C H A P T E R 2 1S E C T I O N 3

CIVIL RIGHTS

AFRICAN AMERICANS SEEK EQUALITY

• New direction

• Equality

• Change social / economic structures

• New leaders

• Attention turned to the North

THE NORTH

• De facto segregation • Exists by practice and

custom• Harder to fight – because

you had to change peoples attitudes

• De jure segregation • By law

• “White Flight” • moved to Suburbs

• Decaying slums

• Deteriorating schools

• High unemployment• Nobody would hire

African Americans

URBAN VIOLENCE• Race Riots

• Watts, Los Angeles• August 11, 1965• Burned business• 34 killed• 1,000+ injured• 3,000+ arrested

• Wanted economic equality in jobs, housing and education

NEW LEADERS

• Malcolm X • (Little)

• Jailed at 20

• Studied teachings of the Nation of Islam• Black Muslims

• Islamic minister• preached Whites the cause of black condition• Separate from white society

• advocated Armed self-defense• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRSgUTWffMQ&list=PLFF894240659A7ACE

CONT.• Broke from Nation of Islam

• Went on Pilgrimage to Mecca• Orthodox Islam• Racial equality• Attitude towards whites changed

• new slogan“Ballots or Bullets”• “well if you and I don’t use the ballot, we’re goig to be

forced to use the bullet, so let us try the bullet”

• February 21, 1965• Giving a speech in Harlem• Shot / killed

BLACK POWER

• James Meredith • (Ole Miss)• 225 mile walk to racist areas• “Walk against fear”• Tennessee to Jackson• Shot by white racist

• “We shall overrun”• Develop African American Pride• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjvdHaOqiYI• People began to shift away from MLK’s peaceful ways

BLACK POWER

• Black Panthers• Fight Police brutality• Self-defense

• Self sufficiency

• Full employment

• Decent Housing

• Vietnam Draft • Unfair ratio

• Daycare centers

• Free breakfast program

• Free medical clinics

• Assistance to homeless

ASSASSINATIONS• April 4, 1968• Memphis, TN• Hotel Balcony• King is shot = Age of 39• Shooter = James Earl Ray

• Robert Kennedy • That night he made a speech / plea for nonviolence• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6mxL2cqxrA• Killed June 1968• Jordanian Immigrant= Upset over Israeli support

• Riots exploded in over 100+ cities• Flames

LEGACY

• Civil Right Act of 1968• Ended discrimination in

housing

• School attendance increased• Led to better jobs /

business opportunities

• Greater pride in racial identity

• By 1970 • 2/3 (eligible) registered to

vote

• More elected officials

• Affirmative Action• Efforts to hire / enroll

groups that have suffered discrimination

• Reverse Discrimination?• Quotas