civil war lecture
TRANSCRIPT
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The Civil War
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Two SidesU.S.(Union/North/Blue)Capital:
Washington D.C.President: Abraham
Lincoln
Generals: George McClellanUlysses S. Grant
Confederacy(South, Gray)Capital: Richmond,
VAPresident:
Jefferson DavisGenerals:Robert E. Lee
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Lincoln Davis
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Army Size
U.S.187,000(Yankees)
Confederacy112,000(Rebels)
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Border States• All have strategic locations• Missouri controls parts of
Mississippi River• Kentucky controlled Ohio River• Maryland surrounds D.C.
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Lincoln’s Controversial Move
• Worried about Maryland• Arrested those who supported
secession• Suspends Habeas Corpus (told
what you’re being accused of)
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Union-North• Advantages
– Larger Population– More Industry– Banking System– Navy– Efficient Railroad– Lincoln
• Disadvantages– Has to invade
South (large area)– Has to defeat the
South – cannot settle for a tie
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Confederacy-South• Advantages
– Fighting on Home Turf
– Slaves can cover work
– Military Leadership– In a position to
defend, only have to avoid defeat
• Disadvantages– Smaller Population– Few Factories– Limited Railroad
System– State’s Rights
Backfire
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War Aims & Strategies• North
– Aim: Bring the Southern States Back
– Blockade Southern Ports
– Control Mississippi (Anaconda Plan)
– Capture Richmond
• South– Aim: Win
recognition of Independence
– Play Defense– Get European Help– Follow example of
Revolutionary War
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Outset of War• False Hope: Most
Americans thought war would be short.
• Soldiers signed up for service based on this thinking (90 day enlistments)
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1st Battle of Bull Run• 1st Major Battle of Civil War• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson rises to
fame• South develops a “Rebel Yell”• Inexperience: Troops and Civilians
stampede back to D.C.• Confederate Victory (call it Battle of
Manassas Junction)
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North’s Reaction to Loss
• Complete Shock• 1 Benefit - become
more realistic about War - realize it will be a long and bloody war
• Lincoln appoints George B. McClellan to head Army of the Potomac
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War at Sea• Monitor vs. Merrimack• 2 Ironclads (wooden ship covered
with thick iron plates)• Virtually unsinkable - cannons
bounce off them• Completely changes warfare at Sea
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Ft. Henry and Ft. Donelson• Grant’s rise to fame - captures
Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers - calls for Unconditional Surrender (leads to nickname)
• Important Because:• Kick Confederates out of Kentucky• Opened path to Tennessee,
Mississippi and Alabama
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Battle of Shiloh• Ulysses Grant marches army to
Mississippi• Confederates try surprise attack• 2 days - 20,000 casualties (Dead
and Wounded) - Conf. General Johnston among the dead
• More deaths in 1 battle than any other previous war
• Union Victory - continues advance towards Mississippi
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Capture of New Orleans• David Farragut
uses Navy to capture largest city in the South
• Confederacy can no longer use Mississippi River to transport goods
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7 Day’s Battle
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7 Day’s Battle• McClellan tries to capture Richmond• Meets Robert E. Lee’s defenses• McClellan is cautious, Lee is risky• J.E.B. Stuarts goes on daring
Cavalry ride - gathers intelligence• Union Defeat (Major Turning Point) -
Lee becomes famous
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Battle of Antietam• Lee responds by marching Army
into Maryland (near Sharpsburg)• McClellan finds copy of Lee’s Battle
plans - waited 4 days to attack• Bloodiest Day of Entire War (23,000
Casualties)• Slight Union Victory - McClellan
does not pursue - Lincoln fires him
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Emancipation• Lincoln Hesitates to Emancipate
(free) the Confederate Slaves Because:
• Union’s Main Goal is to preserve Union, Not end slavery
• Worried about Border States• Also waiting for American Victory
so it doesn’t look like last ditch effort
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Emancipation• Lincoln Reasons for
issuing Emancipation:• Wants to Damage
South - If they lose slaves, more men must return home to work on farm (can’t fight in war)
• Keep Europe Out
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Emancipation Proclamation• Lincoln issues in 1863• Freed only the Slaves in the
Confederacy• Encouraged Slaves to run away• Usually only became free if Union
Army was near• Therefore: Who should get credit?
Lincoln - Army - or slaves themselves?
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13th Amendment
• Congress responds by issuing Amendment in 1864
• Ratified in 1865• Officialy put an
end to slavery
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African American Contributions• South: Ag, hospital work, cooked for
soldiers– Misconception: Did not fight for South
• North: Navy work, 1862 - can serve in Army - by end of war 200,000 serve (10% of army), 37,000 lost their lives for the country
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54th Massachusetts• One of the most famous
all Black regiments• Led by Robert Gould
Shaw• Led a heroic attack on a
fortified Charleston fort - 50% casualties
• Killed immediately if captured
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Camp Life• Pleasant Moments: Songs, Friends,
Letters, Games• Dull Moments: Drills, Marches, Guard
Duty• Bad Moments: Food, Disease, Bugs,
Weather• Southerners lacked food and supplies
(Shoes)• One in ten deserted (ran away)• Biggest Killer: Dysentery, Diarrhea
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Life at Home• Fighting and Blockade disrupt
many families• Huge loss of crops and livestock• Shortage of Meat, Clothing,
Medicine• If Army comes through - land
trampled, fences used for firewood, crops eaten, well drunk dry
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Tougher Life in South• 9,000% inflation• Farmland overrun and Rail lines
destroyed• Impressment = take horses, mules• 1,000s become homeless - many
chose prison, population doesn’t return until 1930
• Blockade leads to food riots• High Desertion Rate among soldiers
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Tougher Life in South• 1/2 of Southern
Livestock Killed• 1/3 of Farm
Machinery destroyed
• 1/4 of Confederate Soldiers are dead
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Women’s Role• Picked up Men’s work: became
teachers, office workers, clerks• Managed farms, government jobs,
factory work• Aided Soldiers - Women enter
Nursing Profession (thanks to Clara Barton) thought to be male work
• Spy legend is exaggerated
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Women’s Role
• Sanitary Commission cut in half sickness of U.S. Soldiers
• Impact: Women keep war alive
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Declining Enlistment• North and South need soldiers -
institute a draft (require men to serve in army)
• Can avoid draft by hiring a substitute ($600) or pay commutation ($300) - exempt from 1 draft call (4 in war) - most subs are immigrants
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1862-1863• Robert E.
Lee and Army of Northern Virginia seem invincible
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Battle of Chancellorsville• Union Army is rebuilt – Lee strikes
before North can launch a major campaign
• Virginia Wilderness – Lee’s big risk pays off – divides Army twice in front of enemy
• Stonewall Jackson is injured (dies from wounds)
• Major Confederate Victory
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Battle of Gettysburg• Lee feels confident with Army –
decides to invade the North• George Meade is ordered to find and
attack Lee• Accidentally meet near Gettysburg
Pennsylvania (Confederates looking for shoes)
• 3 Days – Bloodiest Battle of the War: 50,000 Casualties
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Battle of Gettysburg• Day 1: Union forced South of Town• Day 2: Union holds Cemetery Ridge
against attack (form an upside down “U” Shape), Ends of the U save the Union
• Day 3: Union repels major assault, Pickett’s Charge – 14,000 Conf. soldiers charge in open territory, ½ die
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Day 1
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Day 2
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Day 3
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Little Round Top Today
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Culp’s Hill: Ireland led defense against 2,000 Confederates (Little Round Top only fighting against 300)
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Battle of Gettysburg• Outcome:
– Major Confederate Defeat, Pushed out of the North
– Ended on July 4th – date was very significant to all involved
– A Turning Point to the War, Not THE– Lincoln disappointed: Meade did not
pursue Lee during retreat
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Battle of Vicksburg• Grant trying to secure Mississippi• Army crosses river, attacks Vicksburg
from the back• Lays siege to town for several months• Surrender on July 4th: Major Victory for
U.S.• Allows U.S. to control Mississippi River
and splits Confederacy in half
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Gettysburg Address• Lincoln’s speech
commemorating deaths at Gettysburg
• 2 minute speech, followed 2 hour keynote speaker
• Gave the Civil War meaning
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Gettysburg Address• Attempted to win the
Ideological Battle of the War• Changes meaning of
Constitution – gov’t of equality– not a gov’t of slavery
• Puts an end to States Rights Argument, Gov’t of the People, not the States– (Before)The United States Are – (After) The United States Is
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Grant’s Promotion• Lincoln promotes Grant to oversee
War in East – knows that he will pursue and attack Lee
• Grant’s Strategy:– Attack Confederacy on all fronts– Army of Potomac will crush Lee in
Virginia– Sherman will attack South
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Election of 1864• Virginia clashes ending in ties,
100,000 men are dead, Confederates are pushed to Petersburg
• North is war weary, Democrats want to negotiate peace
• Summer of 1864 – Lincoln is sure he will lose election
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Election of 1864• However: Sherman accomplishes
breakthrough in September and captures Atlanta
• October, Sheridan amassed many victories in Shenandoah of Virginia
• Allows Lincoln to win• If Lincoln would’ve lost: McClellan and
Democrats would’ve negotiated for peace, Confederacy would be recognized as a country
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Election of 1864
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Election of 1864
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Sherman’s March• After capture of Atlanta, Sherman
marched Army to the Sea• Unleashed total war: Army destroyed
anything in its path• Continued up through South Carolina• Meant to turn Southern Civilians
against War, only made them more bitter and steadfast in cause
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William Tecumseh Sherman
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War in Virginia• Grant lays siege to Lee’s Army in
Petersburg for several months• Battle of Crater – Low Point• Grant forces Lee to extend lines until
they break• Richmond falls on same day (April 2nd)
Deserters set fire to most of town on their way out
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Appomattox• April 9th 1865: Lee is surrounded, asks
for meeting with Grant in Appomattox Court House, Virginia
• Lee surrenders to Grant in McLean House
• Grant allows soldiers to go home, keep horses, gives them 3 days worth of food
• Civil War Ends
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Results of the War• 600,000 soldiers die• Damage=$Billions• Bitter feelings created between sides
(Lincoln’s Assassination)• Union is saved – Federal government
established as more powerful than states
• Millions of slaves are free
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Winners and Losers Winners:• 4 Million Free
Slaves• Anyone interested
in Union
Losers:• Democrats• Confederates
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What Happened To:• Lincoln:• Assassinated in
Ford’s Theatre by John Wilkes Booth on April 14th
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What Happened To:
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What Happened To:
• Ulysses S. Grant:
• Becomes 18th President of the United States
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What Happened To:
• Robert E. Lee:• Loses Plantation
for Cemetery• Ran Washington
and Lee College until his death
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What Happened To:
• Jefferson Davis:• Caught and
Arrested• Served 3 years in
prison• Worked for rest
of his life
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Memory of the War: Lost Cause
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Memory of the War: Lost Cause
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Memory of the War: Lost Cause
Remember: Confederacy
would’ve never entered war if they
didn’t think they were going win