Commas and Introductory Elements

Created by Kathryn Reilly

Defining an Introductory Element

• An introductory element can be a word, phrase or clause that sets the stage for the rest of the sentence.

• Introductory elements are followed by commas.

Introductory Words

• Introductory words work to connect one idea to the next within a text.

Example:

I would like to go running today. However, storm clouds are rolling in so I’ll wait.

Introductory Word Examples

• The following is only a partial list:

– Also,– Alternatively,– Furthermore,– However,– Particularly,– Similarly,– Thus,– Therefore,

Introductory Phrases

• A phrase lacks a subject or verb

• An introductory phrase shares a subject or verb with a main clause.

• Introductory phrases may include appositive phrases, infinitive phrases, and participial phrases.

Introductory Phrase Examples

– Beautiful and confident, the girl applied to the beauty pageant. (appositive)

– To increase her chances of winning, Tiffany selected a designer gown. (infinitive)

– Speaking confidently, Tiffany answered the judge’s questions. (participial)

Introductory Clauses

• An introductory clause (a dependent clause with a subject and verb) provides important background information for the main clause.

Examples:

– If Tiffany wanted to earn the crown, she would have to earn 60 points in the talent category.

– Because Tiffany only earned 48 points, she came in second place.

Introductory Clause Examples• Introductory clauses begin with adverbs.

• Below is a partial list:– Although– Always– Because– In order to– Never– Since– Though

Commas and Introductory Elements Review

• Commas should follow introductory– Words– Phrases – Clauses

• Introductory elements can set the tone of a sentence.

• Introductory elements can indicate a relationship between sentences.