LEARNING

Starts when one is born

• Habits, knowledge, attitude and skills.• Ways of doing things and adjustment to situations• Progressive change

Both vertical and horizontal

• Vertical• Precision is increased or information is added to that

already learned• Horizontal• What is learned is integrated and organized as a part of a

functioning unit of expanding experience

• Quality and quantity

To change

• Simple skill to complicated mechanical performance and application

• Its is caused partly or wholly by experience• Includes change of behavior in emotional sphere

To understand the world

CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING

Unitary

• The learner responds as a whole person in a unified way to the whole situation of learning. • Intellectually• Emotionally• Physically• spiritually

• The individual learner reacts to the whole learning situation rather than to single situations in a unified way.

Individual

• Each learner differs from each other and hence the teaching-learning situation is approached differently by each learner and with different goal & different level of result achievement.

• The factors influencing at the individual are many such as:• Hereditary• home environment• religious background• educational opportunity• financial soundness• Health• work experience• environmental factors• learner’s ability

Social

• Learning occurs in response to the environment in which there are other individuals.

• Social maturity takes place with opportunities and develops into actual achievement.

Self-active

• Learning is a personal process. Each person develops his own habits of learning.

• The teacher can set a pattern for the student to imitate learning processes. The intellect is perfected not by knowledge but by activity.

• Learning is a process of self- activity, self-direction, and self-realization of an individual’s highest potentialities.

• The various forms of self-activity are:• Listening• Visualizing• Memorizing• Reasoning• Judgment• Thinking.

Purposive

• Learning is directed towards a goals and goals are determined by motives and incentives. Motives takes a variety of forms (energy, arousing activity).

• Learning experiences become meaningful when they are related to the individual’s interests, when involved in his living & purpose of life.

• Goal setting comprises both momentary and long terms goals.• Short term goals refers to the specific task at hand, interlocking and

over lapping the immediate goal into a goal system, thus establishing a series of progressive goals.

• Through a progressive goal setting the learning process itself becomes the motivation for more learning and goals are placed on increasingly mature levels.

• Learning is influenced by the intention or will to learn, as man has a will and can choose the action he wishes to take.

• Factors include religion, philosophy.

Creative

• Human learning is both selective and creative. • Teaching involves the mind’s activity on the part of the

learner & intellectual guidance on the part of the teacher.• The learner is the primary force and the teacher is the

secondary force. Learning is a process of personal choice making.

• The learner has the power to vary his responses to the demands of the situation & to change responses at will and thus create a new forms of response.

Transferable

• Transfer refers to the application of knowledge, skill gained in one context to affect another situation.

• The factors that influence the amount and permanency of learning are as follows: • Intellectual ability• Background experience of the learner.• The explicitness & definiteness of goals. • Relationship between the activities of the learner and the

goals.• The whole heartedness of the learner’s approach.

By Yoakman and SimpsonLearning is:

• Growth• Adjustment• Purposeful• Experience• Intelligent• Active• Individual and social• The product of the environment• Affects the conduct of the learner

Also called as Laws of Learning

Exercise

Effect

Readiness

Recency

Intensity

Freedom

Primacy

RequirementPRINCIPLES OF LEARNING

•Discovered• Tested•Used in practical situations.

Edward Lee “Ted” Thorndike

Is an American psychologist, developed the first (basic) three “Laws of Learning:” • Readiness • Exercise • Effect

By the early twentieth century, five additional principles have been added:• Primacy• Recency• Intensity• Freedom• Requirement

Readiness

• This principle states that motivation is needed to develop an association or display changed behavior

• This implies the preparedness and eagerness to learn• Individual learn best when they are in all aspects –

physically, mentally and emotionally ready to learn. • There must be a reason in what they are going to learn in

which the teacher stresses the importance to show the value of the subject and provides mental or physical challenge.

• Satisfying the basic needs (Maslow’s hierarchy) of students before they are ready or capable of learning.

Exercise

• This principle states that those things most often repeated are best remembered.

• It has two parts:• Law of use - strength• Law of disuse - weakness

• The teacher must repeat important items of subject matter at reasonable intervals• Recall, review and summary• Manual drill and physical applications

Effect

• The principle states that learning is strengthen with pleasant or satisfying feeling while unpleasant tend to do otherwise.

• Based one emotional reaction and motivation of the student.• Positive Reinforcement• Recognize and commend feedback• Be cautious of using punishment• Evidence of progress and achieve some degree of success• a problem or task, although difficult, is within their capability

Primacy

• The state of being first, often creates a strong, almost unshakable, impression.

• Things learned first creates a strong impression in the mind• Learning should be done correctly for the first time since it is

difficult to “unlearn” or change an incorrectly learned material• example, a student learns a faulty technique, the instructor will

have a difficult task correcting bad habits and “reteaching” correct ones

• be positive, functional, and lay the foundation for all that is to follow.

• logical order, step by step,

Recency

• This principles states that things most recently learned are best remembered

• Frequent review and summarization help fix in the mind the material covered

Intensity

• The more intense something is taught, the more likely it will be retained

• A student will learn more from the real thing than a substitute

Freedom

• Things freely learned are the best learned• The greater the freedom enjoyed by the students in the

class, the greater the intellectual and moral advancement enjoyed by them

• The greater the freedom enjoyed by the students in the class, the greater the intellectual and moral advancement enjoyed by them

Requirement

• This principles states that we must have something to obtain or do something. 

• It can be an ability, skill, instrument or anything that may help us to learn or gain something.

• For example, if you want to draw a person, you need to have the materials with which to draw, and you must know how to draw a point, a line, a figure and so on until you reach your goal, which is to draw a person.

Fin

Source:

• http://www.preservearticles.com/201105206847/nature-of-learning.html

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principles_of_learning• Others from the internet

• Pictures: zerochan.net and google.com