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Commas and Introductory Elements
Created by Kathryn Reilly
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Defining an Introductory Element
• An introductory element can be a word, phrase or clause that sets the stage for the rest of the sentence.
• Introductory elements are followed by commas.
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Introductory Words
• Introductory words work to connect one idea to the next within a text.
Example:
I would like to go running today. However, storm clouds are rolling in so I’ll wait.
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Introductory Word Examples
• The following is only a partial list:
– Also,– Alternatively,– Furthermore,– However,– Particularly,– Similarly,– Thus,– Therefore,
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Introductory Phrases
• A phrase lacks a subject or verb
• An introductory phrase shares a subject or verb with a main clause.
• Introductory phrases may include appositive phrases, infinitive phrases, and participial phrases.
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Introductory Phrase Examples
– Beautiful and confident, the girl applied to the beauty pageant. (appositive)
– To increase her chances of winning, Tiffany selected a designer gown. (infinitive)
– Speaking confidently, Tiffany answered the judge’s questions. (participial)
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Introductory Clauses
• An introductory clause (a dependent clause with a subject and verb) provides important background information for the main clause.
Examples:
– If Tiffany wanted to earn the crown, she would have to earn 60 points in the talent category.
– Because Tiffany only earned 48 points, she came in second place.
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Introductory Clause Examples• Introductory clauses begin with adverbs.
• Below is a partial list:– Although– Always– Because– In order to– Never– Since– Though
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Commas and Introductory Elements Review
• Commas should follow introductory– Words– Phrases – Clauses
• Introductory elements can set the tone of a sentence.
• Introductory elements can indicate a relationship between sentences.