THE INDUSTREAL REVOLUTION

Collin Duggan & Will Summerall

What Was the Industrial

Revolution? It was a period of rapid growth with breakthroughs in water powered machines and high production.

Hand powered machines were not efficient enough to fill large orders so a man named Richard Arkwright came up with a revolutionary idea

His design would allow 1 machine to do the work of 50 people

The Idea

He created a wheel with boards of wood that would catch the water and turn a master axle called a vertical shaft, this puts the whole operation in motion. One of these water wheel inventions could power an entire textile mill.

Water Power Textile Mill

B Y : N O A H S I L V E R M A N &

J O E Y J O H N

4-02Eli Whitney

and Interchangeab

le Parts

• was born in Westboro, Massachusetts, in 1765

• Was poor, but earned enough money to go to Yale university

• Moved to Georgia after college

• Saw how much work it took to pick each piece of cotton

• Invented the cotton gin, which increased the efficiency of picking the cotton

• Also invented a machine powered by water to help with the production of guns

Eli Whitney

• In the 1790’s, the United States government worried about a possible war with France, demand for guns rose

• Most manufacturing was done by hand, this process took a long time

• Gun makers could not satisfy government demands

• Factories needed more advanced technology

• 1798 Eli Whitney attempted to address the problem with gun making speed

• Whitney made interchangeable parts, which helped with the speed of gun production

• Interchangeable Parts- parts of a machine that are identical

• This made it easier to fix broken machinery and assemble new ones

• Whitney promised 10,000 muskets in two years to the government

• Interchangeable parts sped up mass production

• Mass Production- is the efficient production of a large number of identical parts

Interchangeable Parts

Works citedAlter, Judy. Eli Whitney. New York: F. Watts, 1990. Print.

"The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney." About.com Inventors. Web. 02 Apr. 2013

"Whitney, Eli (1765–1825)." American Eras. Vol. 4: Development of a Nation, 1783- 1815. Detroit: Gale, 1997. 393. U.S. History In Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2013.

Google Images

AMAN REDDY, SOLEN WILL IAMS, JUSTIN LAMB

4-3 Labor Unions

Information

During the 1800s factories started to spread. They made quickly and at a low priced goods. With that, there was competition , so factories had to hire even more workers and pay them less. This made the craftspeople feel threatened. To make matters worse, in the 1840s immigrants flooded from the poorer countries , and competed for jobs. They agreed for a smaller wage. This led to many locals losing their jobs. As immigration got bigger, more of the immigrants went to the north – east, and competed for jobs at mills. One time it got so bad, in 1837, New York, there was so much competition over jobs and estimated 50,000 people lost their jobs. All of these problems threatened the local Craftspeople. This is shown in one worker, Shoemaker William Frazier. He claimed that “ We had to sit in our seats from twelve to sixteen hours per day , to earn one dollar” After facing low wages and worrying about losing their jobs, skilled workers started to form Trade Unions. These were groups that tried to improve the paying and the working conditions of factories. Soon enough, the unskilled workers started to form trade unions too. Unfortunately, employees did not to hire Trade Union people, because they were afraid this would affect the competition negatively. Other times labor unions would start strikes. During a strike, the unions would refuse to work until they got whet they wanted. Most strikes were unsuccessful, and police and judges would usually support the factories instead of the Union members.

One important person in the union, that helped significantly was millworker Sarah G. Bagley. She founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in 1844. Their main purpose was to influence an investigation on the working conditions in the Maryland factories from the state legislator, and to have 10-hour maximum workday. They also handed out pamphlets and petition for this and to spread the awareness of what was happening in factories. By 1840 they obtained a 10-hour work day from President Martin Van Buren. But Sarah thought this was unfair, because to rule only applied to public work forces, she wanted then for private workers too, who worked 12-14 hours daily six times a week. Luckily for them, many people supported the 10 hour work day campaign. Even though business owners did not support this. By 1845, she was elected the vice president of the New England Working Men’s Association. This was an amazing feat for her since she was the first woman to hold this high position. Ever since then the union began to get more victories. They also managed to pass the 10-hour workday law in Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and a few others. Outside, in the non -10 hour work day states, where they worked for 10 hours, life was still rough. In these factories, even children were working. One witness explained the horror in this as they said “Children were summoned by the factory bell by daylight” and worked until eight O’ clock and “with nothing but a forty five minute recess to get their dinner. The Union started to work on this problem next

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Works Cited

James, Edward. Notable American Woman 1607-1950.

Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1975. Print.

Arnesen, Eric, and Christine Tomassini. "Labor and Labor Unions." Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. Ed. Colin A. Palmer. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006. 1252-1257. U.S. History In Context. Web. 3 Apr. 2013.

Deverell, William. “Workers Organize.” United States History Beginnings to 1877. Vol. 1, Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2007. Print.

All images: Google Images

4-04The Steamboat

By: Taylor Polinsky and Alex Higgins

A steamboat is a boat that runs off an engine, instead of using wind to repel

Engine produces steam Used mainly on lakes and rivers

What is a steamboat?

Book

Built first steamboat in France Later made Clermont in U.S. Hudson river Everyone wanted steamboats

Robert Fulton

Text book

Increased trade and profits News from other countries Mail Friends and Family New settlers

Changes the 1850’s

Database

Deverell, William and Deborah Gray White. United States History: Beginnings to 1877. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2007. Print.

Pictures: Google Images

"Steamboats." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History. Ed. Thomas Carson and Mary Bonk. Detroit: Gale, 1999. U.S. History In Context. Web. 2 Apr. 2013.

Ward, Ralph T. Steamboats: A History of an Early Adventure. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc, 1973. Print.

Works Cited

By: Katie Perera, Ethan Broitman, and Sean Condon

4-04Steamboats

Origin and Invention The origin of steam-powered boats in America is typically traced to

Robert Fulton's experiences on the Hudson River with the Clermont in the first decade of the nineteenth century.

However, it was not invented by Fulton. There is no specific inventor of the Steamboat.

Ideas of the steamboat arose from sixteenth century Spain when Blasco de Garay, a native of Barcelona, experimented with a steamer.

In 1784, Scotsman Watt made the steam engine more efficient. Robert Fulton

Use and Importance The steamboat was used to increase trade and profits

because goods could be moved more efficiently and cheaply. The steamboat was also well suited for river travel. Steamboats helped America during its needs for better

transportation. By 1835, seven hundred steamboats were registered in US Waters. Steam power became the most preferred method of travel for long

in-land voyages. Steamboats, overall, were invented due to a need for America to

expand westward and to provide better transportation for citizens

Works CitedDeverell, William and Deborah Gray White. United States History: Beginnings to 1877. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2007. Print.

Images from Google Images.

Hall, Stephen. “Robert Fulton.” Inventors and Discoverers: Changing Our World. Vol. I, Washington D.C: National Geographic Society, 1988. Print.

Neuzil, Mark. "Steamboats." Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 543-544. U.S. History In Context. Web. 3 Apr. 2013.

4-05COTTON GINGarrett Strominger, Kevin Kiefer, Zach

Moyer

Originated as a two-roller gin in India and China In 1742, a Louisiana Planter improved the roller gin Treadle operation was used between 1772 and

1790 Eli Whitney, a Northern New Englander created the

Cotton Gin in 1793 to increase the speed of cotton production

Whitney got his idea from visiting a Georgia plantation owned by Catherine Greene, where workers removed seeds from cotton.

Origin

The Cotton Gin is a machine that removes seeds from short-

staple cotton. Used a hand-cranked cylinder with wire teeth to pull cotton

fibers from the seeds. Whitney hoped to keep his creation a secret, but the machine

was so useful that other manufacturers wanted to use it. Many manufacturers improved the design, replacing the

breakable wire teeth with sections of fine-toothed saw blade, creating the Saw Gin.

Because of the creation of the Cotton Gin, America went from exporting 138,000 pounds to 200 million pounds of cotton to England.

It also helped prolong the institution of slavery for many years.

Functions/Effects

Williams, Trevor. The History of Invention: From Stone

Axes to Silicon Chips. New York, New York: Facts on File Publication, 1987. Print.

Wiener, Roberta. “Cotton Gin.” Encyclopedia of the New American Nation. US History in Context. Web. 2 April 2013.

White, Deberah and William Deverell. United States History: Beginnings to 1877. Auston, Texas: Holt, 2007. Print.

Google Images

Works Cited

4-06 Nativist Movement

By: Sydney Apple and Katie Erlandsen

Industrialization gave immigrants chances for jobs

Native-Born Americans went on strike for improved wages and working conditions

Many Americans opposed immigration

Native-Born Americans feared losing their jobs

Were replaced by Immigrants

Created the Nativist Movement

Causes Effects

Nativists- Those Americans and others who opposed

immigration.

Americans began to form unions.

1840-1850 Nativists became politically active

Unions offered death benefits, insurance, and a sense of Republican identity.

They supported measures making it difficult for foreigners to become citizens or hold office

1849 Nativist founded a political organization, the Know-Nothing- Party

Encouraged people to join the party.

Causes Effects

The Nativist Movement restricted immigration

There were disagreements of slavery

The Nativist Movement became unpopular.

The party fell apart.

Causes Effects

Burgan, Michael, et. al. ”Nativism on the Rise.” American Immagration. Vol. 1, Danbury: Grolier, 1999. Print.

Deverell, William and Deborah Gray White. United States History: Beginnings to 1877. Orlando: Holt, Rinenart and Winston, 2007. Print.

Reimers, David M. "'America for the Americans': The Nativist Movement in the United States." Journal of American Ethnic History 17.2 (1998): 93+. U.S. History In Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2013.

Pictures from: Google images

Works Cited

4-07Prison ReformBy Timmy Haas and Nathan Burns

Trouble in Prisons

oMentally ill were kept in same facilities as criminals

oOrphans and runaway children were held as well

oChain gangs- manual labor

The Life of Dorothea Lynde Dix

o 1802-1887o School teachero Sunday school teacher at a prisono Saw terrible conditionso Success in MA

Improvements

oFacilities were built for the mentally ill oChildren were no longer tried

as adultsoEducation was substituted for

punishment

Works Cited

Axlerod, Alan, et. al. “Dix, Dorothea Lynde.” Heroes and Pioneers. New York City: Simon &

Schuster Inc., 1998. Print.Brennan, Carol. “The Prison Reform Movement.” American Social Reform Movements Library. U.S. History in Context. Web. 1 April 2013.Deveral, William. United States History Beginnings to

1877. Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2007. Print.

Google Images, 2 April 2013.

American Anti-Slavery SocietyBy Brandon .L and Andrew .R

American Anti-Slavery Society Abolition- the legal prohibition and

ending of slavery, especially of slavery of blacks in the U.S.

American Anti-Slavery Society The Abolitionists

were people who hated slavery and wanted to put an end to it, they used different ways to convince people.

Many people who were against slavery made pamphlets and books that moved many people and made them Anti-Slavery.

American Anti-Slavery Society One of the things

Abolitionists used was pictures.

American Anti-Slavery Society William Lloyd Garrison was a poet who

wrote abolitionist poems and convinced people to put an end to it.

American Anti-Slavery Society “Resolved, That the compact which

exists between the North and the South is a covenant with death and an agreement with hell; involving both parties in atrocious criminality, and should be immediately annulled. - William Lloyd Garrison.

4-09FREDERICK DOUGLASS AND SOJOURNER TRUTH

By: Ashley Yim, Grace Maurer, and Abby Steele

FREDERICK DOUGLASS African American leader of 1800s Escaped slavery from Maryland in 1838 Talented public speaker Impressed members of the Anti-Slavery

Society Gave regular lectures Published newspapers and autobiographies

that showed the injustices of slavery Wanted to destroy the existence of slavery in

the Southern US Changed his last name from Bailey to

Douglass to cover his real identity

SOJOURNER TRUTH Former slave Her original name was Isabella Traveled through the United States preaching

about slavery and women’s rights Became legendary because of her speeches Gave dramatic and deep speeches during the

Anti-Slavery Movement Wrote an autobiography to inform others

about her hard life as a slave

WORKS CITED

Pictures from: Google Images

Russel, Sharman Apt. Frederick Douglass. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. Print.

“Sojourner Truth.” Historic World Leaders Gale, 1944. Biography in Context. Web. 1 April 2013.

Deverell, William and Deborah Gray White. United States History Beginnings to 1877. Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2007. Print.

Krass, Peter. Sojourner Truth. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. Print.

By Rachel Redlus & Devon Kendig

4-10The Underground Railroad

Not an actual railroadPeople worked together to help slaves escape

the southAfrican Americans, former slaves, and some

white abolitionists were the people involved in the escape

People arranged transportation and hiding places

They escaped to the northern states and sometimes Canada

Moved along the railroad at night led by people known as “conductors”

The Underground Railroad was…

Harriet Tubman- A former slave who escaped on the underground railroad herself and reportedly helped 300 slaves

Harriet Beecher Stowe- She wrote an anti slavery novel called Uncle Tom's Cabin, and also abetted fugitive slaves in Cincinnati

Levi Coffin- was a Quaker who lived in Indiana that aided over 3,000 slaves

Richard Dally- He was a slave himself and worked in the underground railroad for four years, helping 30 slaves escape

Many white Quakers also became involved because of religious reasons

People Involved

Deverell, William and Deborah White. United States History- beginnings to 1877. Austin, Texas: Holt, 2007. Print.

Kallen, Stuart A., Life on the Underground Railroad. San Diego: The Way People Live, 2000. print. Pictures from Bing images

"Underground Railroad." U.S. History In Context. Web. 2 Apr. 2013.

Works Cited

By Christian Hanna,Michael Kwon, Bryan Ung,

Jack Donnelly5-11

Existing Women’s Rights

• Women had extremely restrict rights, they could not vote, run or hold office or sit in on juries.

• Along with no representation, Women also weren’t entitled to their own money which belonged to their husbands.

About Senaca Falls Convention

• 1840 Elizabeth C. Staton realized she was not allowed to participate in a slaves right’s convention.

• Many abolitionists believed that men were superior.

• Staton proposed the Senaca Falls Convention for women’s rights.

• The Convention became the first to advocate women's rights, on July 19, 1848.

Elizabeth’s Husband

• Elizabeth was delighted when her husband began to speak for women’s rights.

• Although when the voting took place to let women vote Elizabeth’s husband voted against it.

Works CitedDeverell, William and White, Deborah. United States History Beginnings to 1877. Austin, Texas: Holt, Rinehart

and Wilson, 2007. Print.

Helmer, Diana. Women Sufferagists. New York: Facts on File Inc., 1998. Print

Pictures from Google Images.

"United States Suffrage Movement in the 19th Century: Introduction." Feminism in Literature: A Gale Critical

Companion. Ed. Jessica Bomarito and Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 2: 19th Century, Topics & Authors (A-B). Detroit: Gale, 2005. 207-208. World History In Context. Web. 2 Apr. 2013.

4-12Temperance Movement

1830- Mid 1840’sOlivia Lockwood and Drew

Burton

What was the Temperance Movement?

It started off when Americans started worrying about the effects of alcohol. This led to the Temperance Movement, which was an effort that pushed people to stop abusing alcohol. Social reformers believed alcohol cause social problems such as family violence, poverty, and criminal acts. Maine ended up banning alcohol for every reason except medical purposes.

How was the movement enforced?

The American Temperance Society and other groups had asked people to lower the amount of alcohol they consume, and only have small amounts of wine and beer. The consumption of alcohol went from 3-7 gallons to 2 gallons.

Works Cited

Deverell, William and Deborah White. United StatesHistory- Beginnings to 1877. Austin, Texas: Holt, 2007.

Print.

Pictures from google images

"Temperance Movement." Dictionary of American History. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 2 Apr. 2013 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

Claybaugh, Amanda. "Temperance." American History Through Literature 1820-1870. Ed. Janet Gabler-Hover and Robert Sattelmeyer. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2006. 1152- 1158. U.S. History In Context. Web. 2 Apr. 2013.

McNeese, Tim. Early National History 1790-1850. New York: Infrobase, 2010. Print.

4-13Uncle Tom’s CabinBy: Kate Mullen, Joanne Salzer and Hannah Sullivan

Harriet Beecher Stowe

•Harriet Beecher Stowe was born June 14, 1811 in Litchfield, Connecticut

•At 21, Stowe moved to Ohio and met fugitive slaves, learning about the cruelties of slavery

•Outraged by The New Law Compromise of 1850, including the Fugitive Slave Act

•Determined to educate northerners on reality of slavery, she wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin

The Novel• Published in 1852• Based on Stowe’s memories of stories told to

her, debates, and newspaper articles• Related a tale of abuse and suffering• A black slave was taken away from his wife and

taken to Louisiana where he was beaten to death • Southern writer Louisa McCord said scenes in

Stowe’s book were created by a horrible imagination

• Within one decade, more than 2 million copies sold

The Novel Continued

•Arguments arose due to religious, economic and political opposition

•Stowe wrote A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin, explaining things people criticized before

•Many credit it as a powerful book opposing slavery that started the American Civil War

Works Cited

• Pictures from Bing Images

• Banks, Marua. An Analysis of Nineteenth Century Black Responses To Uncle Tom’s Cabin As Recorded In Selected Antebellum

Black Newspapers: 1852-1855. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1993. Print.

• Benson, Sonia, Daniel E. Brannen, Jr., and Rebecca Valentine. "Uncle Tom's Cabin." UXL Encyclopedia of U.S. History. Vol. 8. Detroit: UXL, 2009. 1601-1602. U.S. History In Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2013.

• Deverell, William and Deborah Gray White. United States History Beginnings to 1877. Austin: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2007. Print.

• Jakoubek, Robert. Harriet Beecher Stowe. New York: Chelsey House Publishers, 1989. Print.