civil rights 1896- 1973 civil rights 1896-1955 segregation was policy of the united states...

Civil Rights 1896-Civil Rights 1896-19731973

Civil Rights 1896-1955Civil Rights 1896-1955

Segregation was policy Segregation was policy of the United Statesof the United States


Separate but equalSeparate but equal Jim Crow LawsJim Crow LawsVoting restrictedVoting restricted


Poll TaxesPoll TaxesLiteracy testsLiteracy tests

Voting became all whiteVoting became all white


What would allow What would allow segregation to be the segregation to be the law of the land?law of the land?


Supreme Court CaseSupreme Court CasePlessy v FergusonPlessy v Ferguson18961896


Segregation was lawful Segregation was lawful as long as white and as long as white and black facilities were black facilities were equalequal


W E Du BoisW E Du Bois


NAACPNAACPNational Association for National Association for the Advancement of the Advancement of Colored PeopleColored People


Was formed in 1909Was formed in 1909National Urban National Urban League 1910League 1910


Taft believed blacks and Taft believed blacks and whites could never live whites could never live together and his solution together and his solution was for blacks to leave was for blacks to leave country country


Wilson did nothing to help Wilson did nothing to help blacksblacks

Wilson ordered blacks Wilson ordered blacks working for federal working for federal government separatedgovernment separated


Blacks fought bravely in Blacks fought bravely in World War I World War I

Treated better in Europe Treated better in Europe than at homethan at home


Returned home and Returned home and found nothing changed found nothing changed still a segregated still a segregated AmericaAmerica


Depression hit blacks Depression hit blacks harder than whitesharder than whites

Up to 60% were Up to 60% were unemployedunemployed


Roosevelt did more for Roosevelt did more for equality in employment equality in employment than any other president than any other president before himbefore him


However no legislation However no legislation was passed by Roosevelt was passed by Roosevelt during his terms as during his terms as PresidentPresident


World War II World War II Blacks still did not get Blacks still did not get the best jobsthe best jobs

Would only work as Would only work as janitorsjanitors


Executive order 8802Executive order 8802Ended temporally Ended temporally discrimination in war discrimination in war industriesindustries


Military units were still Military units were still segregated segregated

Tuskegee AirmanTuskegee AirmanBlack unit of flyersBlack unit of flyers


Never lost a plane they Never lost a plane they were escorting into were escorting into battlebattle

Still could not eat or live Still could not eat or live with white pilotswith white pilots


Truman’s Fair DealTruman’s Fair DealProposed legislation for Proposed legislation for Civil RightsCivil Rights

None were passed by None were passed by CongressCongress


Truman did speak out Truman did speak out against bigotry against bigotry

Criticize violence against Criticize violence against blacksblacks


1948 Truman 1948 Truman desegregated the Militarydesegregated the Military

Formal recognitionFormal recognition Of blacks contributions to Of blacks contributions to

victories in WWI and WWIIvictories in WWI and WWII

CIVIL RIGHTSCIVIL RIGHTS


1954 seperate but equal 1954 seperate but equal still dominated civil rights still dominated civil rights

in United Statesin United States

1954 four cases were 1954 four cases were combined into one and combined into one and sent to Supreme Courtsent to Supreme Court

Civil Rights Civil Rights 1896-19731896-1973

Brown V Topeka Board of Brown V Topeka Board of EducationEducation

Chief Justice Vinson at Chief Justice Vinson at first was presiding over first was presiding over

casecase

He died He died

Eisenhower appointedEisenhower appointed


Earl Warren former Earl Warren former Governor of CaliforniaGovernor of California

Conservative Conservative

Postponed case for a Postponed case for a year year

Knew this was a Knew this was a monumental casemonumental case


Thurgood Marshall Thurgood Marshall attorney for NAACPattorney for NAACP

Presented case for Presented case for plaintiffplaintiff

Court ruled that separate Court ruled that separate but equal was but equal was

unconstitutionalunconstitutional


Overturned Plessy v Overturned Plessy v FergusonFerguson

Chief Justice Earl Warren Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote wrote

“ “ separate but equal has no separate but equal has no place in public education place in public education

separate facilities are separate facilities are inherently unequal”inherently unequal”


Decision made but Decision made but problem was how it was problem was how it was

to implementedto implemented


Brown II Brown II

stated that integration stated that integration should proceed with should proceed with

deliberate speeddeliberate speed


Understanding the Understanding the climate in the south write climate in the south write

a short paragraph on a short paragraph on what you think the what you think the

south’s reaction to this south’s reaction to this decision was and what decision was and what action may have been action may have been

takentaken


““Clear abuse of Federal Clear abuse of Federal Power violation of states Power violation of states

rights”rights”

Increase of violence Increase of violence against African against African

AmericansAmericans


Slow or disregarding of Slow or disregarding of implementation of implementation of decision in southdecision in south


Little Rock ArkansasLittle Rock Arkansas

9 African American 9 African American students attempted to students attempted to enter an all white high enter an all white high

schoolschool


Governor of state refused Governor of state refused to allow them to enterto allow them to enterSent National Guard to Sent National Guard to

stop the studentsstop the studentsNew mediaNew media

Brought news into living Brought news into living roomsrooms


Of AmericaOf America

Forced Eisenhower to Forced Eisenhower to send federal troops and send federal troops and activated National Guardactivated National Guard


Montgomery AlabamaMontgomery Alabama

Segregated bus lines Segregated bus lines African Americans had to African Americans had to sit in the back of the bussit in the back of the bus

Rosa Parks Rosa Parks

December 1, 1955December 1, 1955


Refused to give up seat Refused to give up seat to a white manto a white man

Arrested became a Arrested became a national causenational cause

She was not the only or She was not the only or the first to challenge the first to challenge

segregationsegregation


She worked for the She worked for the NAACP and was a well NAACP and was a well

respected in the respected in the communitycommunity

Turned to Dr. Martin Turned to Dr. Martin Luther KingLuther King

Passive resistancePassive resistance


Embraced Gandhi Embraced Gandhi

African Americans African Americans boycotted the bus boycotted the bus

company company

Car pooled and walked to Car pooled and walked to workwork


Boycott lasted over a Boycott lasted over a yearyear

Bus company nearly Bus company nearly bankruptbankrupt

Still no solution Still no solution Supreme Court ruled bus Supreme Court ruled bus

segregation was segregation was unconstitutionalunconstitutional


Not many victories in the Not many victories in the Eisenhower era for civil Eisenhower era for civil rights Brown v. Topekarights Brown v. Topeka

Boycott of busesBoycott of busesThe significance was the The significance was the advancement may have advancement may have

been smallbeen small

Civil Rights Civil Rights The Resistance The Resistance

““The people of Georgia The people of Georgia will not comply with the will not comply with the decision”decision”


First ruling was not enough First ruling was not enough in Brown v Topekain Brown v Topeka

In a second ruling Brown IIIn a second ruling Brown IIOrdered integration withOrdered integration with““all deliberate speed”all deliberate speed”

SEPARATE BUT SEPARATE BUT EQUALEQUAL

NAACPNAACP

Plessey v Plessey v FergusonFerguson

Tuskegee AirmanTuskegee Airman

Civil Rights Civil Rights The ResistanceThe Resistance

Little Rock ArkansasLittle Rock ArkansasCity accepted the rulingCity accepted the rulingSchools planned for Schools planned for desegregation desegregation


However the Governor of However the Governor of ArkansasArkansas

Orval FaubusOrval FaubusOrdered National guard to Ordered National guard to turn away African turn away African American students Little American students Little Rock 9Rock 9

Civil Rights Civil Rights The BeginningThe Beginning

President Eisenhower at President Eisenhower at first was reluctant to get first was reluctant to get government involvedgovernment involved

Little Rock Changed that Little Rock Changed that ideaidea


Again television was Again television was importantimportant

Sent the Army to escort Sent the Army to escort students to school students to school

Civil Rights Civil Rights The ResponseThe Response

Governor Faubus in Governor Faubus in responseresponse

Closed the High School Closed the High School rather than desegregaterather than desegregate


Montgomery AlabamaMontgomery Alabama

Segregated bus lines Segregated bus lines African Americans had to African Americans had to sit in the back of the bussit in the back of the bus


December 1, 1955December 1, 1955


He refusedHe refusedDecember 1, 1955 December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks refused to Rosa Parks refused to give her seat up give her seat up

She was arrested She was arrested


Rosa parks was an Rosa parks was an officer of the local officer of the local NAACPNAACP


Refused to give up seat Refused to give up seat to a white manto a white man

Arrested became a Arrested became a national causenational cause

She was not the only or She was not the only or the first to challenge the first to challenge

segregationsegregation


She worked for the She worked for the NAACP and was a well NAACP and was a well

respected in the respected in the communitycommunity

Turned to Dr. Martin Turned to Dr. Martin Luther KingLuther King

Passive resistancePassive resistance


Embraced Gandhi Embraced Gandhi

African Americans African Americans boycotted the bus boycotted the bus

company company

Car pooled and walked to Car pooled and walked to workwork


Boycott lasted over a Boycott lasted over a yearyear

Bus company nearly Bus company nearly bankruptbankrupt

Still no solution Still no solution Supreme Court ruled bus Supreme Court ruled bus

segregation was segregation was unconstitutionalunconstitutional


Not many victories in the Not many victories in the Eisenhower era for civil Eisenhower era for civil rights Brown v. Topekarights Brown v. Topeka

Boycott of busesBoycott of busesThe significance was the The significance was the advancement may have advancement may have

been smallbeen small


News again spread News again spread quicklyquickly

Jo Ann Robinson, E. D. Jo Ann Robinson, E. D. Dixon helped form a Dixon helped form a boycott of the busesboycott of the buses


26 year old minister was 26 year old minister was elected chairman of the elected chairman of the boycottboycott

Dr. Martin Luther KingDr. Martin Luther King


Buses were boycottedBuses were boycotted Instead car pools walking Instead car pools walking long distance long distance

381 days long381 days long1956 Supreme Court 1956 Supreme Court outlawed bus segregationoutlawed bus segregation

Civil Rights Civil Rights Rise of the MovementRise of the Movement

SCLCSCLCSouthern Christian Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceLeadership Conference

Dr. King LeaderDr. King Leader

Civil Rights Civil Rights Rise of the Movement Rise of the Movement

Dr. King called the non Dr. King called the non violent movementviolent movement

““Soul Force” Soul Force”


4 principles of the Civil 4 principles of the Civil Rights MovementRights Movement


1. Teachings of Jesus1. Teachings of JesusLove ones enemyLove ones enemy


2. 2. Henry David Henry David Thoreau Thoreau


Civil DisobedienceCivil DisobedienceRefusal to obey an Refusal to obey an unjust lawunjust law


33. A. Phillip Randolph. A. Phillip Randolph


Organization of mass Organization of mass DemonstrationsDemonstrations


4. Gandhi4. Gandhi

Civil Rights Civil Rights The Struggle for Freedom The Struggle for Freedom

Lunch Counter sit insLunch Counter sit ins


In early 1960 In early 1960

4 black students 4 black students

Greensboro North Greensboro North CarolinaCarolina


Woolworths lunch Woolworths lunch countercounter


Sat down knowing they Sat down knowing they would not be servedwould not be served

Faced arrestFaced arrestStill they satStill they sat


4 the first day 4 the first day 23 the next day23 the next day66 came the 366 came the 3rdrd day dayBy end of week 1,000 By end of week 1,000 students participatedstudents participated


Hostile crowds Hostile crowds surrounded the sit inssurrounded the sit ins

Students formed Students formed


Student Nonviolent Student Nonviolent Coordinating CommitteeCoordinating Committee

SNCCSNCC

Bus BoycottBus Boycott

Brown v TopekaBrown v Topeka


Freedom RidersFreedom Riders1961 1961 Campaigned in busses to Campaigned in busses to End segregation on all End segregation on all transportationtransportation


White mobs gathered White mobs gathered and dragged them from and dragged them from bussesbusses


Despite violence these Despite violence these protests were successful protests were successful

The Supreme Court The Supreme Court ended segregation in all ended segregation in all Public travel Public travel accommodationsaccommodations


Four Sources of Mass Four Sources of Mass MovementMovement


1. Black 1. Black UrbanizationUrbanization


2. Religious Faith2. Religious Faith


3. Constitutional 3. Constitutional RightsRights


4. Media 4. Media CoverageCoverage


Medgar EversMedgar Evers


He championed James He championed James Meredith getting into Meredith getting into University of MississippiUniversity of Mississippi


James Meredith todayJames Meredith today


Governor Ross Barnett Governor Ross Barnett refused to obey the refused to obey the orderorder


Kennedy sent in Federal Kennedy sent in Federal MarshalsMarshals

11stst night 2 died 375 injured night 2 died 375 injured during riotsduring riots

Federal marshals stayed Federal marshals stayed on campus until Meredith on campus until Meredith graduatedgraduated


Medgar Evers was shot Medgar Evers was shot and killed in his and killed in his drivewaydriveway

It took over 30 years for It took over 30 years for a conviction in the casea conviction in the case


BirminghamBirminghamBull ConnerBull Conner


Children's MarchChildren's MarchAdults would lose their Adults would lose their jobsjobs

Fire hoses and dogs were Fire hoses and dogs were sent out to attack sent out to attack childrenchildren


Sacrifices were successfulSacrifices were successfulBirmingham began to Birmingham began to desegregatedesegregate

Events in Birmingham Events in Birmingham forced Kennedy to do forced Kennedy to do somethingsomething


Proposed a strong Civil Proposed a strong Civil Rights BillRights Bill

Passed in Johnson Passed in Johnson AdministrationAdministration


March On WashingtonMarch On Washington250,000 people 250,000 people 60,000 whites joined in a 60,000 whites joined in a march to Pass the Civil march to Pass the Civil Rights BillRights Bill


Two weeks after I have a Two weeks after I have a dream speech dream speech

4 young girls were killed 4 young girls were killed ina firebombing of a ina firebombing of a churchchurch


dynamite was thrown dynamite was thrown into a Baptist Church into a Baptist Church killing 4 young girlskilling 4 young girls

Court orders could not Court orders could not alone end the violencealone end the violence


On July 2, 1964 Civil On July 2, 1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 was Rights Act of 1964 was signedsigned

Prohibited discrimination Prohibited discrimination because of because of


Race, religion, national Race, religion, national origin, and gender origin, and gender

Rights to enter parks Rights to enter parks libraries washrooms libraries washrooms restaurants theaters and restaurants theaters and other accomodationsother accomodations


No voting rights yetNo voting rights yetFreedom SummerFreedom SummerCollege students mostly College students mostly white 1/3 femalewhite 1/3 female


Went to Mississippi to Went to Mississippi to help register votershelp register voters

3 men disappeared 2 3 men disappeared 2 white and one blackwhite and one black

found murderedfound murdered


Local Klan and local Local Klan and local police accused of killingspolice accused of killings

Convicted after federal Convicted after federal investigationinvestigation


Selma MarchSelma March50 mile voting march50 mile voting marchAt night marchers were At night marchers were beating up beating up

Caught on TVCaught on TV


Response to the violence Response to the violence was more people joined was more people joined marchmarch


Voting Act of 1965 Voting Act of 1965 Eliminated the literacy Eliminated the literacy testtest

Eliminated poll taxEliminated poll tax10% negroes voted in 10% negroes voted in 1964 60% in 19681964 60% in 1968


Violence erupted in Violence erupted in Northern cities Northern cities

Watts riotsWatts riotsNewarkNewarkNew YorkNew York


Why riots Why riots Needed economic helpNeeded economic help Job opportunitiesJob opportunities


Malcolm XMalcolm XStarted as a small time Started as a small time criminalcriminal

Spent time in jailSpent time in jailFound the Nation of IslamFound the Nation of Islam


Ballots or bulletsBallots or bulletsPilgrimage to MeccaPilgrimage to MeccaChanged his attitude Changed his attitude towards whitestowards whites

No longer called for No longer called for separate racesseparate races


““Well if we don’t use the Well if we don’t use the ballot we going to be ballot we going to be forced to use bullets so forced to use bullets so let us try the ballot”let us try the ballot”


Split with Black Muslims Split with Black Muslims February 21, 1965 February 21, 1965 Malcolm X was Malcolm X was assassinatedassassinated


April 3, 1968April 3, 1968On a Memphis motel On a Memphis motel balconybalcony

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr Dr. Martin Luther King Jr was assassinatedwas assassinated


Rioting followedRioting followed James Earl Ray was James Earl Ray was arrested and charged arrested and charged with the murderwith the murder


Riots started worst in Riots started worst in 100 years100 years


Civil Rights Act of 1968Civil Rights Act of 1968Ended discrimination in Ended discrimination in housinghousing


Assassinations in 1960’sAssassinations in 1960’s

JFKJFK

Malcolm XMalcolm X

Martin Luther King JrMartin Luther King Jr

RFK RFK


Turbulent decade Turbulent decade

Progress made at great Progress made at great expenseexpense

4 major leaders killed4 major leaders killed

War in foreign countryWar in foreign country


Riots and Civil unrestRiots and Civil unrest

Country was at a Country was at a crossroadscrossroads

civil rights 1896- 1973 civil rights 1896-1955 segregation was policy of the united states...

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