BreastfeedingFormula feedingFeeding of the child after 1 year

BreastfeedingThe advantages of breastfeeding for the b

aby Nutritional Immunologic advantages Prevention of allergies & asthma Bonding and Psychosocial effects Intellectual development Other Advantages

BreastfeedingThe advantages of breastfeeding for the m

otherEconomics Uterine involution Child spacing The Lactational AmenorrheaPrevention of breast cancer (premenopausal) Postpartum weight loss

BreastfeedingBarriers to Breastfeeding

Lack of confidence Embarrassment of breastfeeding in public Loss of freedom Concerns about dietary and health practices Influence of family and friends Are there women who should not breastfeed?

Technique of Breast feeding Points to Note... 

Hold your baby in a proper position so that you don't strain your arms and back.

Take care of your back and ensure that you don’t bend forwards

If it hurts when the baby latches on [it usually is when the baby latches on only to the nipple], get the baby to let go by inserting your little finger between the breast and the baby's mouth- and try to make the baby latch on properly.

The baby should take in a big mouthful of your breast. If the baby is just latching onto the nipple it will hurt-this technique is improper.

Burp her before resuming the feed and also once you finish the feed. It can prevent stomach fullness which cause pain.

Steps to Encourage Breast-Feeding in the Hospital: UNICEF/WHO Baby-Friendly HOSPITAL INITIATIVES –   Provide all pregnant women with

information and counseling.    Document the desire to breast-feed in the

medical record.    Document the method of feeding in the

infant's record.    Place the newborn and mother skin-to-skin,

and initiate breast-feeding within 1 hr of birth.   

Continue skin-to-skin contact at other times and encourage rooming in.   

Assess breast-feeding and continue encouragement and teaching on each shift.

Other recommendationsRefer to lactation consultation if any concerns

arise.    Infants should go to the breast at least 8–12

times/24 hr, day and night.  Avoid time limits on the breasts; offer both

breasts at each feeding.    Do not give sterile water, glucose, or formula

unless indicated.   If supplements are given, use cup feeding, a

Haberman feeder, fingers, or syringe feedings.   Avoid pacifiers in the newborn nursery except

during painful procedures.    Avoid antilactation drugs.

Important Principles for Weaning Begin at ≈ 6 mo of age    Avoid foods with high allergenic potential (cow's

milk, eggs, fish, nuts, soybeans).    At the proper age, encourage a cup rather than a

bottle.    Introduce 1 food at a time.    Energy density should exceed that of breast milk.

  

Important Principles for WeaningIron-containing foods (meat, iron-supplemented

cereals) are required.   Zinc intake should be encouraged with foods

such as meat, dairy products, wheat, and rice.    Phytate intake should be low to enhance mineral

absorption.    Breast milk should continue to 12 mo; formula or

cow's milk is then substituted. Give no more than 24 oz/day of cow's milk.   Fluids other than breast milk, formula, and water

should be discouraged. Give no more than 4–6 oz/day of fruit juices. No soda.

Supplemental Feeding

- When child receives the commercial formula and breast milk in first days or weeks after birth.

If formula or stored breast milk is to be given after the infant has completed a breast-feeding, the bottle containing the milk should be available so that it can be offered immediately after the infant has been “burped.”

The holes in the nipples should not be so large that the infant gets this portion of food without effort; if this happens, he or she may quickly abandon any efforts to nurse adequately at the mother's breast.

Formula Feeding - When child is fed by commercial formulas because

of mother cannot or does not wish to nurse her infant.

Technique of formula-feeding: The infant should be hungry, fully awake, warm, and dry.

He or she should be held as though being breast-fed. The nipple holes should be of a size that allows the

milk to drip slowly, and the bottle should be held so that milk, not air, channels through the nipple.

The bottle of formula is usually warmed to body temperature. This may be tested by dropping milk onto the wrist.

A feeding may last from 5–25 min, depending on the age and the vigor of the infant.

Before and after operation for Cleft Lip

Micrognatia

Complementary feedingShould be introduced in a stepwise

fashion at 4–6 mo of age.Cereals, a good source of iron, are usually

introduced 1st, followed by vegetables and fruits, then meats, and finally, eggs.

Only 1 new food should be introduced at a time and additional new foods should be spaced by at least 3–4 days to allow detection of any adverse reaction.

FEEDING DURING LATER CHILDHOODParents should be given a basic daily diet plan for

the child from which the family menu can be prepared.

Daily selection from each of the food groups (grains, fruits, vegetables, meats, and dairy products) provides a balanced diet with sufficient macronutrients and micronutrients.

The quantity of intake after the basic requirements have been met can usually be determined by the healthy growing child.

The child's dietary history is essential for evaluating the nutrient intake, but unless an accurate dietary diary is kept for several days, such histories are often unreliable.

The Food Guide PyramidThe Food Guide Pyramid incorporates

current dietary guidelines that have a strong focus on activity.

The balanced daily diet must contain the main food groups: Grains ;Vegetables ; Fruits; Milk (dairy products); Meat (fish), beans.

The goal of the guideline is to support normal rates of weight gain without excessive fat deposition.