classification systems
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Classification Systems. Taxonomy – branch of biology that deals with classifying and naming living things Aristotle – Ancient Greek Philosopher 1. Lived 2,000 years ago 2. Grouped plants & animals by structural similarities only. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Classification Systems
I. Taxonomy – branch of biology that deals with classifying and naming living things
A. Aristotle – Ancient Greek Philosopher
1. Lived 2,000 years ago2. Grouped plants & animals by
structural similarities only
B. Carolus Linnaeus – founder of modern taxonomy (mid 1750’s)1. Created the taxonomic categories that go from general to very
specific:
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusspecies
How can you remember?
K ingP hillipC ameO verF orG oodS paghetti
General
specific
Isolated to aSpecific organism
Taxonomic categories of a plant
(Uses “division” instead of phylum)
Five Kingdom system
Linnaeus developed a 5 Kingdom system. He and other scientists recognized that organisms varied greatly ( not just Plant or Animal)
What are the five Kingdoms of living things in order of simple to complex?
Monera
Bacteria and blue-green algae all prokaryotic (no nucleus)
Protista
Protizoans, mostly microscopic mostly unicellular, some
multicellular all eukaryotic (complex cells)
Fungi Mostly multicellular, absorb
nutrients Fungus, mold, mushrooms, yeast.
Plantae
plants, photosynthetic, cells with a wall of cellulose
Animalia
Animals as simple as a sponge, multicelluar, complex life cycles, tissue layers
Some scientists recently divided the Monera Kingdom into two Kingdoms:
Eubacteria (complex, recent) Archiobacteria (ancient, few
today)
II. Naming organismsA. Nomenclature – system for
naming thingsB. Binomial nomenclature – 2
word naming system to create scientific names
C. Scientific names are written in a specific way:
1. Genus species2. genus = noun species = adjective - describes
noun
3. The first letter of the genus name is always capitalized and the species name is written in all lowercase
4. The entire scientific name is always underlined or italicized
5. Felis domesticus – means domesticated, or house, cat
6. Latin is the universal language for science – used in all countries around the world
7. Scientific names are better to use than common names because common names change in each region
8. Armadillidium vulgare – can also be known as pill bug, sow bug, roly poly bug, potato bug, etc…
• Examples• Common name: Domestic dog
Scientific name: Canis domesticus
Common name: Timber Wolf
Scientific name: Canis lupus
Classifcation of Modern HumansHomo sapiens
Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum - ChordataClass – MammaliaOrder – PrimatesFamily – HominidaeGenus – HomoSpecies - sapiens
III. Taxonomists use specific information to help them classify organisms.
A. Structural information – physical structure and anatomy
B. Biochemical – DNA, RNA, and protein information (genetics)
C. Cytological – similarities in cell structure
D. Embryological – patterns of embryo development
E. Behavioral – how each different species acts1. Example: crickets can be distinguished by their mating calls
ex. Cricket chirp rate indicates temperature
F. Fossil – preserved evidence provides relationships between extinct and modern species.
Classification practice (pictures or shapes)
• Spread out all items so you can see all
• Choose a “Kingdom” for them.• Choose at least 2 Phyla• Subdivide the phyla in to classes• Subdivide classes into orders…. Go
as far as you can.
IV Theory of evolutionA. New species arise, or evolve,
over long periods of time from pre-existing species1. Phylogeny – evolutionary
history of a species2. Phylogenetic trees – show
relationships between organisms, help classify new
organisms
Biological Key
Tools to help identify organisms
A type of key used that has pairs ofopposing statements going form
generalto specific is called a Dichotomous
Key.
Wacky People Key
1a Two feet 2
1b Some other number of feet
3
2a Does not look at all human
4
2b Looks a lot like a human
5
3a One leg 6
3b Three or four legs 7
4a Fly-like Mosk Cara
4b Not fly-like 8
5a Seems to be a girl Rita Nita5b Not a girl 9
6a Leg is curled , two feet Ru-ela.Brella 6b Leg is straight, one foot Giggles
7a Three legs 107b Four legs 11
8a Has webbed feet Hex Oculate 8b Clawed feet 12
9a Curly hair, no toes Lugio Wirum9b Wiggly looking mouth, three toes on feet C. Nile
10a Very long nose, open mouth Elle E. Funk10b Some other appearance 13
11a Has duck bill, two pinchers Tri D. Duckt11b No arms or pinchers 14
12a Has ears, tail, and beak Grif Leon12b Four eyes on stalks Eggur Ondy
13a One eye, webbed feet Cue Kide13b Four stalked eyes, four pinchers Quadrumenox
14a Three toed feet, nose like a flower Tunia petalos14b Spider-like, has spots Patterned mulywumpus