classification & biodiversity
TRANSCRIPT
Classification &
Biodiversity
Biology Content Standards 2. Cell Biology Broad Concept: Cells have specific structures and functions
that make them distinctive. Processes in a cell can be
classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction. 2.3 Use cellular evidence (such as cell structure, cell number,
and cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe
six kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia).
5.2 Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of
organisms. Recognize that species are further classified into a
hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral,
and molecular similarities. Describe the role that geographic
isolation can play in speciation.
Taxonomy branch of biology
dealing with the
identification
and naming of
organisms.
Carolus Linnaeus Swedish botanist who devised a system
of grouping organisms into hierarchical
categories based on morphology.
Levels of Classification - Kingdom
- Phylum
(Division-plants)
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
Botanists sometimes
split species into
subsets known as
varieties.
(EX) Peaches and
nectarines are fruits
of the 2 slightly
different varieties of
the peach tree,
Prunus persica.
Peach
Nectarine
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE A system of 2-part Latin names created by Linnaeus and still in use today.
This is Linnaeus’s greatest contribution to biology!
The scientific name
of an organism consists
of 2 parts: Genus species.
Lion is Panthera leo Sunflower is Helianthus annuus
Taxon
Human
Why?
KINGDOM
Animalia
Multicellular, heterotrophic, cell membranes without cell walls
PHYLUM
Chordata
Endoskeleton
Subphylum is Vertebrata – backbone
CLASS
Mammalia
Hair, mammary glands
ORDER
Primates Complex, highly developed brain Sophisticated eyes with stereoscopic vision
Hand with 5 digits including an opposable thumb
Long arms with flexible shoulder and wrist joints
Same 4 types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, molars
FAMILY
Hominidae
Bipedal locomotion
GENUS
Homo
True human being
SPECIES
sapiens
Wise
Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Cell membranes without cell walls
• Heterotrophs
Phylum: Porifera Example: Sponges
Characteristics: aquatic, asymmetrical animals lacking
distinct tissues and organs; sessile body consists of two
layers supported by a stiff skeleton; reproduce sexually or
asexually.
Phylum: Cnidaria (formerly Coelenterata)
Examples: corals, sea anemones, jellyfishes, hydras
Characteristics: radial symmetry; central mouth surrounded
by tentacles; nematocysts; reproduces sexually or asexually.
Anemone
Phylum: Platyhelminthes Examples: flatworms (tapeworms, flukes, planarians)
Characteristics: three cell layers; digestive cavity having one
opening; no circulatory or respiratory systems; reproduce
sexually or asexually.
Tapeworm
Fluke
Phylum: Nematoda Examples: roundworms (ascaris, hookworms)
Characteristics: mostly parasitic; tubular body, bilateral
symmetry; digestive tract with two openings; reproduce
sexually
Ascaris
Phylum: Mollusca Examples: clams, octopuses, snails
Characteristics: soft-bodied, true coelom, muscular foot, visceral
mass and mantle; mostly aquatic; many have shells; reproduce
sexually.
Phylum: Annelida Examples: segmented worms (leeches, earthworms)
Characteristics: true coelom; longitudinal and circular muscles;
fairly complex circulatory, digestive, respiratory, and nervous
systems; reproduce sexually.
Phylum: Arthropoda Examples: horseshoe crabs, lobsters, insects
Characteristics: segmented body; paired, jointed appendages;
exoskeleton; open circulatory system; complex nervous system
with brain and two ventral nerve cords; reproduce sexually.
A male Agapostomen splendens. A bee of sandy areas.
Phylum: Echinodermata Examples: sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins
Characteristics: radial symmetry; calcium endoskeleton; open
circulatory system; complex nervous system with brain and two
ventral nerve cords; reproduce sexually.
Phylum: Chordata Examples: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals,
tunicates, lancelets
Characteristics: has a notochord, throat slits, and tail at some
stage of development; reproduces sexually.
Lancelet Tunicate
Tunicates, commonly called sea squirts, are a
group of marine animals that spend most of
their lives attached to docks, rocks or the
undersides of boats. Small, flattened marine organism
Porcupine
Fish
Tree frog
Eastern Milksnake
Whooping crane
Canis lupus
Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Cell walls made of cellulose
• Photosynthetic (Autotrophs)
Nonvascular Plants
Moss
Ferns
Vascular Plants w/o Seeds
Gymnosperms Vascular Plants w/Seeds
Angiosperms Vascular Plants w/Seeds
Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophs
• Fungi NEVER Reproduce by Seeds
• Cell Walls are made of CHITIN
Bracket Fungus
Bracket Fungus
Mushroom
Mushroom
Truffles
Morel
Alcoholic Fermentation
Yeast
Kingdom Protista • Unicellular (mostly) & Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Autotrophs &
Heterotrophs
• Most diverse kingdom!
Euglena
Amoeba
Kelp
Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic
• Autotrophs – produce food via chemosynthesis – production of carbohydrates through the
use of energy from inorganic molecules instead of light. Their waste products
may include flammable gases such as methane.
or
Heterotrophs
Colony of the Archaebacterium Methanosarcina mazei.
These primitive archaebacteria have unusual cell walls and
membranes and are methane producers.
A sulfide-rich "black
smoker" vents hot
water into the cold
ocean.
Archaebacteria live
on the vented
minerals, anchoring
a food chain of
worms and other
organism.
Kingdom Eubacteria
• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic
• Autotrophs & Heterotrophs
E. coli
Compare & Contrast
Archaebacteria Bacteria
Highlights the importance of Archaebacteria as a life form
THE THREE –DOMAIN SYSTEM
• An alternative to the 6-kingdom system of
classification.
• Based on the young science of molecular biology.
• By comparing sequences of ribosomal RNA, a
scientist can estimate how long ago pairs of
different organisms shared a common ancestor.
Because all organisms, even prokaryotes, have
ribosomes, rRNA can be used to study the degree
of relationship between any two living things.
• Domain ARCHAEA the Archaebacteria
• Domain BACTERIA the Eubacteria
• Domain EUKARYA Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
• Most of the variation in this domain is among the
protists. Surprisingly, when considered from the
perspective of the complete diversity of life on Earth,
the fungi, plants, and animals are quite similar to each
other!
THE THREE – DOMAIN SYSTEM
DOMAINS
Taxonomy Today A running debate in taxonomy is “Which characteristics are biologically most important?”
Systematics Organizes the tremendous diversity of living things in the context of evolution.
• Species shown to be closely related are classified
together.
• Other species that may look alike but possess
analogous structures only are classified in different
groups.
Phylogenetic Tree A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationship thought to exist among groups of organisms. It is a hypothesis.
• A relatively new system of phylogenetic classification which
uses certain features of organisms, called SHARED DERIVED
CHARACTERS (features that apparently evolved only within
the group under consideration, for example, birds: feathers),
to establish evolutionary relationships.
• Shared derived characters, particularly a group of several
shared derived characters, are strong evidence of common
ancestry between organisms that share them.
CLADOGRAM – an ancestry diagram developed by
cladistic analysis.
Cladistics
Biology Content Standards 2. Cell Biology Broad Concept: Cells have specific structures and functions
that make them distinctive. Processes in a cell can be
classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction. 2.3 Use cellular evidence (such as cell structure, cell number,
and cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe
six kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia).
5.2 Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of
organisms. Recognize that species are further classified into a
hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral,
and molecular similarities. Describe the role that geographic
isolation can play in speciation.