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ABPL 90300 CONSERVATION MATERIALSABPL 90300 CONSERVATION MATERIALS

a survey of building materialsa survey of building materialsMiles LewisMiles Lewis

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COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA

Copyright Regulations 1969

Warning

This material has been reproduced and communicated to you

by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to Part

VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act).

The material in this communication may be subject to copyright

under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this

under the Act.

do not remove this notice

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3/177

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5/177

hut of the Okobambi people, south-west Africa, and as used in the OlduvaiGorge, 1,800,000 BP, according to M D LeakeyChristine Flon [ed], The World Atlas of Archaeology (London 1985), p 308

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6/177

Mammoth

bone hut

excavated at

Metzhiritch

Ukraine,

undated,Ice Age, say

10,000 BC

Flon, World Atlas ofArchaeology, p 2

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7/177

mammo one ouse recons ruc onLewis,Architectura, p 48

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8/177

igloos under construction, on Igloolik Island, Nunapat, CanadaPaul Oliver, Dwellings: the Vernacular House World Wide (London 2003), p 23

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West Stow Anglo-Saxon village, Suffolk, C6th-7th: reconstruction

Christine Flon [ed], The World Atlas of Archaeology (London 1985), p 104

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process

o er on,

Hampshire,

rethatching a roof

Lewis,Architectura, p 257Miles Lewis

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11/177

summer house of the Sauk and Fox Indians,

photo c 1885, Smithsonian Institute, USAPeter Nabokov & Robert Easton, Native American

Architecture (New York 1989), pp 22-3

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'A View of a Hut in New South WalesArthur Phillip, The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay (London 1789)

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Selector's hut of logs, slab and bark, using no nails, owned by Mr

Stocks of Croajingalong, Gippsland: J N Caire photograph, c 1870State Library of Victoria

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a farm building, Hargraves, NSW: bark roof supported with wire

Miles Lewis

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T B Pearce's bark house, Aireys Inlet, 1850sMiles Lewis

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un- r e r c rom er c o, c

John Woodforde, Bricks to Build a House (London 1976), p 19

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adobe manufacture, West Aswan village, EgyptMiles Lewis

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Mohenjo-Daro

,Pakistan, c 2500-2000 BC

Lewis,Architectura, p 39

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pitched

vault,

Haft

Teppah,

Iran,

c

1500

BCMilesLewis

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experimentaladobes,HaftTeppahMiles

Lewis

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theziggurat,Choqa Zanbil,Iran,C13thBC:southflank

Miles

Lewis

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second palace of Mallia, Crete, c 1700-1450 BCMiles Lewis

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second palace of Mallia, detail of mud [cob] and rubble wallingMiles Lewis

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thatched cob building, Somerset, UK, ,

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Bear's Castle, Yan Yean, near Melbourne, 1840sMiles Lewis

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Bear's Castle, older view c 1970Miles Lewis

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,King, Homes for Home-Builders, p 101

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Frank Visek sod house, south-west Custer County, NebraskaTim Turner, 'Sod Houses in Nebraska',APT Bulletin, VII, 4 (1975), p 26

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Sod house in

Buffalo County,e ras a: mo ern

view of decayed

Turner, 'Sod Houses in

Nebraska', p 34

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the sod wall of

the Ewins house,Blayney, NSW, c

1883: view and

Miles Lewis

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' ', , ,

Guo Qinghua,A Visual Dictionary of Chinese Architecture (Melbourne 2002), p 18

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pis illustrated by

David Gilly,

Germany, 1788-9

David Gill , Handbuchder Landbaukunst

(author, 2 vols, Berlin

1788-9)

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'Pompallier House', Kororareka, New Zealand, by Louis Perret , 1841-2.Miles Lewis

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'Pompallier House , interior pis wall surfaceMiles Lewis

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'Pompallier House , detail of restored pis wall surfaceMiles Lewis

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pis according to Rondelet, Trait de l'Art de Btirof 1812,based upon experience in 1764

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Pompallier

House

view of theformwork used

in the

res ora on

Miles Lewis

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pisard detail

from Rondelet

pisards used at

ompa er

House

Rondelet, Trait de l'Art

de BtirMiles Lewis

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c amp rom on e e

clamps used at Pompallier

ouse

Rondelet, Trait de l'Art de BtirMiles Lewis

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enamelled brick from Nimrud (?c 880-730 BC), British MuseumPerrott & Chipiez,Assyria and Chaldea, II, pl xiii, facing p 294, after Layard

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terra cotta decoration of an Etruscan temple,

Museo Archeologico, ArrezzoCoarelli, Etruscan Cities, 42

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Roman brick

,

Brick, p 47

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paving tiles with curved markings, Pammukale, TurkeyMiles Lewis

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Roman brick stamp, Palatine Hill, RomeMiles Lewis

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-

Miles Lewis

omen s a s, qu ncum, ungary

Miles Lewis

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omen s a s,

Aquincum

(reproductions in

foreground)

Miles Lewis

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San Vitale, exterior detail of brickwork

Byzantine brickwork at Resafe, North Syria, ?C6thMiles Lewis

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brickmakers stool, 1850

(a) brick earth; (b) mouldersand; (c) clot-moulders sand; (d) stock; (e) water tub;

f a e allets h brick on allet k moulders lace m clot-moulders

place; (o) cuckold for cutting off the ground earth as it comes from the pugmill

Dobson, Bricks and Tiles, II, p 16

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u mer arp s

machine, 1861

wire cutters at Gulson's

brickworks, Goulburn,

NSW

Woodforde, Bricks to Build a House, p 113es ew s

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detail of a brick press at Gulson's Brickworks, Goulburn NSW

Miles Lewis

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brick markingsGemmell,And So We Graft, p 27

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hacking, parallel

hand moulding: base

pressing, screws holding kick

hacking: transverse, ?straw

hand moulding: skiving of top face

extrusion: wire cutters

brick markings

Gemmell,And So We Graft, p 27

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c rcu ar r c c amp, n a,

W H M, 'Circular Brick Clamps', no CCXIX in Professional Papers on Indian Engineering, vol VI, pl viii

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downdraught kiln, Gulson's Brickworks: breaking openMiles Lewis

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fourteen chamber rectangular Hoffman kiln in plan

Cox, Brickmaking, p 43

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the Upper Hawthorn Brick Company yards of Fritsch, Holzer & Co, c 1888

PGH City Brick kiln, Elizabeth Street, Malvern [demolished 1985]

Alexander Sutherland [ed], Victoria and its Metropolis Past and Present (2 vols, Melbourne 1888), II, p 638Miles Lewis

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Jenningss patent

bonding bricks,

a er

Notes on BuildingConstruction: Part IIIMaterials (London

,

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cavity wall with Morse ties, USA,1899

Morse tie from 878 High St

Armadale, said to be about 1885

, ,Titan Nail & Wire Co, c 1930

International Library of Technology, Masonry,Carpentry, Joinery (Scranton [Pennsylvania]

, p ; o n enry;

Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited,

Handbook for Engineers, &c [cover title Shapesand Sections] (Melbourne 1930), p 502

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a stoneware damp proof coursemade by Doultons, nine inches

(230 mm) wide

the first Australian textbookillustration, by James Nangle, 1900

a cavity wall with Jennings's

stepped-up bonding bricks and

wrought or cast iron tie, stoneware

amp-proo course

Notes on Building Construction, Part III Materials(1879), p 135

James Nangle,Australian Building Practice, Part 1(Sydney 1900), p 63

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of

efor

ert

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Churc

Parv

ill

ria&

Al

n

astery

yLeon

.Vict

n rk,p60

theM

entury

noncea

,Londo

dTilewo

lesfro

te19

th

ofC

he

use

um

Tiles

an

nsofti

nthela

htea

Graves,

roducti

,made

atthe

re

B

rou

use

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Chateau of Chenonceau, France, C16th: detail of C19th

ceramic floor tiles, showing wearMiles Lewis

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paving tiles of the

th-centuries from the

priory of St-

Martin-des-

Champs, France

Bruno Jacomy et al, Musedes Arts et Mtiers:

Connaissance des Arts(Muse des Arts et Mtiers,

Paris 2000), p 7

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St Giles,

Cheadle, by A

W N Pugin,

1844-6

floor tiling in

the Blessed

Sacrament

Chapel, made

by Mintons, c1846

Atterbury &

Wainwri ht,

Pugin, p 146

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Chamberlains

,

Worcester, in

Penny Magazine,

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72/177

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,Chicago, by

Burnham &

Root, 1885-8

Miles Lewis

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74/177

underside of a floor in the Rookery, Chicago, by Burnham & Root, 1885-8Miles Lewis

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the Rookery:

a fireproof

partition

Miles Lewis

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fireproof construction: porous tile around

columns, partition blocks

International Library, Masonry Continued pp 114, 116

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terra cotta lumber

Miles Lewis

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Lynne Dore

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81/177

Gallerus,

C7th or later

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-

Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, p 24

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e e a

quarry

view from north

end

undercuttingon wes ace

es ew s

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Jebel Khalid: quarrymens grooves

Miles Lewis

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splitting a blocks of stone

from the quarry

Thierry Hatot, Batisseurs au Moyen Age(Clermont-Ferrand 1999), p 59

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relief showing

masons with

tools

Reade,AssyrianSculpture, p 18

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n ne een cen ury s one sawyer

The Useful Arts Employed in the Construction of Dwelling Houses (2nd ed, London 1851), p 23

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artiall sawn column drum from Jerash Jordan C6thJacques Seigne & Thierry Morin, 'Une Scierie Hydraulique du Vie Sicle Gerasa (Jerash, Jordanie):

Remarque sur les Prmices de la Mcanisation du Travail', in J-P Brun & J-L Fiches [eds], nergie

Hydraulique et Machines lvatices d'Eau durant l'Antiquite [Actes du Colloque International] (Centre JeanBrard, Naples 2007), p 250

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partially sawn column drum from JerashSeigne & Morin, 'Une Scierie Hydraulique, p 250

the sawmill at

technical

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technicalreconstruction by

Mangartz

Mangartz, 'The Stone Cutting

ac ne o p esos , p

the sawmill at Ephesus: a fuller

Mangartz, 'The Stone Cutting Machine of Ephesos, p 239

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stone saw at theThomas Brown

Monumental Works,

High St, West

Maitland, NSW

Miles Lewis

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British slating practice

Frank Bennett & Alfred Pinion, Roof Slating and Tiling (Caxton Publishing, London 1948 [1935]), p 27

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tools

Bennett & Pinion,

Roof Slating andTiling, p 26

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Lighthouse Cottage, Wilson's Promontory,1880s

view from above during re-roofing, October 2000Miles Lewis

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son s romon ory g ouse co age: roo s ow ng e mm

slates and the timber roll at the ridge to take the lead cappingMiles Lewis

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shingle and slate

International Library of

Technology. Masonry,Carpentry, Joinery

(International Textbook

,

[Pennsylvania] 1907]),

Carpentry, p 94

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palisade construction earthfast post & wattle construction

reconstruction of a typical long house, Neolithic village of Kln-

Lindenthal (near Cologne), Germany, c 4000 BC

John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds],A History ofTechnology, Volume I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 309

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palisade

construction

Denmark

Gorm Benzon, GammeltDanske Bindin svrk

(Copenhagen 1984), p 19

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,

West, The Timber-Frame House, p 21

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interpretation of a structure from

Valkenburg, Netherlands,

of the Roman period

framing and wattling in trenches

E M Jope [ed], Studies in BuildingHistory (London 1961), p 21

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DECAY

interpretation of a structure from Valkenburg, Netherlands,

of the Roman period

E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History (London 1961), p 21

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reconstruction of

Valkenburg, with

framing and

plates

Jope, Studies inBuilding History, p

21

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,Yarra Glenpost showing

hitching peg and

rotting base

Helen Watters

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Gulf Station: decayed post

Helen Watters

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Gulf Station: cutting the bottom off the postMiles Lewis

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Gulf Station: new base for post

Helen Watters

Gulf Stationrestored post with new spliced base

Miles Lewis

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King Midas tomb, Gordion, c 696 BC: view of the tumulus

Miles Lewis

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Midas tomb, Gordion: section

Akurgal,Ancient Civilizations, p 277

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Midas tomb: interior view

Miles Lewis

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Midas tomb

detail of roof

axonometric diagram

Miles Lewis

,

Anatolia, p 131

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access hole cut

throu h the wall

Miles Lewis

winegrower's

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winegrower s

house from

Sachsenflur,

ermany, ,now in the

Hohenlohe

re an museum

Miles Lewis

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ouse rom ac sen ur, v ew o a e mw c e oor Miles Lewis

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house from

Sachsenflur,

details

Miles Lewis

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lehmwickel ceiling

Hungary

Sabjn Tibor, 1994

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crown glass

plate glass

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,

(centre) a plaster frame with the edges of two panes,

and ri ht modern lass from Hebron c 1930

D B Harden, 'Domestic Window Glass: Roman, Saxon and Medieval', in E M Jope [ed],

Studies in Building History (London 1961), plate V

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crown glass from Jerash, Hebron, and (right) Sudan, C12th

' ', ,

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crown glass manufacture, C18th France: step A

Diderot, Encyclopdie, sv 'Verrerie', pl 13

crown glass manufacture, C18th France: step BDiderot, Encyclopdie, sv 'Verrerie', pl 13

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crown glass

manufacture,C18th

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France:

Diderot,

Enc clo die sv'Verrerie', pl 13

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manufacture of

the table on

the end of the punty

Raymond McGrath & A C Frost, Glass inrc ec ure an ecora on n e , on on

1961 [1937]), p 75

t f

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two ways of

v ng a a eof crown glass

W Cooper, Crown Glass Cutter' ,

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the manufacture of sheet glass by Chance Brothers, c 1850

Jackdaw no 43, The Great Exhibition 1851

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sheet glassbein reheated

and flattened

' ', ,

pp 41, 42

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bronze bound doorsreconstruction of the Balawat ates from the alace of Shalmaneser III 858-824 BC British Museum

reconstructed door with bronze door plating from Assur, Shalmaneser III period (c 840 BC),

Archaeological Museum, Istanbul

Miles Lewis

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the Balawat Gates, detail of the bronze plating British Museum ANE 121652-121653es ew s

cramps

Temple of Haroeris &

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Sobek at Kom Ombo,,

early C2nd BConwards.

Sanctuary of Athena,

Per amum AsiaMinor, c 300 BC:

Hellenistic dovetail

cramp recesses

Miles Lewis; Fatih Cimok,

Pergamum (Istanbul 2001[1993]), p 25

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,Miles Lewis

Achaemenid

cramps, Persepolis,-

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cramp with iron barand lead, platform

cutting for a narrow,

a Hundred Columns

,

Pasargadae, p 42, 43

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Achaemenid cramps, as indicated by the cuttings in the stone

Nylander, Ionians at Pasargadae, p 43

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Roman masonry with molten lead poured around metal dowels and crampsDurm, Baukunst der Griechen, p 94

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Roman lead pipe with

inscription

, ,

France

Miles Lewis

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lead pipe

fabrication

Landels,

Engineering inthe Ancient

,

Adam, RomanBuilding, p 253

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oman ea p pes, rc aeo og ca useum, a ermo, a y.

junction with spigots; end view of a pipe showing the seamed joint

Miles Lewis

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bronze stopcock, Humayma, JordanBurton MacDonald, Russell Adams & Piotr Bienkowski [eds], The

Archaeology of Jordan (Sheffield, Sheffield Academic Press, 2001), p 610

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Roman bronze double action pump from Bolsena, Italy, probably AD C3rd

British Museum GR 1892-5-17.1 BM Cat Bronzes 2573: Miles Lewis

,

d i t ld

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oured into a mould

crystalline texture

good in compression

poor in tension

poor in bending

r tt e un er c ange n temperature

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steel

pure (maximum 0.25% carbon)

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p ( )

hammered or rolled

good in tension

good in bending

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by William Strutt,1792-3

plan & section

MUAS16,682

er y o on

Mill by William

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,detail of

construction,

, ase

partly on Milford

and Belper West

MUAS 13,022

beams,1801-1837

Watt

[1799-] 1801

Benyon's mill by J Farey

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Benyon s mill, by J Farey,

1816. Thomas Tredgold, 1824

Mill in Bradford, Fairbairn,

'Ideal' by Eaton Hodgkinson,

1830.

No 70, Old St, EC1, 1837

Newcomen Society, Transactions,

1940-1,reproduced in C D Elliott,Technics and Architecture(Cambridge [Massachusetts]

1992), p 72

209-11

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angr ge ,

Collingwood,

?1880s

view & detail of

bressummer

Miles Lewis

209-11

Langridge St,

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,

details ofbressummer,

eas sou

sides

Miles Lewis

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u -up g r ers

F E Kidder & Thomas Nolan, The Architects' and Builders' Handbook(17th ed, Wiley, New York 1921 [1884]), p 681

details of the

construction of an

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-

house, by Viollet-

le-Duc 1872

E-E Viollet-le-Duc [translated

Benjamin Bucknall], Lectureson rc ec ure vo s, on on

1881 [1863-72]), II, p 325

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rivets: types: cap ended; pan headed; hammered; countersunk; Forth of Firth Bridge,

-, , ,

Pedro Guedes, The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architecture and Technological Change (London 1979), p 311; H JHopkins,A Span of Bridges (New York 1970), p 105

welding at the

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Building, NewYork,1930

Lewis Wickes Hinephoto

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'Coriyule', Drysdale,by Charles Laing,

1849-50: iron tile

with inscription

Miles Lewis

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corrugated curving machine, Victorian patent no 9 to Edmund Morewood &

George Rogers, 18 March 1857, from the original drawings

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Gospel Oak iron from the

stables at Killeen, Victoria

G [anchor] OFIRST QUALITY

Miles Lewis

CORRUGATED [IRON]

MANUFACTURERS

convex arc:

TRADE MARK

]

[circle containing:

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[upward arc, illegible:? ... JO ......

]

[horizontal:

IRON

]concave arc:

STAFFORDSHIRE

]

un ernea , manua y pa n e :

o ver amp on ron rom e

stables at Killeen, Victoria

Miles Lewis

CORRUGATED [IRON]

MANUFACTURERS

convex arc:

TRADE MARK

]

[circle containing:

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[upward arc, illegible:? ... JO ......

]

[horizontal:

IRON

]concave arc:

STAFFORDSHIRE

]

un ernea , manua y pa n e :

Pinson & Evans Wolverhampton iron from a fence, Brunswick Road, Brunswick

Miles Lewis

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galvanised iron dates and sizes

Morewood & Rogers iron tiles 1850-60, but very

occasionally as late as the 1880s

Tupper & Co two inch corrugated tiles c 1855-65

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five inch [125 mm] Scotch iron 1852-1860, later very rareexce t in s ecial a lications

three inch [75 mm] 1853 to the present

Traegerwellblech iron in 4, 2 and 2 inch corrugations from

,

ripple iron, one inch [25 mm] c 1890-1930

finely striated iron mainly for ceilings c 1900-1930

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iron house at The Weatherboard, Inverleigh, one of a batch designed

by Henry Ginn, Colonial Architect, c 1852-3, fabricated by John Walker,

erected from 1854 onwards

Miles Lewis

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house at the

unction of anels atthe window line

makers plate

Miles Lewis

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,

Miles Lewis

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corrugated iron lappingcorrected from Hodgson,Architecture, V, p 213

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Cercle Franaise de

Club], 29 Jie Fang

Bei Rd (cnr Bin Jang

, , ,1931-2: entrance

8-10 Jie Fang

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Bei Rd (cnr

,

Tianjin, China

detail at theentrance

Miles Lewis

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'Wunderbright'; and similar glazing systemsglass from the former Sydney County Council Offices and Showroom, 1935,

Powerhouse Museum, Sydney; flats, 57 Ramsay St, Haberfield, NSW ;

Criterion Hotel , Pitt & Park Sts, Sydney, by Copeman, Lemont & Keesing, 1936

Van Daele & Lumby,A Spirit of Progress, pp 100, 139, 177

door handle,

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an s o e ,Castlemaine

Miles Lewis

M l M t l

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Monel Metaladvertisement

Building, 65, 9 (25Se tember 1939 10

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Buckley & Nunn, 294-6 Bourke St, Melbourne, by Bates, Smart & McCutcheon, 1933Julie Willis; Van Daele & Lumby,A Spirit of Progress, p 97

McPherson'sBuilding, 546

Collins St,

Melbourne, by S P

K ith R id & J h A

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Keith Reid & John A

Calder, architects in

association, 1935:corner detail

Van Daele & Lumby,A Spirit ofProgress, p 96

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