claude shannon - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

7/30/2019 Claude Shannon - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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5/28/13 Claude Shannon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon 2

Harvey Prize (1972)

Kyoto Prize (1985)

National Inventors Hall of Fame

(2004)

Biography

Shannon was born in Petoskey, Michigan. His father,

Claude, Sr. (1862 1934), a descendant of early settlers of

New Jersey, was a self-made businessman, and for a while, a

Judge of Probate. Shannon's mother, Mabel Wolf Shannon (1890 1945), was a language teacher, and for a

number of years she was the principal of Gaylord High School. Most of the first 16 years of Shannon's life were

spent in Gaylord, Michigan, where he attended public school, graduating from Gaylord High School in 1932.Shannon showed an inclination towards mechanical and electrical things. His best subjects were science and

mathematics, and at home he constructed such devices as models of planes, a radio-controlled model boat and a

wireless telegraph system to a friend's house a half-mile away. While growing up, he also worked as a messenger

for the Western Union company.

His childhood hero was Thomas Edison, whom he later learned was a distant cousin. Both were descendants of

John Ogden, a colonial leader and an ancestor of many distinguished people.[4][5]

Boolean theory and beyond

In 1932, Shannon entered the University of Michigan, where he took a course that introduced him to the work of

George Boole. He graduated in 1936 with two bachelor's degrees, one in electrical engineering and one in

mathematics. He soon began his graduate studies in electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology (MIT), where he worked on Vannevar Bush's differential analyzer, an early analog computer.[6]

While studying the complicated ad hoc circuits of the differential analyzer, Shannon saw that Boole's concepts

could be used to great utility. A paper drawn from his 1937 master's degree thesis,A Symbolic Analysis of Relay

and Switching Circuits,[7] was published in the 1938 issue of the Transactions of the American Institute of

Electrical Engineers.[8] It also earned Shannon the Alfred Noble American Institute of American Engineers

Award in 1940. Howard Gardner called Shannon's thesis "possibly the most important, and also the most famous,master's thesis of the century."[9]

Victor Shestakov of the Moscow State University, had proposed a theory of systems of electrical switches based

on Boolean logic earlier than Shannon in 1935, but the first publication of Shestakov's result was in 1941, after the

publication of Shannon's thesis in America.

In this work, Shannon proved that boolean algebra and binary arithmetic could be used to simplify the arrangemen

of the electromechanical relays that were used then in telephone call routing switches. He next expanded this

concept, and he also proved that it would be possible to use arrangements of relays to solve problems in Boolean

algebra.

Using this property of electrical switches to do logic is the basic concept that underlies all electronic digital

computers. Shannon's work became the foundation of practical digital circuit design when it became widely known

in the electrical engineering community during and after World War II. The theoretical rigor of Shannon's work

completely replaced the ad hoc methods that had previously prevailed.

Vannevar Bush suggested that Shannon, flush with this success, work on his dissertation at the Cold Spring Harbo

Laboratory, funded by the Carnegie Institution, headed by Bush, to develop similar mathematical relationships for

Mendelian genetics. This research resulted in Shannon's doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) thesis at MIT in 1940, calle
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n Algebra for Theoretical Genetics.[10]

In 1940, Shannon became a National Research Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New

Jersey. In Princeton, Shannon had the opportunity to discuss his ideas with influential scientists and mathematicians

such as Hermann Weyl and John von Neumann, and he even had an occasional encounter with Albert Einstein or

Kurt Gdel. Shannon worked freely across disciplines, and began to shape the ideas that would become

Information Theory.[11]

Wartime research

Shannon then joined Bell Labs to work on fire-control systems and cryptography during World War II, under a

contract with section D-2 (Control Systems section) of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC).

Shannon met his wife Betty when she was a numerical analyst at Bell Labs. They were married in 1949.[12]

For two months early in 1943, Shannon came into contact with the leading British cryptanalyst and mathematician

Alan Turing. Turing had been posted to Washington to share with the U.S. Navy's cryptanalytic service the

methods used by the British Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park to break the ciphers used by

the Kriegsmarine U-boats in the North Atlantic Ocean.[13] He was also interested in the encipherment of speech

and to this end spent time at Bell Labs. Shannon and Turing met at teatime in the cafeteria. [13] Turing showed

Shannon his paper that defined what is now known as the "Universal Turing machine" in 1936.[14][15] which

impressed him, as many of its ideas were complementary to his own.

In 1945, as the war was coming to an end, the NDRC was issuing a summary of technical reports as a last step

prior to its eventual closing down. Inside the volume on fire control a special essay titledData Smoothing and

Prediction in Fire-Control Systems, coauthored by Shannon, Ralph Beebe Blackman, and Hendrik Wade Bod

formally treated the problem of smoothing the data in fire-control by analogy with "the problem of separating a

signal from interfering noise in communications systems."

[16]

In other words it modeled the problem in terms of datand signal processing and thus heralded the coming of the Information Age.

Shannon's work on cryptography was even more closely related to his later publications on communication

theory.[17] At the close of the war, he prepared a classified memorandum for Bell Telephone Labs entitled "A

Mathematical Theory of Cryptography," dated September 1945. A declassified version of this paper was publishe

in 1949 as "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems" in theBell System Technical Journal. This paper

incorporated many of the concepts and mathematical formulations that also appeared in hisA Mathematical

Theory of Communication. Shannon said that his wartime insights into communication theory and cryptography

developed simultaneously and that "they were so close together you couldnt separate them".[18] In a footnote nea

the beginning of the classified report, Shannon announced his intention to "develop these results ... in a forthcomingmemorandum on the transmission of information." [19]

While he was at Bell Labs, Shannon proved that the cryptographic one-time pad is unbreakable in his classified

research that was later published in October 1949. He also proved that any unbreakable system must have

essentially the same characteristics as the one-time pad: the key must be truly random, as large as the plaintext,

never reused in whole or part, and be kept secret.[20]
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Later on in the American Venona project, a supposed "one-time pad" system by the Soviets was partially broken

by the National Security Agency, but this was because of misuses of the one-time pads by Soviet cryptographic

technicians in the United States and Canada. The Soviet technicians made the bad mistake of using the same pads

more than once sometimes, and this was noticed by American cryptanalysts.

Postwar contributions

In 1948 the promised memorandum appeared as "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", an article in two

parts in the July and October issues of theBell System Technical Journal. This work focuses on the problem of

how best to encode the information a sender wants to transmit. In this fundamental work he used tools in

probability theory, developed by Norbert Wiener, which were in their nascent stages of being applied to

communication theory at that time. Shannon developed information entropy as a measure for the uncertainty in a

message while essentially inventing the field of information theory.

The book, co-authored with Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication, reprints Shannon

1948 article and Weaver's popularization of it, which is accessible to the non-specialist. Warren Weaver pointed

out that, the word information in communication theory is not related to what you do say, but to what you could

say. That is, information is a measure of one's freedom of choice when one selects a message. Shannon's concepts

were also popularized, subject to his own proofreading, in John Robinson Pierce's Symbols, Signals, and Noise.

Information theory's fundamental contribution to natural language processing and computational linguistics was

further established in 1951, in his article "Prediction and Entropy of Printed English", showing upper and lower

bounds of entropy on the statistics of English - giving a statistical foundation to language analysis. In addition, he

proved that treating whitespace as the 27th letter of the alphabet actually lowers uncertainty in written language,

providing a clear quantifiable link between cultural practice and probabilistic cognition.

Another notable paper published in 1949 is "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems", a declassified version o

his wartime work on the mathematical theory of cryptography, in which he proved that all theoretically unbreakabl

ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad. He is also credited with the introduction of samplingtheory, which is concerned with representing a continuous-time signal from a (uniform) discrete set of samples. Thi

theory was essential in enabling telecommunications to move from analog to digital transmissions systems in the

1960s and later.

He returned to MIT to hold an endowed chair in 1956.

Hobbies and inventions

Outside of his academic pursuits, Shannon was interested in juggling, unicycling, and chess. He also invented many

devices, including rocket-powered flying discs, a motorized pogo stick, and a flame-throwing trumpet for a sciencexhibition[citation needed]. One of his more humorous devices was a box kept on his desk called the "Ultimate

Machine", based on an idea by Marvin Minsky. Otherwise featureless, the box possessed a single switch on its

side. When the switch was flipped, the lid of the box opened and a mechanical hand reached out, flipped off the

switch, then retracted back inside the box. Renewed interest in the "Ultimate Machine" has emerged on YouTube

and Thingiverse. In addition he built a device that could solve the Rubik's Cube puzzle.[4]

He is also considered the co-inventor of the first wearable computer along with Edward O. Thorp. [21] The device

was used to improve the odds when playing roulette.
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Shannon and his famous

electromechanical mouse Theseus

(named after Theseus from Greek

mythology) which he tried to have

solve the maze in one of the first

experiments in artificial intelligence

Legacy and tributes

Shannon came to MIT in 1956 to join its faculty and to conduct work in the Research Laboratory of Electronics

(RLE). He continued to serve on the MIT faculty until 1978. To commemorate his achievements, there were

celebrations of his work in 2001, and there are currently six statues of Shannon sculpted by Eugene L. Daub: one

the University of Michigan; one at MIT in the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems; one in Gaylord,

Michigan; one at the University of California at San Diego; one at Bell Labs; and another at AT&T Shannon

Labs.[22]

After the breakup of the Bell system, the part of Bell Labs that remained with AT&T Corporation wasnamed Shannon Labs in his honor.

According to Neil Sloane, an AT&T Fellow who co-edited Shannon's large collection of papers in 1993, the

perspective introduced by Shannon's communication theory (now called information theory) is the foundation of th

digital revolution, and every device containing a microprocessor or microcontroller is a conceptual descendant of

Shannon's publication in 1948:[23] "He's one of the great men of the century. Without him, none of the things we

know today would exist. The whole digital revolution started with him."[24]

Shannon developed Alzheimer's disease, and he spent his last few years in a nursing home in Massachusetts. He

was survived by his wife, Mary Elizabeth Moore Shannon, his son, Andrew Moore Shannon, his daughter,

Margarita Shannon, his sister, Catherine Shannon Kay, and his two granddaughters.[12][25]

Shannon was reportedly oblivious to many of the marvels of the digital revolution because his mind had been so

ravaged by Alzheimer's disease. His wife mentioned in his obituary that had it not been for Alzheimer's disease, "H

would have been bemused" by it all.[24]

Other work

Shannon's mouse

Theseus, created in 1950, was a magnetic mouse controlled by a relay

circuit that enabled it to move around a maze of 25 squares. Its

dimensions were the same as an average mouse.[2] The maze

configuration was flexible and it could be modified at will.[2] The mouse

was designed to search through the corridors until it found the target.

Having travelled through the maze, the mouse would then be placed

anywhere it had been before and because of its prior experience it could

go directly to the target. If placed in unfamiliar territory, it was

programmed to search until it reached a known location and then it

would proceed to the target, adding the new knowledge to its memory

thus learning.[2] Shannon's mouse appears to have been the first artificial

learning device of its kind.[2]

Shannon's computer chess program

In 1950 Shannon published a paper on computer chess entitled

Programming a Computer for Playing Chess. It describes how a machine or computer could be made to play

reasonable game of chess. His process for having the computer decide on which move to make is a minimax
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procedure, based on an evaluation function of a given chess position. Shannon gave a rough example of an

evaluation function in which the value of the black position was subtracted from that of the white position. Materia

was counted according to the usual relative chess piece relative value (1 point for a pawn, 3 points for a knight or

bishop, 5 points for a rook, and 9 points for a queen).[26] He considered some positional factors, subtracting

point for each doubled pawns, backward pawn, and isolated pawn. Another positional factor in the evaluation

function was mobility, adding 0.1 point for each legal move available. Finally, he considered checkmate to be the

capture of the king, and gave the king the artificial value of 200 points. Quoting from the paper:

The coefficients .5 and .1 are merely the writer's rough estimate. Furthermore, there are many other terms

that should be included. The formula is given only for illustrative purposes. Checkmate has been artificially

included here by giving the king the large value 200 (anything greater than the maximum of all other terms

would do).

The evaluation function is clearly for illustrative purposes, as Shannon stated. For example, according to the

function, pawns that are doubled as well as isolated would have no value at all, which is clearly unrealistic.

The Las Vegas connection: information theory and its applications to game theory

Shannon and his wife Betty also used to go on weekends to Las Vegas with M.I.T. mathematician Ed Thorp,[27]

and made very successful forays in blackjack using game theory type methods co-developed with fellow Bell Labs

associate, physicist John L. Kelly Jr. based on principles of information theory. [28] They made a fortune, as detaile

in the bookFortune's Formula by William Poundstone and corroborated by the writings of Elwyn Berlekamp,[29

Kelly's research assistant in 1960 and 1962.[3] Shannon and Thorp also applied the same theory, later known as

theKelly criterion, to the stock market with even better results.[30] Over the decades, Kelly's scientific formula h

become a part of mainstream investment theory[31] and the most prominent users, well-known and successful

billionaire investors Warren Buffett,[32][33] Bill Gross,[34] and Jim Simons use Kelly methods. Warren Buffett met

Thorp the first time in 1968. It's said that Buffett uses a form of the Kelly criterion in deciding how much money to

put into various holdings. Also Elwyn Berlekamp had applied the same logical algorithm for Axcom TradingAdvisors, an alternative investment management company, that he had founded. Berlekamp's company was

acquired by Jim Simons and his Renaissance Technologies Corp hedge fund in 1992, whereafter its investment

instruments were either subsumed into (or essentially renamed as) Renaissance's flagship Medallion Fund. But as

Kelly's original paper demonstrates, the criterion is only valid when the investment or "game" is played many times

over, with the same probability of winning or losing each time, and the same payout ratio.[35]

The theory was also exploited by the famousMIT Blackjack Team, which was a group of students and ex-

students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard Business School, Harvard University, and other

leading colleges who used card-counting techniques and other sophisticated strategies to beat casinos at blackjack

worldwide. The team and its successors operated successfully from 1979 through the beginning of the 21st centuryMany other blackjack teams have been formed around the world with the goal of beating the casinos.

Claude Shannon's card count techniques were explained inBringing Down the House, the best-selling book

published in 2003 about the MIT Blackjack Team by Ben Mezrich. In 2008, the book was adapted into a drama

film titled 21.

Shannon's maxim
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Shannon formulated a version of Kerckhoffs' principle as "The enemy knows the system". In this form it is known

as "Shannon's maxim".

Awards and honors list

Alfred Noble Prize, 1939

Morris Liebmann Memorial Prize of theInstitute of Radio Engineers, 1949[36]

Yale University (Master of Science), 1954

Stuart Ballantine Medal of the Franklin

Institute, 1955

Research Corporation Award, 1956

University of Michigan, honorary doctorate,

1961

Rice University Medal of Honor, 1962

Princeton University, honorary doctorate, 1962

Marvin J. Kelly Award, 1962

University of Edinburgh, honorary doctorate,

1964

University of Pittsburgh, honorary doctorate,

1964

Medal of Honor of the Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers, 1966[37]

National Medal of Science, 1966, presented

by President Lyndon B. Johnson

Golden Plate Award, 1967

Northwestern University, honorary doctorate,

1970Harvey Prize, the Technion of Haifa, Israel,

1972

Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and

Sciences (KNAW), foreign member, 1975

University of Oxford, honorary doctorate,

1978

Joseph Jacquard Award, 1978

Harold Pender Award, 1978

University of East Anglia, honorary doctorate,

1982

Carnegie Mellon University, honorary

doctorate, 1984

Audio Engineering Society Gold Medal, 1985

Kyoto Prize, 1985

Tufts University, honorary doctorate, 1987

University of Pennsylvania, honorary doctorate,

1991

Basic Research Award, Eduard Rhein

Foundation, Germany, 1991[38]

National Inventors Hall of Fame inducted,

2004

See also

ShannonFano coding

ShannonHartley theorem

NyquistShannon sampling theorem

Noisy channel coding theorem

Rate distortion theory

Information theory

Channel capacity

Confusion and diffusion

One-time pad

Shannon switching game

Shannon number

Claude E. Shannon Award

Shannon index

Shannon's source coding theorem

Information entropy

Shannon's expansion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%27s_expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_entropyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%27s_source_coding_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_switching_gamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-time_padhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion_and_diffusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_distortion_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy_channel_coding_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Hartley_theoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Fano_codinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Famehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Rhein_Foundationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Rhein_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Angliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Penderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jacquardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marvin_J._Kelly_Award&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Research_Corporation_Award&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_note-IEEE-Liebmann-Award-Recipients-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Liebmann_Memorial_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Noble_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerckhoffs%27s_principle


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. . . . , . , .

and 623656, July and October, 1948

24. ^ ab Bell Labs digital guru dead at 84 Pioneer scientist led high-tech revolution (The Star-Ledger, obituary by

Kevin Coughlin 27 February 2001)

25. ^ Claude Elwood Shannon April 30, 1916 (http://www.thocp.net/biographies/shannon_claude.htm)

26. ^ Hamid Reza Ekbia (2008), Artif icial dreams: the quest for non-biological intelligence, Cambridge University

Press, p. 46, ISBN 978-0-521-87867-8

27. ^ American Scientist online: Bettor Math, article and book review by Elwyn Berlekamp

(http://www.americanscientist.org/template/BookReviewTypeDetail/assetid/47321;jsessionid=aaa9har2OmrE7K)

28. ^ John Kelly by William Poundstone website (http://home.williampoundstone.net/Kelly.htm)

29. ^ Elwyn Berlekamp (Kelly's Research Assistant) Bio details

(http://www.americansc ientist.org/template/AuthorDetail/authorid/1554)

30. ^ William Poundstone website (http://home.williampoundstone.net/)

31. ^ Zenios, S. A.; Ziemba, W. T. (2006), Handbook of Asset and Liability Management, North Holland, ISBN 978

0-444-50875-1

32. ^ Pabrai, Mohnish (2007), The Dhandho Investor: The Low-Risk Value Method to High Returns, Wiley,

ISBN 978-0-470-04389-9

33. ^ "Ed Thorp's Genius Detailed In Scott Patterson's The Quants" (http://www.gurufocus.com/news.php?

id=83664), book review by Bill Freehling for gurufocus.com, February 5, 2010

34. ^ Thorp, E. O. (September 2008), "The Kelly Criterion: Part II", Wilmott Magazine

35. ^ J. L. Kelly, Jr,A New Interpretation of Information Rate, Bell System Technical Journal, 35, (1956), 917926

36. ^ "IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award Recipients" (http://www.ieee.org/documents/liebmann_rl.pdf).

IEEE. Retrieved February 27, 2011.

37. ^ "IEEE Medal of Honor Recipients" (http://www.ieee.org/documents/moh_rl.pdf). IEEE. Retrieved

February 27, 2011.

38. ^ "Award Winners (chronological)" (http://www.eduard-rhein-stiftung.de/html/Preistraeger_e.html). Eduard Rhei

Foundation. Retrieved February 20, 2011.

Further reading

Claude E. Shannon:A Mathematical Theory of Communication, Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 27

pp. 379423, 623656, 1948. [1] (http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol27-1948/articles/bstj27-3-

379.pdf) [2] (http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol27-1948/articles/bstj27-4-623.pdf)

Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver: The Mathematical Theory of Communication. The University

Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1949. ISBN 0-252-72548-4

Rethnakaran Pulikkoonattu Eric W. Weisstein: Mathworld biography of Shannon, Claude Elwood

(19162001) [3] (http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Shannon.html)

Claude E. Shannon:Programming a Computer for Playing Chess, Philosophical Magazine, Ser.7, Vol.

41, No. 314, March 1950. (Available online underExternal links below)

David Levy: Computer Gamesmanship: Elements of Intelligent Game Design, Simon & Schuster, 198ISBN 0-671-49532-1

Mindell, David A., "Automation's Finest Hour: Bell Labs and Automatic Control in World War II", IEEE

Control Systems, December 1995, pp. 7280.

David Mindell, Jrme Segal, Slava Gerovitch, "From Communications Engineering to Communications

Science: Cybernetics and Information Theory in the United States, France, and the Soviet Union" in Walke

Mark (Ed.), Science and Ideology: A Comparative History, Routledge, London, 2003, pp. 6695.

Poundstone, William,Fortune's Formula, Hill & Wang, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8090-4599-0

Gleick, James, The Information: A History, A Theory, A Flood, Pantheon, 2011, ISBN 978-0-375-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375423727http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375423727http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Information:_A_History,_a_Theory,_a_Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809045990http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671495321http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Shannon.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252725484http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol27-1948/articles/bstj27-4-623.pdfhttp://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol27-1948/articles/bstj27-3-379.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Rhein_Foundationhttp://www.eduard-rhein-stiftung.de/html/Preistraeger_e.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://www.ieee.org/documents/moh_rl.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEEhttp://www.ieee.org/documents/liebmann_rl.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-IEEE-Liebmann-Award-Recipients_36-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-original_Kelly_article_35-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-Wilmott_II_34-0http://www.gurufocus.com/news.php?id=83664http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-Ed_Thorp.27s_Genius_Detailed_In_Scott_Patterson.27s_The_Quants_33-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04389-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-The_Dhandho_Investor_32-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-50875-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-Handbook_of_Asset_and_Liability_Management_31-0http://home.williampoundstone.net/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-Poundstone_30-0http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AuthorDetail/authorid/1554http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-Elwyn_bio_29-0http://home.williampoundstone.net/Kelly.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-John_L._Kelly_28-0http://www.americanscientist.org/template/BookReviewTypeDetail/assetid/47321;jsessionid=aaa9har2OmrE7Khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-Elwyn_article_27-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87867-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-26http://www.thocp.net/biographies/shannon_claude.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-Ledgerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-star_ledger_24-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-star_ledger_24-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon#cite_ref-shannon_paper_23-0


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42372-7

Shannon videos

Shannon's video machines (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBHGzRxfeJY)

Shannon - father of the information age (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2Whj_nL-x8)

AT&T Tech Channel's Tech Icons - Claude Shannon (http://techchannel.att.com/play-

video.cfm/2011/4/19/Tech-Icons-Claude-Shannon)

External links

C. E. Shannon,An algebra for theoretical genetics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ph.D. Thesis

MIT-THESES//19403 (1940) Online text at MIT (http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11174)

Shannon's math genealogy (http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=42920)

Shannon's NNDB profile (http://www.nndb.com/people/934/000023865/)

Works by or about Claude Shannon (http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92-78142) in libraries (WorldCat

catalog)A Mathematical Theory of Communication (http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/paper.html

Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems (http://netlab.cs.ucla.edu/wiki/files/shannon1949.pdf)

Communication in the Presence of Noise (http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee104/shannonpaper.pdf)

Summary of Shannon's life and career (http://www.alcatel-

lucent.com/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w3MfQFSYGYRq6m-

pEoYgbxjgiRIH1vfV-

P_NxU_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAAD_zXg!!/delta/base64xml/L0lJayEvUUd3QndJQSEvNElVRkNBISEvNl

BXzdNVC9lbl93dw!!?

LMSG_CABINET=Bell_Labs&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=News_Features/News_Feature_Detail_0001

60.xml)

Biographical summary from Shannon's collected papers (http://neilsloane.com/doc/shannonbio.html)

Video documentary: "Claude Shannon - Father of the Information Age" (http://www.ucsd.tv/search-

details.asp?showID=6090)

Mathematical Theory of Claude Shannon (http://web.mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2001/Shannon1.pdf) In-dept

MIT class paper on the development of Shannon's work to 1948.

Retrospective at the University of Michigan (http://www.engin.umich.edu/150th/alum-legends/shannon.html

Shannon's University of Michigan profile

(http://www.engin.umich.edu/alumni/engineer/04SS/achievements/advances.html#shannon)

Notes on Computer-Generated Text (http://www.nightgarden.com/infosci.htm)Shannon's Juggling Theorem and Juggling Robots (http://www2.bc.edu/~lewbel/Shannon.html)

Color photos of Shannon (http://stanstudio.com/Boston_Photo_Blog/claude-e-shannon-juggler)

Shannon's paper on computer chess, text (http://www.pi.infn.it/%7Ecarosi/chess/shannon.txt)

Shannon's paper on computer chess (http://www.ascotti.org/programming/chess/Shannon%20-

%20Programming%20a%20computer%20for%20playing%20chess.pdf) PDF (175 KiB)

Shannon's paper on computer chess, text, alternate source

(http://www.dcc.uchile.cl/~cgutierr/cursos/IA/shannon.txt)

A Bibliography of His Collected Papers (http://neilsloane.com/doc/shannonbib.html)

A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress (http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?faid/faid:@field(DOCID+ms003071)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375423727http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?faid/faid:@field(DOCID+ms003071)http://neilsloane.com/doc/shannonbib.htmlhttp://www.dcc.uchile.cl/~cgutierr/cursos/IA/shannon.txthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibytehttp://www.ascotti.org/programming/chess/Shannon%20-%20Programming%20a%20computer%20for%20playing%20chess.pdfhttp://www.pi.infn.it/~carosi/chess/shannon.txthttp://stanstudio.com/Boston_Photo_Blog/claude-e-shannon-jugglerhttp://www2.bc.edu/~lewbel/Shannon.htmlhttp://www.nightgarden.com/infosci.htmhttp://www.engin.umich.edu/alumni/engineer/04SS/achievements/advances.html#shannonhttp://www.engin.umich.edu/150th/alum-legends/shannon.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2001/Shannon1.pdfhttp://www.ucsd.tv/search-details.asp?showID=6090http://neilsloane.com/doc/shannonbio.htmlhttp://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4w3MfQFSYGYRq6m-pEoYgbxjgiRIH1vfV-P_NxU_QD9gtzQiHJHR0UAAD_zXg!!/delta/base64xml/L0lJayEvUUd3QndJQSEvNElVRkNBISEvNl9BXzdNVC9lbl93dw!!?LMSG_CABINET=Bell_Labs&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=News_Features/News_Feature_Detail_000160.xmlhttp://www.stanford.edu/class/ee104/shannonpaper.pdfhttp://netlab.cs.ucla.edu/wiki/files/shannon1949.pdfhttp://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/paper.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCathttp://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n92-78142http://www.nndb.com/people/934/000023865/http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=42920http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11174http://techchannel.att.com/play-video.cfm/2011/4/19/Tech-Icons-Claude-Shannonhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2Whj_nL-x8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBHGzRxfeJYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375423727


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faid/faid:@field(DOCID+ms003071))

The Technium: The (Unspeakable) Ultimate Machine

(http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/the_unspeakable.php)

The Most Beautiful Machine. (http://www.kugelbahn.ch/sesam_e.htm) (aka the "Ultimate Machine") It's a

communication based on the functions ON and OFF.

Guizzo, "The Essential Message: Claude Shannon and the Making of Information Theory"

(http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/39429/1/54526133.pdf)

Claude Shannon, Edward O. Thorp, Fortune's Formula (http://www.fortunesformula.com)Claude Shannon : Founding Father of Electronic Communication age,Dream 2047, December,2006,

Shivaprasad Khened (http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/dec2006/Eng%20December.pdf)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claude_Shannon&oldid=557070786"

Categories: 1916 births 2001 deaths American atheists American engineers American mathematicians

Computer pioneers American computer scientists American electrical engineers Control theorists

Deaths from Alzheimer's disease IEEE Medal of Honor recipients American information theorists

Internet pioneers Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty

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Scientists at Bell Labs Fellows of the Royal Society Systems scientists Modern cryptographers

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