prevent injury to health. The walls and roofs shall

be of such materials and so designed that the temperature shall not be exceeded and kept

low.

4. Dust and fume : Where dust or fume or impurity of such a nature as is likely to be

injurious or offensive to the workers is given off as a result of the manufacturing process

being carried on in a factory, effective measures shall be taken for prevention of

inhalation or accumulation of dust and fumes in workrooms.

5. Artificial humidification : State Government makes prescription of standards of

humidification, regarding the methods of artificially increasing the humidity of air,

methods to be adopted for securing adequate ventilation and cooling of air and such water

to be purified before use in respect of all factories in which the humidity of the air is

artificially increased

6. Overcrowding : There shall not be overcrowding in any room of the factory so as to

be injurious to the health of the workers employed therein. There shall be 9.9 cubic



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metres (for the factories in existence at the time of commencement of Act) and 14.2 cubic

meters (for the factories built after the commencement of Act) of space for every worker.

7. Lighting : In every part of factory where workers are working or passing there shall

be provided and maintained sufficient and suitable lighting, natural or artificial, or both.

All glazed windows and skylights used for lighting shall be kept clean. Provisions shall

also be made for preventing glare and formation of shadows.

8. Drinking water : Effective arrangements shall be made to provide sufficient supply of

drinking water and maintain at suitable points conveniently situated for all workers

employed therein. Those drinking points shall be legibly marked in a language

understood by most of the workers and shall be situated beyond 6 metres of any washing

place, urinai, latrines, spittoons. There should be cooling of water were more than 250

workers are employed.

9. Latrines and Urinals : Separate latrines and Urinals for male and female workers

shall be conveniently situated, adequately lighted and ventilated and shall be maintained

in a clean and sanitary condition. These accommodations shall be of prescribed sanitary

types. The floors and walls are to be glazed and shall be washed and cleaned at least once

in a week.

10. Fencing of Machinery : In every factory, every dangerous part of each machinery

shall be securely fenced by safeguards of substantial construction, which shall be

constantly maintained and kept in position while the parts of machinery they are in

motion or in use.

11. Pits, sumps, openings in floors, etc., : In every factory, pits, sumps, openings, fixed

vessels, tanks, openings in the ground or in the floor shall be securely covered or

securely fenced. ‘Securely fencing a pit’ means covering or fencing it in such a way that

it ceases to be a source of danger to those who have occasion to go near there.

12. Precautions in case of fire : In every factory, all practicable measures shall be taken

to prevent outbreak of fire and its spread, both internally and externally, and to provide



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and maintain safe means of escape for all persons in the event of fire and the necessary

equipment and facilities for extinguishing fire.

Effective measures shall be taken to ensure that all the workers are familiar with the

means of escape in case of fire and have been adequately trained in the routine to be

followed in such cases.

13. Safety of building and machinery : If any building or part of a building or

machinery or plant in a factory is in such a condition that it is dangerous to human life or

safety, the inspector may serve on the occupier or the manager or both of the factory an

order in writing specifying the measures which is in opinion shall be adopted and

requiring them to be carried our before a specified date.

2.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY



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The study was done in order to know about the workers attitude towards various

health and safety measures provided in the firm. The various measures are Cleanliness,

treatment of wastes and effluents, adequate ventilation and temperature, protection from

dusts and fumes, good lighting, drinking water, latrines and urinals, maintenance of

machinery, fencing of revolving machineries, sufficient space for work, covered pits and

openings and means of escape in the event of fire.

It has been analyzed by means of survey among the workers. The study has also

helped to bring out the suggestions of employees regarding the improvement in facilities,

The scope of the study is restricted to “Sam Turbo Industry Ltd., at Coimbatore”

only.

2.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY



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• The study has to be completed within a stipulated time period.

• The study is limited to only 100 respondents.

• The study was conducted in Salem only.

• There may be possibility of errors due to non response among the workers.



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2.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It

may be understood as a science of studying how the research has to be done

scientifically. From this we analyze and study the various steps that ate generally adopted

by the research and study the research problem along with the logic behind them.

RESEARCH

Research is common parlance refers to search for knowledge. One can also define

research as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Research Design is a framework or plan for a study that guides the collection and

analysis of the data. A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and

analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with

economy in procedure.

The research design can be broadly classified into 3 categories namely

exploratory, descriptive and experimental. The design used in the study was Descriptive

research design.

POPULATION

The entire group of people, events or things that the researcher desires to

investigate. Total number of employees in the production department of the organization

constitutes the population.



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SAMPLE SIZE

A subset from which data are collected and used to estimate parameters of the

total population. Here the sample size is 100.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The sampling technique used was Simple Random Sampling. It is a probability

sample in which each population element has a known and equal chance of being

included in the sample and in which every combination of n population elements is a

sample possibility and it’s just as likely to occur as any other combination of n units.

DATA COLLECTION

For this study the data was collected by means of primary sources and secondary

sources.

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

The primary data was collected through questionnaire and the secondary data was

collected through books, journals, websites and company brochure.

STATISTICAL TOOLS USED

The statistical tools used were Percentage Analysis and Chi-Square Analysis



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PERCENTAGE ANALYSIS

Percentage refers to a special kind to a special kind of ratio. Percentage is used in

comparison between two or more series of data. It is used to describe relationships, to

compare relative terms and distribution of two or more series of data.

Percentage of respondents = Sample / Total respondents * 100.

CHI- SQUARE ANALYSIS

The most widely used non-parametric test of significance is the

Chi-Square test. It is particularly useful in tests involving nominal data but can be used

for higher scales. Using this technique, we test for significant differences between the

observed distribution of data among categories and the expected distribution based on

null hypothesis.

= ∑[(O-E)^2/E]



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2.6 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

2.6.1 PERCENTAGE ANALYSIS

Table 2.6.1.1: Awareness of general safety measures and rules

AWARENESS OF GENERAL

SAFETYMEASURES AND

RULES

NO. OF

RESPONSES

(%)

YES 95

NO 5

TOTAL 100

Source: Primary data

Chart 2.6.1.1 Awareness of general safety measures and rules

Inference:

From the above table and chart it is shown that 95% of the employees are aware

of the general safety measures and rules and 5% of the employees are not aware.

Table 2.6.1.2: Acceptance on following the industrial safety rules



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INDUSTRIAL

SAFETY RULES

NO. OF

RESPONSES (%)

STRONGLY AGREE 30

AGREE 66 NEUTRAL 4

DISAGREE 0

STRONGLY

DISAGREE 0

TOTAL 100

Source : Primary data

Chart 2.6.1.2: Acceptance on following the industrial safety rules

Inference:

From the above table and chart it is shown that 30% of the employees strongly

agree on following the industrial safety rules, 66% agree and 4% neither agree nor

disagree.

Table 2.6.1.3: Provision of safety equipments like gloves, earplugs, boots and hard

Glasses.



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Source: Primary Data

Chart 2.6.1.3: Provision of safety equipments like gloves, earplugs, boots and hard

glasses.

Inference:

From the above table and chart it is shown that 68% of the employees strongly agree on

provision of safety equipments, 20% agree, 11% neither agree nor disagree and 1%

disagree.

SAFETY EQUIPMENTS NO. OF RESPONSES(%)

STRONGLY AGREE 11

AGREE 68

NEUTRAL 20

DISAGREE 1

STRONGLY DISAGREE 0TOTAL 100



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Table 2.6.1.4 Acceptance on regular overhauling of machines


Chart 2.6.1.4 Acceptance on regular overhauling of machines

ACCEPTANCE ON REGULAR

OVERHAULING OF MACHINES NO. OF RESPONSES(%)

STRONGLY AGREE 1

AGREE 54

NEUTRAL 45

DISAGREE 0

STRONGLY DISAGREE 0

TOTAL 100



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Inference:

From the above table and chart it is shown that 1% of the employees strongly

agree on acceptance of overhauling of machines, 54% agree, 45% neither agree nor

disagree.

Table 2.6.1.5 Display of visible signboards


Chart 2.6.1.5 Display of visible signboards

Inference:

From the above table and chart it is shown that 84% of the employees are aware

of the display of signboards and 16% of the employees are not aware.

DISPLAY OF SIGN

BOARDS

NO. OF

RESPONSES(%)YES 84

NO 16

TOTAL 100



33

Table 2.6.1.7 Safety is Responsibility

SAFETY IS RESPONSIBILITY NO.OF RESPONSES(%)

STRONGLY AGREE 26

AGREE 63

NEUTRAL 11DISAGREE 0

STRONGLY DISAGREE 0

TOTAL 100

Source: primary data

Chart 2.6.1.7 Safety is Responsibility

Inference:

From the above table and chart it is shown that 26% strongly agree 63% agree

and 11% neutral about their safety at work as their responsibility.



35

Inference:

From the above table and chart it is shown that 5% strongly agree 58% agree and

37% neutral About the provision of escape facilities.

Table 2.6.1.9 Pits, Sumps and Openings are duly covered

Source: primary data

Chart 2.6.1.9 Pits, Sumps and Openings are duly covered

PITS, SUMPS& OPENINGS ARE

DULY COVERED

NO.OF RESPONSES(%)

STRONGLY AGREE 0

AGREE 63

NEUTRAL 37

DISAGREE 0

STRONGLY DISAGREE 0

TOTAL 100



36

Inference:

From the above table and chart it is shown that 63% agree and 37% are neutarl about the

safety of the openings.

Table 2.6.1.10 Sufficient and suitable lighting

SUFFICIENT AND SUITABLE

LIGHTING NO.OF RESPONSES(%)

STRONGLY AGREE 26

AGREE 53

NEUTRAL 21

DISAGREE 0

STRONGLY DISAGREE 0TOTAL 100

Source : Primary data



37

Chart 2.6.1.10 Sufficient and suitable lighting

Inference:

From the above table and chart it is shown that 26% strongly agree to the

existence of lighting facility ,53% agree and 21% are neutral.

Table 2.6.1.11 Drinking Water facility

DRINKING WATER

NO.OF

RESPONSES(%)

STRONGLY AGREE 7AGREE 39

NEUTRAL 54

DISAGREE 0

STRONGLY DISAGREE 0

TOTAL 100

Source : Primary Data

Chart 2.6.1.11 Drinking Water facility



38

Inference:

From the above table and chart it is shown that 7% strongly agree to the existence

of drinking water facility ,39% agree and 54% are neutral.

Table 2.6.1.12 Clean Maintenance of Toilets

TOILET MAINTENANCE

NO.OF

RESPONSES(%)

STRONGLY AGREE 0

AGREE 3

NEUTRAL 53

DISAGREE 44

STRONGLY DISAGREE 0

TOTAL 100



39


Chart 2.6.1.12 Clean Maintenance of Toilets

Inference:

From the above table and chart it is shown that 3% agree to clean toilets 53%

neutral and 44% disagree.

Table 2.6.1.13 Arrangement for the disposal of wastes

DISPOSAL OF WASTES NO.OF RESPONSES(%)

STRONGLY AGREE 0

AGREE 34

NEUTRAL 53

DISAGREE 13

STRONGLY DISAGREE 0

TOTAL 100




41

Inference:

From the above table and chart it is shown that 47% agree to provision for

protection against dust and fumes 42% neutral and 11% disagree.

Table 2.6.1.15 Training programs

TRAINING PROGRAMS

NO.OF

RESPONSES(%)

STRONGLY AGREE 32

AGREE 68 NEUTRAL 0

DISAGREE 0

STRONGLY DISAGREE 0

TOTAL 100


Chart 2.6.1.15 Training programs



42

Inference:

From the above table and chart it is shown that 32% strongly agree on providing

training programs which educate about the safety measures and other precautions and

68% agree to it.

2.6.2 CHI -SQUARE

2.6.2.1 Association between the age of the employees and their

awareness towards health and safety measures

H0: There is no association between the age and awareness of health and

safety measures among the workers.

H1: There is association between the age and awareness of health and

safety measures among the workers.

Age group

( in years)

Awareness Total

Yes No



43

25-35 40 4 44

36-45 35 1 36

46-55 20 0 20

Total 95 5 100


Significant value = 0.05

Degrees of freedom = 2

Chi –square tabulated value = 5.991

Chi-square calculated value=2.97714

Inference:

Since the chi-square value is less than Chi-square tabulated value, H0 is accepted

and hence inferred that there is no association between the age and awareness of health

and safety measures among the workers.

2.6.2.2 Association between the total years of experience and their

awareness towards health and safety measures

H0: There is no association between the years of experience and awareness of

health and safety measures among the workers.

H1: There is association between the years of experience and awareness of health

and safety measures among the workers

Years of

experience

Awareness Total

Yes No

0-10 52 2 54



44

11-20 36 2 38

21-30 7 1 8

Total 95 5 100


Significant value = 0.05

Degrees of freedom = 2

Chi –square tabulated value = 5.991

Chi-square calculated value=1.143942

Inference:

Since the chi-square value is less than Chi-square tabulated value, H0 is accepted

and hence inferred that there is no association between the years of experience and

awareness of health and safety measures among the workers.

2.6.3 FINDINGS

95% of the employees are aware of the general safety measures and rules and

5% of the employees are not aware.

30% of the employees strongly agree on following the industrial safety rules, 66%

agree and 4% neither agree nor disagree

68% of the employees strongly agree on provision of safety equipments, 20%

agree, 11% neither agree nor disagree and 1% disagree.



45

1% of the employees strongly agree on overhauling of machines, 54% agree,

45% neither agree nor disagree.

84% of the employees are aware of the display of signboards and 16% of the

employees are not aware.

70% of the employees are aware of the existence and usage of fire extinguisher

and 30% of the employees are not aware.

5% strongly agree 58% agree and 37% neutral About the provision of escape

facilities

63% agree and 37% are neutral about the safety of the openings.

26% strongly agree to the existence of lighting facility ,53% agree and 21% areneutral.

7% strongly agree to the existence of drinking water facility ,39% agree and 54%

are neutral.

3% agree to clean toilets 53% neutral and 44% disagree.

34% agree to provision for disposal of wastes, 53% neutral and 3% disagree.



46

47% agree to provision for protection against dust and fumes 42% neutral and

11% disagree.

32% strongly agree on providing training programs which educate about the

safety measures and other precautions and 68% agree to it.

From the Chi-Square calculation it is inferred that there is no association between

the age and awareness of health and safety measures among the workers.

From the Chi-Square calculation it is inferred that there is no association between

the years of experience and awareness of health and safety measures among the

workers.

3.1 SUGGESTIONS

Based on the study “Workers’ attitude towards health and safety Measures at Sam Turbo

Industry Ltd., it is understood that the company is providing good health and safety

measures and the required precautions.



47

However the awareness about safety measures is less among the helper category of

employees. Hence the organization should take care and ensure that proper training and

awareness is provided to them.

The study also indicated a few areas where improvements can be made and some

corrective measures can provide much more satisfaction to the employees.

The following recommendations made are purely the opinion of the workers and they

are:

To provide good and clean drinking water facility

To maintain clean toilets

To bring in more mechanization of work to ease the work of production so that idle time

of the workers can be reduced.

To increase the space of work area.

3.2 CONCLUSION

From the present study, it is concluded that most of the employees are aware of

the health and safety measures of the firm. Also the employees have an overall positive

attitude on health and safety measures provided by the firm and the study provides a



48

suggestion that the attitude of the employees can be increased by improving some of the

measures as mentioned in the suggestions above.

.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

References

1.C.R. Kothari, Research Methodology, New age International (p) ltd.,



49

Publishers, New Delhi, 2004,”Types of research”

2.R.S.Sivaraman, E.Vijayageetha (2005), “Statistics for management”,

Sona Versity,”Chi-square test”

3.John. V.Grimaldi, 2006,” Management and Industrial Safety Achievement”

Professional safety,

4.M.H. Jeeves, 2007,”Measuring the impact of a Psychological contract for health and

safety” people Management

5.Paramananda Nayak and Avijit Nandal, 2006,”sensitive Analysis of Textiles and

clothing Industry”, business perspectives.

Website

www.citehr.com

www.managementparadise.com

QUESTIONNAIRE

Hi,

You are the life blood of our organization!! Below are certain questions related to health

& safety measures .Post your opinions to make our campus a safer one.

http://www.citehr.com/

http://www.managementparadise.com/

http://www.citehr.com/

http://www.managementparadise.com/



50

NAME:(optional)

AGE: SEX : MALE/ FEMALE

MARITAL STATUS: MARRIED / UNMARRIED

DEPARTMENT:

DESIGNATION:

YEARS OF EXPERIENCE: @ SAM TURBO:@ OTHERS:

Please put a tick mark against your choice of preference.

1. I am aware of the general safety measures and rules.

a. Yes b. No

SA-strongly agree; A- Agree; N-neutral; DA-disagree; SDA-strongly

disagree

No. Statement SA A N DA SDA

2. I follow the industrial safety rules to protect

from uncertainties

3. Safety equipments like gloves, earplugs, boots,

hard glasses are being provided.

4. Overhauling of machines are done regularly

5. Visible sign boards indicating the precautions are displayed.

a. Yes b. No

6. I am aware of the existence and usage of fire extinguisher

a. Yes b. No

SA-strongly agree; A- Agree; N-neutral; DA-disagree; SDA-strongly

disagree

No. Statement SA A N DA SDA

7. My safety at work is my responsibility.



51

8. Emergency escape facilities are provided in

the factory.

9. Pits, Sumps, and Openings in the factory are

securely covered and fenced.10. There is sufficient and suitable lighting in

every part of the factory.

11. There are sufficient supply points for

drinking water.

12. Toilets are maintained periodically and are

dirt free.

13. Effective arrangements are made for disposal

of wastes.

14. We ared provided with suitable protection

from inhalation of dust and fumes inside the

factory.

15. Training programs educating first aid,safety

precautions and health measures are being

conducted.

chapters i,ii,iii

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