Group Members1. Hafiz Usman Liaqat

2. Fahid Muneer

3. Muhammad Asim

About the author… Samuel Phillips Huntington (April 18,

1927 – December 24, 2008) was an influential American conservative political scientist, adviser and academic. He spent more than half a century at Harvard University, where he was director of Harvard's Center for International Affairs and the Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor. During the Carter administration, Huntington was theWhite House Coordinator of Security Planning for the National Security Council. He is most well-known by his 1993 theory, The Clash of Civilizations, of a post-Cold War new world order. He argued that future wars would be fought not between countries, but between cultures, and that Islamic extremism would become the biggest threat to Western world domination. Huntington is credited with helping to shape U.S. views on civilian-military relations, political development, and comparative government

During 1993, Huntington provoked great debate among international relations theorists with the interrogatively-titled "The Clash of Civilizations?", an influential, oft-cited article published in Foreign Affairs magazine. In the article, he argued that, after the fall of the Soviet Union, Islam would become the biggest obstacle to Western domination of the world. The next West's big war therefore, he said, would inevitably be with Islam. [13]

 Its description of post-Cold War geopolitics and the "inevitability of instability" contrasted with the influential End of History thesis advocated by Francis Fukuyama.

Huntington expanded "The Clash of Civilizations?" to book length and published it as The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order in 1996. The article and the book posit that post-Cold War conflict would most frequently and violently occur because of cultural rather than ideological differences. That, whilst in the Cold War, conflict occurred between the Capitalist West and the Communist Block. 

Samuel P. Huntington • “It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future.” (The Clash of Civilizations, Foreign Affairs, 1993 Summer).

•“Major Civilizations” 1. Western 2. Latin American 3. Orthodox 4. Eastern World 5. Muslim 6. Sub-Sahara Africa .

Huntington’s Clash of Civilization •Western civilization, comprising the United States and Canada, Western and Central Europe, Australia and Oceania.

Latin American. Central America, South America (excluding Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana), Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico. • May be considered a part of Western civilization. • Many people of the Southern Cone see themselves as full members of the Western civilization

Rey Ty Huntington’s Clash of Civilization . The Orthodox world of the former Soviet Union, the former Yugoslavia (except Croatia and Slovenia), Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece and Romania. • Countries with non-Orthodox majority are usually excluded (Shia Muslim Azerbaijan, Sunni Muslim Albania and most of Central Asia, Roman Catholic Slovenia and Croatia, Protestant and Catholic Baltic states), still Armenia (where Armenian Apostolic Church is a part of Oriental Orthodoxy rather than Eastern Orthodox Church) is included.

The Eastern world is the mix of the Buddhist, Chinese, Hindu, and Japonic civilizations.

The Buddhist areas of Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand are identified as separate from other civilizations, but Huntington believes that they do not constitute a major civilization in the sense of international affairs.

The Sinic civilization of China, the Koreas, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam. •Includes the Chinese diaspora, especially in Southeast Asia.

Hindu civilization, in India, Bhutan and Nepal, and culturally adhered to by the global Indian diaspora.

Japan is a hybrid of Chinese civilization & older Altaic patterns.

The Muslim world of the Greater Middle East (excluding Armenia, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Georgia, Israel, Malta and South Sudan), northern West Africa, Albania, Bangladesh, Brunei, Comoros, Indonesia, Malaysia, southern Philippines, Pakistan, and Maldives.

The civilization of Sub-Saharan Africa located in Southern Africa, Middle Africa (excluding Chad), East Africa (excluding Ethiopia, Comoros, Kenya, Mauritius, and Tanzania), Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia etc.

Instead of belonging to one of the "major" civilizations, Ethiopia and Haiti are labeled as "Lone" countries. Israel could be considered a unique state with its own civilization, Huntington writes, but one which is extremely similar to the West. Huntington also believes that the Anglophone Caribbean, former British colonies in the Caribbean, constitutes a distinct entity.

There are also others which are considered "cleft countries" because they contain very large groups of people identifying with separate civilizations. 1. India ("cleft" between its Hindu majority and large Muslim minority), 2. Ukraine ("cleft" between its Eastern Rite Catholic-dominated western section and its Orthodox-dominated east), 3. France (cleft between Latin America, in the case of French Guiana; and the West), Benin, Chad, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Togo (all cleft between Islam and Sub-Saharan Africa), Guyana and Suriname (cleft between Hindu and Sub- Saharan African), 4. China (cleft between Sinic, Buddhist, in the case of Tibet; and the West, in the case of Hong Kong and Macau), and the 5. Philippines (cleft between Islam, in the case of Mindanao; Sinic, and the West). .Sudan was also included as "cleft" between Islam and Sub-Saharan Africa; this division became a formal split in July 2011 following a vote for independence by South Sudan in a January 2011 referendum.

•Russia and India are 'swing civilizations' and may favor either side. Russia, for example, clashes with the many Muslim ethnic groups on its southern border (such as Chechnya) but—according to Huntington—cooperates with Iran to avoid further Muslim-Orthodox violence in Southern Russia, and to help continue the flow of oil. • A "Sino-Islamic connection" is emerging in which China will cooperate more closely with Iran, Pakistan, and other states to augment its international position.

Civilizational conflicts are "particularly prevalent between Muslims and non-Muslims", identifying the "bloody borders" between Islamic and non-Islamic civilizations, dating back to the initial thrust of Islam into Europe, its eventual expulsion in the Iberian reconquest and the attacks of the Ottoman Turks on Eastern Europe and Vienna.

Conflict between Christianity and Islam are due to: 1. Missionary religions, seeking conversion of others. 2. Universal, "all-or-nothing" religions; both sides that only their faith is the correct one. 3. Teleological religions: their values and beliefs represent the goals of existence and purpose in human existence. 4. Religions that perceive irreligious people who violate the base principles of those religions to be furthering their own pointless aims, which leads to violent interactions.

More recent factors are 1. the Islamic Resurgence and 2. demographic explosion in Islam, coupled with 3. the values of Western universalism —that is, the view that all civilizations should adopt Western values — that infuriate Islamic fundamentalists. •All these combined lead to a bloody clash between the Islamic and Western civilizations.

Why Civilizations will Clash 1. Differences among civilizations are too basic: history, language, culture, tradition, & religion; product of centuries, so they will not soon disappear. 2. The world is becoming a smaller place. Interactions across the world are increasing, and they intensify civilization consciousness and awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within civilizations. 3. Due to the economic modernization and social change, people are separated from longstanding local identities. Instead, religion has replaced this gap, which provides a basis for identity and commitment that transcends national boundaries and unites civilizations. 4. The growth of civilization-consciousness is enhanced by the dual role of the West. On the one hand, the West is at a peak of power. At the same time, a return-to-the-roots phenomenon is occurring among non-Western civilizations. A West at the peak of its power confronts non- Western countries that increasingly have the desire, the will and the resources to shape the world in non-Western ways. 5. Cultural characteristics and differences are less mutable and hence less easily compromised and resolved than political and economic ones. 6. Economic regionalism is increasing. Successful economic regionalism will reinforce civilization-consciousness. Economic regionalism may succeed only when it is rooted in a common civilization.

What the Rest can do versus the West 1. Isolation 2. Bandwagon 3. Balance Huntington’s Clash of Civilization Conflicts Core State Fault Line

Fault line conflicts are on a local level and occur between adjacent states belonging to different civilizations or within states that are home to populations from different civilizations.

Core state conflicts are on a global level between the major states of different civilizations. Core state conflicts can arise out of fault line conflicts when core states become involved. SOURCE: Huntington, Samuel P. (2002) [1997]. "Chapter 9: The Global Politics of Civilizations". The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order .

Causes of Conflicts 1. relative influence or power (military or economic), 2. discrimination against people from a different civilization, 3. intervention to protect kinsmen in a different civilization, or 4. different values and culture, particularly when one civilization attempts to impose its values on people of a different civilization.

Causes of Conflict Power Discrimination Intervention Different Values & Cultures

Torn States Turkey Mexico Russia Australia Countries that are seeking to affiliate with another

civilization as "torn countries." • Turkey, whose political leadership has systematically tried to Westernize the country since the 1920s, is his chief example. Turkey's history, culture, and traditions are derived from Islamic civilization, but Turkey's elite, beginning with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk who took power as first President of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, imposed western institutions and dress, embraced the Latin alphabet, joined NATO, and is seeking to join the European Union.

Mexico and Russia are torn. Australia is torn between its Western civilizational heritage and its growing economic engagement with Asia.

Requirements for the Success of a Torn State 1. political and economic elite must support the move 2. the public must be willing to accept the redefinition. 3. the elites of the civilization that the torn country is trying to join must accept the country.

Criticism… Amartya Sen said: "diversity is a feature of most cultures

in the world. Western civilization is no exception. The practice of democracy that has won out in the modern West is largely a result of a consensus that has emerged since the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, and particularly in the last century or so. To read in this a historical commitment of the West—over the millennia—to democracy, and then to contrast it with non-Western traditions (treating each as monolithic) would be a great mistake" (p. 16). SOURCE: Sen A (1999). "Democracy as a Universal Value". Journal of Democracy 10 (3): 3–17. doi:10.1353/jod.1999.0055. http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/07/24/article-2376836- 1AFA1CF9000005DC-569_306x423.jpg

Paul Berman (2003) said: 1. Problem is not clash of “civilizations.” 2. U.S. & Saudi are good friends, no clash. Many Islamic extremists study in the U.S. 3. Problem is difference in philosophical beliefs SOURCE: Berman, Paul (2003). Terror and Liberalism. W W Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-05775-5.

Edward Said (2001) said: 1. Clash of Ignorance! 2. Civilizations are not fixed 3. Dynamic interdependence & interaction 4. (2004): “"the purest invidious racism, a sort of parody of Hitlerian science directed today against Arabs and Muslims" (p. 293) SOURCES: Said, E. (2001 October). The Clash of Ignorance. The Nation. Said, E. W. (2004). From Oslo to Iraq and the Road Map. New York: Pantheon, 2004. http://www.warscapes.com/sites/default/files/edward_said_19 99_dpa_akg_1.jpg C

Noam Chomsky said the concept is a new justification “"for any atrocities that they wanted to carry out", which was required after the Cold War as the Soviet Union was no longer a viable threat.” SOURCES: Chomsky. Clash of civilizations? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Choms ky.jpg

Criticism… Intermediate Regions have internal (not external or civilizational) conflict; political, not cultural domination, e.g. North Africa and Eurasia. 1. Eurasian Region between Adriatic Sea & Indus River: Not Western, Not Eastern, integrated civilization of Orthodox Christianity, Sunni Islam, & Shiite Islam, Alevism, & Judaism. B 2. But Huntington sees fault line between Orthodox Christianity & Sunni Islam & therefore as external clash. 3. Rise of Christianity in Hellenized Roman Empire 4. Rise of Islamic Caliphates in Christianized Roman Empire 5. Rise of Ottoman Rule in Islamic Caliphates & Christianized Roman Empire SOURCE: Dimitri Kitsikis, A Comparative History of Greece and Turkey in the 20th century. In Greek, Συγκριτική Ἱστορία Ἑλλάδος καί Τουρκίας στόν 20ό αἰῶνα, Athens, Hestia, 1978. Supplemented 2nd edition: Hestia, 1990. 3rd edition: Hestia, 1998, 357 pp.. In Turkish, Yırmı Asırda Karşılaştırmalı Türk-Yunan Tarihi, İstanbul, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Dergisi, II- 8, 1980.

Conclusion.. Huntington's article "the Clash of Civilizations?" is an attempt to explain future patterns of world politics after the disintegration of Soviet Union and particularly American role in it. It is an explanation about new phase in world politics after the end of cold war. Huntington's article was a response to Francis Fukuyama's thesis of "End of History" in which Fukuyama focused on political ideologies as the main unit of analysis and argued that liberal democracy might embody the end point of mankind's ideological standing.

Huntington's thesis on "The Clash of Civilizations?" is bold academic flirtation with the concept called civilization. Presenting civilizations as a unit of analysis, Huntington has attempted to identify the differences in civilization as one of the important sources of the conflicts in the world. In this regard he is futuristic in his approach. Though he relies heavily on an article written by the veteran Orientals Bernard Lewis in 1990, titled as "the Roods of Muslim Rage” yet his argument is visionary (Said,1994).

Huntington's article was an academic reply to liberals who after the end of Cold War politics were of the view that western values had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post –Cold War World. According to Huntington, nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs(Huntington, 1993).There are some brilliant points and analyses in Huntington’s article. For example,

Conclusion… He points out that in the politics of

civilizations, the people and governments of non-western civilizations will no longer remain the objects of history as targets of western colonialism but join the west as movers and shapers of history (Huntington,1993).

After September 11, 2001, international community has witnessed a lot of debates about Huntington’s thesis regarding possible clash between Islam and the West. Muslim world especially has not liked Huntington’s thesis that a confrontation is on the horizon between the West and Islam (Mazuri, 2006).

Though Huntington has presented a notion what he called "civilization identity” yet he has argued for "co-existence of Civilization" when he rightly says that "there will be no universal Civilization, but instead of a world of different civilization, each of which will have to learn to co- exist with others"(Huntington, 1993).

Now, it is the time for intellectuals both western and Muslims to explain the notions in such a way that harmonious atmosphere could be created in the world. To conclude, it can be stated that dispute some academic weak points, Huntington's article"the Clash of Civilization?" has presented some brilliant points for analyses. His article has started unending debate and attracted surprise amount of attention and reaction.