citation indexes and bibliometrics - open...
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Citation Indexes and Bibliometrics
Giovanni Colavizza
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The long story short
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Early XXth century: quantitative library collection management
1945: Vannevar Bush in the essay “As we may think” proposes the memex
(a collective memory machine to deal with information explosion)
1964: the Science Citation Index
1960s-70s: first studies in the sociology of science
1980s: proposals for using bibliometric data for evaluation
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Eugene Garfield
Chemist turned linguist, information retrieval perspective.
Main goals: algorithmic historiography and tracking impact, building the memex
(creator of the Science Citation Index).
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Derek de Solla Price
Physicist turned historian of science, modelling perspective.
Main goals: find laws which can predict the accumulation of scientific knowledge and
citation cycles/patterns.
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Robert Merton
Sociologist, founding father of the sociology of science, sociological perspective.
Main goals: science as a social system, e.g. cumulative advantage (Matthew effect).
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The three “missions” of modern bibliometrics:
- Access (information retrieval)- Understanding- Evaluation
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Bibliometrics: the statistical analysis of written publications
Scientometrics: the measurement and analysis of science
Altmetrics: alternative (web) metrics (within scientometrics)
Informetrics: information measurement, more broadly
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Trendy topics
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Open Access
Open Access
Part of broader open science and data movement
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Larivière, Vincent, Stefanie Haustein, and Philippe Mongeon. 2015. “The Oligopoly of Academic Publishers in the Digital Era.” Edited by Wolfgang Glanzel. PLOS ONE 10 (6): e0127502. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127502.
The oligopoly of science publishing
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Sci-hub
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Oversimplification• Publications = productivity • Citations = impact Uninformed use and misuse • Impact factor• h-index Adverse effects • “Salami” publishing • Honorary authorship • Self-citations • Citation cartels
Evaluation
The evolution of scholarly communication and the reward system of science Stefanie Haustein @stefhaustein
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J. Priem, D. Taraborelli, P. Groth, C. Neylon (2010), Altmetrics: A manifesto, 26 October 2010. http://altmetrics.org/manifesto
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Citation Indexes
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From publications to citation indexes
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Big players
Free access, higher coverage, lower
quality, bareboneinterface, most used
High paywall, better quality data,
lower coverage
Cf. How researchers keep up with the literature: http://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2016/11/how-keep-scientific-literature
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Domain specific indexes: F1000
Mainly on PubMed, manually curated
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Domain specific indexes: Semantic Scholar
Mainly on arXiv and for computer science, some AI components
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Preprint repositories: arXiv
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Open indexes
Movement towards free access
Different alternatives for
large-scale open repositories
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Artificial Intelligence
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Harzing, Anne-Wil, and Satu Alakangas. 2016. “Google Scholar, Scopus and the Web of Science: A Longitudinal and Cross-Disciplinary Comparison.” Scientometrics 106 (2): 787–804. doi:10.1007/s11192-015-1798-9.Mongeon, Philippe, and Adèle Paul-Hus. 2016. “The Journal Coverage of Web of Science and Scopus: A Comparative Analysis.” Scientometrics 106 (1): 213–28. doi:10.1007/s11192-015-1765-5.
The humanities and social sciences
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More details:
1. WikiCite2. Open Citations3. Linked Books
(indexation in the humanities)
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D. Taraborelli, J. Dugan, L. Pintscher, D. Mietchen, C. Neylon (2016) WikiCite 2016 Report.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.4042530 • commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WikiCite_2016_report.pdfCC BY 4.0 license
WikiCite
https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCite
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Open Citations
http://opencitations.net/
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Swiss FNS project 2015-18Index the literature on the history of Venice
Now ~2500 books, ~500 journal issues
Linked Books
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Take home:
- Necessity for researches- Many players, many unknowns
- Some clear trends with the digital turn: open access, preprints, open citations
- Openness and inclusiveness still long-term goals
Citation indexes
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Citation Indexes and Bibliometrics
Thank you!
Giovanni Colavizza
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Citation networks
Directed network
Co-citation network
Bibliographic coupling network
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Citation network analysis
Local structure:1. Who is the most/least cited
degree centrality1. Communities
modularity maximization (Louvain)
Dynamic structure:How does all change over time?
Global structure:1. Who is a global broker
betweenness centrality1. How dense is the network?network density and diameter
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https://github.com/Giovanni1085/core_literature_historians_venice
https://gephi.org
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Giovanni1085/core_literature_historians_venice/master/dataset/grap
hs/bibc_1.graphml
A bibliometric analysis with Gephi