COAL MINING

Ing. M.Sc. MARCO ANTONIO ARDILA B

Marco.ardila@uptc.edu.co

MINE SAFETY AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

The main porpouses are: Reduce or take out the mining coal

underground desasters.

Regulate the Health and safety aspects of coal mining.

Control problems as: Acid mine water discharge Effects of subsidence Interuption of aquifers

The regulatios deal with the basic areas of:

Mine fires

Mine gases

Rock falls (roof and rib contol)

Operational and functional safety of

equipment

Mine rescue

Mine planing

Dust and noise

MINE FIRES: Causes and regulations aspects.

Spontaneous combustion

Conveyor belts working in coal fines

Electrical spark of the electrical

malfunction

Smoking

Mine gas explosions

Welding

Cutting

Product of the carbonization process of coal

The concentration depends primarily on the degree of mineralization.

Carbonization process is advanced to the highest level in anthracite coal.

The coal of low rank produces highest quantity of methane.

The methane concentration maximun allowable is set at 1%, well below

the exposive range of about 5% to 15%

The explosion of a methane mixture is usually a localized process, which

can create an air/coal dust mixture that is of far greater danger than a

small methane explosion.

MINE GASES: The most common is methane.

The methane explosion cannot only prepare the proper mixture of air and

coal dust but can also create the necessary high-ignition temperature.

The coal dust explosions are therefore the kind of mine desaster that

usually produces the most devastating results.

MINE GASES: The most common is methane.

The law deals in great detail with this major problem.

Procedures for mine plans to assure that safety requirements are met.

General roof support requirements as well as special local conditions.

Frecuent visits by mine inspectors assure compliance with the mine plans.

Aditional measures:

Personal training

Modified equipment designed (canopy over operators seats, remote controls, etc.)

Operating procedures in regard to unsupported or dangerous roofs.

ROCK OR ROOF FALLS: one of the most frequent causes of injutity or death.

Other areas that regulatory agencies are involved are in the operational

safety of equipment. For exemple:

The equipment must be Specifically designed with cutoff swiches.

Levers are attached and mining equipment is fitted with methane monitors with

automctica power cutoff.

The airborne dust or noise levers, which have to be kept below certain maximun levels.

Mine Rescue. Each mine is required to have a rescue team that is trained

and equipped to work in the some times dangerous underground

environment in the event of the mine disaster.

OPERATIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL SAFETY OF EQUIPMENT:

Other Planning areas.

Mine planning control for safety feature design provides a very extensive means to

improve safety.

Escapeways , sufficient air supplies, safety pillars, roof support, and equipment selection

are importan features of mine planning.

Dust and noise.

Dust and noise created by the mining equipment usually affect the human body

noticeably only after years of exposure.

The effect s of black lung of silicosis can be very severe and physically disabling.

Regulations limiting the allowable maximun level of airborne dust to 2 mg/m3 are aimed

at this common problem.

Portable samplers attached to the clothing.

OPERATIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL SAFETY OF EQUIPMENT:

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICS CONSIDERATIONS IN A MINING PROJECT

A number of considerations go into the general assessment of the conomic viability of a mine site: The quality coal The geologic conditions The location The transportations The shipping The availability of

facilities, and The availability of labor.

The size of a property in tons recoverable and the quality of the coal can be expressed as a dollar value. This value has to be compared with the required investments for development and operation of the mine (surface facilities, coal treatment, shafts, slopes, shipping, facilities) and the shipping cost to determine the economic viability. The geologic conditions can have a major impact on the value of mining. A varying thickness can require different sets of equipment, faults could necessitate additional shafts or slopes, and water or strata that are too hard or too soft can make minning to expensive or impossible.

The Market can be so far away that shipping costs, particurlary in small quantities, become too high, specially if no rail or barge shipping facility is nearby. If a coal cleaning plant from another mina can be utilized, the operation of a smaller mine might be made economical.

The availability of personal is often a determining factor. The cost for relocation and housing can amount to substantial sums.

The foregoing considerations, plus the data obtained from an exploration program are combined with such factors as equipment cost and expected production to supply the information necessary for a detailed economic analysis

INFRAESTRUCTURA DE TRANSPORTE PARA LA COMERCIALIZACION DE CARBN EN COLOMBIA

EXPLORATION This steep is done to establish

the size and quality of reserves as well as to provide information on probable mining conditions.

A core drilling program is designed with core holes or check points positioned according to pattern that allows a projection of the continuance of coal seam.

Certain general guidelines are commonly used to establish the density of the checkpoints .

The most widely used has been estalished by the U.S. Geological Survey.

REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS

EULER J. Wilhelm. Occidental Research Corporation, Lexintong, Kentucky. En Coal Handbook. Edit Marcel Decker Inc., N.Y. U.S.A., 1981. ISBN 0-8247-1270-6.

Zinco Mining Corporation - Cuale - Sat Feb 14, 2015www.zincomining.com

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