Complete your chart using the information provided in this document. Other acceptable sources are: -Traditions and Encounters -The Earth and Its People - Textbook located on the class website - Textbook page -Any AP approved review materials

! The following pages explain briefly the following:

-  Metallurgy -  Wheels & Wheeled Vehicles -  Plows -  Pottery -  Woven textiles ! Use the texts to go beyond what is on

the following pages

Advances in metallurgy during the Neolithic revolution revolutionized the creation of tools and weapons.  Iron, copper, and bronze were all utilized for farming and warfare.

! Wheels and wheeled vehicles allowed materials and goods to be transported quickly across long distances, especially in conjunction with the use of horses.  Wheels were also used for farming, as plows and other machinery could be hooked up to horses and other draft animals.

! Helped with farming – attached to animals and walked through farmland

! Plows increased agricultural efficiency, especially for cultures with access to draft animals.  This helped promote the neolithic trend of specialization and diversification of labor. 

Pottery provided storage for foods and water, allowing for more seasonal versatility in Neolithic cultures and guarding against bad harvests.

! During the Neolithic Revolution, weaving technology advanced quickly.  Textiles were used in the manufacture of cloths and baskets were also made.

! The following pages explain briefly the following:

-  Composite Bows -  Iron Weapons ! Use the texts to go beyond what is on

the following pages

!  A bow made of wood and some type of string such as sinew

!  Use https://legioilynx.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/composite-bows-weapon-of-ancient-nomadic-equestrian-cultures/ for further reading

!  Made from…IRON - used first by the Hittites - used for shields, swords, etc.

!  Use http://www.periclespress.net/Hittites_iron.html for further reading

! The following pages explain briefly the following:

-  Chariots -  Horseback Riding ! Use the texts to go beyond what is on

the following pages

!  The chariot was a light vehicle, usually on two wheels, pulled by horses.

!  Usually the chariots would carry two standing people, one driver and one soldier, who would use bows/other weapons - unless used as a non-war item

!  Material used for chariot depended on wealth of owner

!  Use http://www.ancient.eu/chariot/ for further reading

!  Improved warfare and the widespread of ideas and trade. The Mongols (LATER) used horses.

! Use http://www.ancient.eu/chariot/ for further reading

!  The following pages explain briefly the following:

-  Ziggurats -  Pyramids -  Temples -  Defensive walls -  Streets & roads -  Sewage & water systems ! Use the texts to go beyond what is on the

following pages

!  Mesopotamian - temples with very high platforms on which you step to go into the rooms, Mesopotamian equivalent to the Egyptian pyramids, always built by kings

!  Use http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/ziggurats/story/sto_set.html for further reading

!  The Egyptians built the pyramids. They were designed to enclose and protect the body of dead royalty so that they have the chance to have a good afterlife and be resurrected. The pharaohs were put in the pyramids with their families and their most prized possessions such as gold and furniture for them to have in their afterlife.

! A worship place for many different religions that were a place for prayer and the center of a specific religious community

!  Slightly later example: Greece, Aztecs, etc.

!  Used to keep people/ enemies out and sometimes to keep people in - such as prisoners or other people running away

!  A necessity for any city that was in danger of invasion or attack!

!  Great Example - despite being somewhat incomplete - the Great Wall of China (next era - but thematically this works)

!  Other examples include both the cities of Uruk and Jericho

!  Used to faster transport trade goods and make trade networks more efficient over all; also allowed for better transportation within civilizations

!  Use http://www.ancestraljourneys.org/earlyroads.shtml for further reading

!  The Indus Valley civilization of Pakistan and northwestern India had sophisticated public works that included sewage drainage systems, public wells, and private and public baths.

!  Use https://www.harappa.com/blog/harappan-bathroom & https://www.harappa.com/blog/lothal-sanitation for further reading

This large corbelled drain was built in the middle of an abandoned gateway at Harappa to dispose of rainwater and sewage.

A large public well and public bathing platforms were found in the southern part of Mound AB at Harappa. These public bathing areas may also have been used for washing clothes as is common in many traditional cities in Pakistan and India today

! The following pages explain briefly the following:

-  Cuneiform -  Hieroglyphs -  Pictographs -  Alphabets -  Quipu ! Use the texts to go beyond what is on

the following pages

!  Cuneiform is a written language of wedge shaped symbols developed by the Sumerians.

!  Before cuneiform, Sumerians used pictographs. Pictographs were very useful, but they were not practical.

!  Sumerians left information in ancient records that they wrote in stone and clay.

!  The Sumerians recorded different kinds of household items, court activity, sales and purchases, and names of people who had power.

!  The Sumerians also recorded The Epic of Gilgamesh. Even after the Sumerian civilization started to fall, other civilizations continued to use cuneiform as their form of record keeping.

!  Hieroglyphs are a form of picture writing. Hieroglyphs can be written right to left, left to right, downwards, or vertically. One would read it according to which way the pictures are facing.

!  More than 2,000 hieroglyphs are used in ancient Egyptian writing.

!  Hieroglyphs can be pictures, symbols for pictures, or symbols for sounds.

!  Hieroglyphs translates into "sacred writing”

!  Pictographs are a form of visual language that use pictures to represent words.

!  Pictographs and hieroglyphs seem very similar, but pictographs are a form of picture writing that represents literal visual representatives; while hieroglyphs can represent sounds.

!  The earliest written form of Pictographs is found in Han Zei Zi. Han Zei Zi is a book written around 300 B.C by a Chinese philosopher named Han Fei. However most pictograph drawing were traced back to the Paleolithic Era.

!  Many ancient cultures have used pictographs as an early writing system including: Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese.

!  Oracle Bones were used in Shang China (and probably before) to communicate with the gods (aka Divination).  

!  They would ask the gods a question and then heat the Oracle bones until they cracked.  

!  They would then analyze the cracks for messages from the gods.  More importantly, these bones show that China had writing.

!  Alphabets evolved from pictographs and ideograms, which are symbols that represent an object or idea and are not exactly specific to a language.

!  The alphabet is a writing system that uses symbols to represent sounds and they tend to be specific to a language.

!  One of the first alphabets developed was the Phoenician alphabet, which dates back to 1000 B.C.E from inscriptions in the Phoenician city of Byblos.

!  The Phoenician alphabet evolved from the “proto-Canaanite” alphabet, which was a system created around the 18th century BCE. It is also said to be an advancement of Egyptian hieroglyphs, since the Phoenician system can be found in some Egyptian hieroglyphs.

!  The alphabet evolved in about 1250 BCE and it is classified as “acrophonic”, the idea that the name of the letter derives from a word that starts with that letter.

!  Quipu was a system used by the Incas for keeping records

!  The Quipu, which is believed to have come before the rise of the Inca, was based on a decimal system.

!  Small knotted strings were attached to a main cord or top band to symbolize a message.

!  The color of the string, its place, its size and the knots in it were all important for the record/message

! The following pages explain briefly the following:

-  Code of Hammurabi -  Code of Ur-Nammu ! Use the texts to go beyond what is on

the following pages

!  The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian law code of ancient Mesopotamia, dating back to about 1754 BC.

!  It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world.

!  The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, enacted the code, and partial copies exist on a man-sized stone stele and various clay tablets.

!  The Code consists of 282 laws, with scaled punishments, adjusting "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" (lex talionis)

as graded depending on social status, of slave versus free man.

!  Nearly half of the Code deals with matters of contract, establishing, for example, the wages to be paid to an ox driver or a surgeon.

!  Other provisions set the terms of a transaction, establishing the liability of a builder for a house that collapses, for example, or property that is damaged while left in the care of another.

!  A third of the code addresses issues concerning household and family relationships such as inheritance, divorce, paternity and sexual behavior.

!  Only one provision appears to impose obligations on an official; this provision establishes that a judge who reaches an incorrect decision is to be fined and removed from the bench permanently.

!  A handful of provisions address issues related to military service.

! The following pages provide information and link to information about the following:

-  Trade between Mesopotamia & Egypt -  Trade between Egypt & Nubia -  Trade between Mesopotamia & the Indus

Valley ! Use the texts to go beyond what is on

the following pages

! http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/trade/ ! http://www.recoveredscience.com/

const128mesopotamianinfluences.htm

! http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/trade/

!  Ancient Egyptians imported and exported goods from several neighboring countries. They exported stone and pottery vases, linen, papyrus, gold vessels, ox hides, ropes, lentils, and dried fish.

!  Imported goods were mostly raw materials and products sought as luxury items in high society. Horses, cattle, small livestock, cedar wood, silver, copper, and valuable minerals were imported from Syria and Palestine. Cyprus delivered copper and ivory. Luxury items such as Minoan and Mycenaean oil containers came from the Aegean.

!  The south, especially Nubia, was rich in gold and mineral deposits, building stone, ebony, ivory, ostrich feathers and eggs, as well as livestock and cattle. From the land of Punt came myrrh and incense. Caravan trade routes were an important means of exchanging these goods. One route led to the north and another led to the south.

! https://www.harappa.com/content/was-trade-relationship-between-harappans-and-mesopotamians-direct-one

! http://www.cic.ames.cam.ac.uk/pages/mcintosh.html

!  The Harappan cities were connected with rural agricultural communities and distant resource and mining areas through strong trade systems.

!  They used animals, river boats and bullock carts for transport. !  This trade is reflected in the widespread distribution of beads and

ornaments, metal tools and pottery that were produced by specialized artisans in the towns and cities.

!  The major commodities in internal trade consisted of cotton, lumber, grain, livestock and other food stuffs.

!  The Indus valley people had also close commercial relation with Central Asia, the Arabian Gulf region and the distant Mesopotamian cities, such as Susa and Ur Excavations at Lothal reveals the existence of a dock supporting the activities of trade in that period.

!  Trade also existed with Northern Afghanistan from where the Harappans bought blue gemstones.

! The following pages explain briefly the following:

-  Vedic Religion -  Hebrew Monotheism -  Zoroastrianism ! Use the texts to go beyond what is on

the following pages

! Use http://www.ancient.eu/The_Vedas/ for information

! Use https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vedic-religion for information

! Use http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/ for information

! Use http://www.religioustolerance.org/zoroastr.htm for information

! Use https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zoroastrianism for information

! Use http://www.ancient.eu/zoroaster/ for information