compositional and structural factors that influence ... · induced cracking and hydrogen flaking in...
TRANSCRIPT
Compositional and Structural Factors that Influence Hydrogen Induced Cracking and Hydrogen
Flaking in Steels Allan Arenas, Cai Shuai and Shiyi Li
Advisor: C. Isaac Garcia Ferrous Physical Metallurgy Group
MEMS Department
Image Quality or Inverse Lattice Distortion
LTP
HTP
IMF Spring Meeting
HIC Program Progress Review
April 14, 2015.
Step A 8630 A 4340 B4340 1 B4340 2 B 4340 3 B 8630 1 B 8630 2 B 8630 3 C 1 C 2
UT 1Mhz Scan DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE PENDING
UT 5Mhz Scan DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE PENDING
UT 10Mhz Scan DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE PENDING
Sectioning DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE PENDING
Grinding/ Polishing DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE PENDING
Nital Etching DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE PENDING
Vickers Hardness Measurement
DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE PENDING DONE DONE DONE PENDING
Inclusion Size Measurement
DONE PENDING DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE PENDING
Le Pera Etching DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE PENDING
Modified Sodium Metabisulfite
PENDING PENDING DONE DONE DONE PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING
Modified Le Pera Etching PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING
SEM Inclusions analysis PENDING PENDING DONE DONE DONE PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING
SEM Microstructure PENDING PENDING DONE DONE DONE PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING
XRD PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING
Hyper Probe PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING
IMF October 2014 Meeting
Step A 8630 A 4340 B4340 1 B4340 2 B 4340 3 B 8630 1 B 8630 2 B 8630 3 C 1 C 2
UT 1Mhz Scan DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE
UT 5Mhz Scan DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE
UT 10Mhz Scan DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE
Sectioning DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE
Grinding/ Polishing DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE
Nital Etching DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE
Vickers Hardness Measurement
DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE
Inclusion Size Measurement
DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE
Modified Sodium Metabisulfite
DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE
Modified Le Pera Etching DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE
Inclusions analysis DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE
SEM Microstructure DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE
XRD DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE DONE
Hyper Probe DONE PENDING PENDING DONE PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING PENDING
IMF Spring-April 2015 Meeting
o Current Studies
• Advanced Microstructural Characterization • X-Ray Diffraction • Electron Backscattered Diffraction • Hyper-probe Chemical Analysis • FEA – CCT microstructural correlations • NDT/NDE – microstructure relations
o Results o Future work
Company A 4340 S1
C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo V Al Cu H
0.42 0.78 0.010 0.017 0.29 1.72 0.90 0.29 0.052 0.020 0.19 1.6ppm
Company A 4340 AC
C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo V Al Cu H
0.42 0.76 0.009 0.014 0.32 1.74 0.86 0.26 0.006 0.03 0.19 -
Company A 8630
C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo V Al Cu H
0.30 0.96 0.008 0.01 0.35 0.85 1.10 0.48 0.008 0.020 0.19 1.0ppm
Company A 8630 AC
C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo V Al Cu H
0.32 0.94 0.010 0.006 0.3 0.85 0.99 0.43 0.007 0.026 0.17 -
Company B 4340 05
C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V H
0.42 0.78 0.007 0.002 0.28 0.86 1.68 0.29 0.18 0.028 0.005 -
Chemical Composition Table (wt %)
Company B 4340 87
C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V H
0.41 0.78 0.009 0.018 0.34 0.86 1.67 0.22 0.17 0.028 0.006 -
Company B 8630
C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V H
0.3 0.89 0.009 0.008 0.32 0.47 0.44 0.16 0.16 0.03 0.002 -
Company C 4340 A
C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo V Al Cu H
0.41 0.74 0.011 0.002 0.3 0.85 0.99 0.43 0.007 0.026 0.17 -
Company C 4340 C
C Mn P S Si Ni Cr Mo V Al Cu H
0.42 0.74 0.011 0.006 0.3 1.86 0.85 0.25 0.006 0.026 0.17 -
Chemical Composition Table (wt%)
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
35mm
32.8HRC
Pea
k A
mp d
B
Depth mm
5mm Edge
5mm Core
20mm
25mm
35mm
32.8 HRC
Company B 4340 Microstructures
Peak Amplitude - MIcrostructure
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Depth mm
50mm
31.4HRC
Pea
k A
mp d
B
20mm
10mm
50mm
31.4 HRC
Company B 4340 Microstructures
Peak Amplitude - Microstructure
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Pea
k A
mp d
B 50mm
100mm 10mm
10mm
110mm
50mm
100mm
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Depth mm
J2487-1-02 Core J2487-1-02 J2405-1-02
22.7HRC
32.9HRC
32.9HRC 31.7HRC
32.8HRC
30.3HRC
31.0HRC
31.4HRC
31.8HRC
29.4HRC 29.3HRC
4340 company A
Depth mm
Pea
k A
mp d
B
Signal response Peak Amplitude and Hardness between 4340 steel samples investigated
Process: Ingot – Soaking – Forging – Air Cooling
Process: Normalizing – Austenizing - Oil Quench - Temper
-21
-19
-17
-15
-13
-11
-9
-7
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
10mm
50mm
100mm
27.6HRC
26.7HRC
27.3HRC
32.2HRC 33.5HRC
26.5HRC
28.3HRC
10mm 20mm 30mm
25.7HRC
25.4HRC
28.2HRC
26.2HRC
J2487-4-02 J2499-3-02 J2499-1-02 8630 A
Signal response Peak Amplitude and Hardness between 8630 steel samples investigated
Process: Ingot – Soaking – Forging – Air Cooling
Process: Normalizing – Austenizing - Oil Quench - Temper
Signal response Peak Amplitude and Hardness between company A samples
-32
-27
-22
-17
-12
-7P
eak
Am
p d
B
10mm
10mm
50mm 110mm
50mm
100mm
8630 4340
* Same scanning parameters were used for both samples.
31.8HRC
29.4HRC 29.3HRC
27.6HRC
26.7HRC
27.3HRC
The microstructures generated by 8630 steel seems to produce lower signal attenuation than the microstructures generated by 4340 steel. The samples from Company A where used for this analysis cause have similar process and geometry.
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Signal - Peak Amplitude –vs- Hardness & Type of Microstructure.
Martensite +
bainite
Ferrite Pearlite – fine Pearlite
Pearlite + some Pro
eutectoid cementite
Martensite-Austenite Pearlite – Coarse Pearlite
Effect of different types of microstructure on the sound propagation response
as measured by Peak Amplitude
Pe
ak A
mp
dB
Hardness HRC
23
12
52 49
42
6.2 5
11 14
16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
8630 A 8630 As Cast 8630 B 1 8630 B 3 8630 B 4
Inclusions Avg Size *
8630
4340
mic
ron
s
MnS Inclusion in Company A 4340 MnS Inclusion in Company B 8630 MnS Inclusion in Company B 8630
OM DIC SEM BSE
Inclusions Size Distribution
* 10 Inclusions measured for each sample
10um
Advanced Characterization
Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) – Empyrean System Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) JEOL Hyper-Probe Microscopy
J 2405-1-02
OM-DIC OM
M-A
J 2405-1-02
J 2405-1-02
5.2
94.8
gamma alpha
111 002 022
XRD – retained austenite
J2487 -1-02
OM-DIC OM
J2487 -1-02
J2487 -1-02
111 002 022
4.9
95.1
gamma alpha
Retained Austenite
J 2405 -1-03
OM-DIC OM
J 2405 -1-03
111 002 022
2.7
97.3
gamma alpha
Retained Austenite
Ellwood 4340
Company A- 4340
No retained Austenite detected by XRD Small peak at 111 and 002 but no peak at 022
111 002 022
J 2499 4 02
OM-DIC OM
J 2499 4 02
J 2499 4 02
111 002 022
7.2
92.8
gamma alpha
113
Retained Austenite
J 2499 3 02
OM-DIC OM
J 2499 3 02
J 2499 3 02
No retained Austenite detected by XRD Small peak at 111 but no peak at 002 and 022
111 002 022
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
200
400
600
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
200
400
600
800
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
200
400
600
800
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
200
400
600
800
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
200
400
600
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600Inte
nsity (
counts
)50 60 70 80 90 100 110
2Theta (°)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
500
1000
1500
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
1,2 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6
2,2 2,1 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6
3,2 3,1 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6
1,6
2,6
31,6
1,5
2,5
3,5
1,4
2,4
3,4
1,3
2,3
3,3
1,2
2,2
3,2
1,1
2,1
3,1
3.12%
3.09%
3.1%
0% 0% 0%
0%
0%
0%
2.97%
3.2%
3.0% 3.6% 0% 0%
0% 0%
2.98%
Sample Core
Using XRD a section from the sample B 1 4340 was analyzed in different locations from the surface to the center location. The objective was look for Gamma phase (Retained Austenite).
Bo
tto
m a
cco
rdin
g th
e U
T Sc
an
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Inte
nsity (
counts
)Using XRD a section from the sample B -1-02 was analyzed in different points at the surface of one of the faces.
3.12%
3.09%
3.1%
0% 0% 0%
0%
0%
0%
2.97%
3.2%
3.0% 3.6%
0% 0%
0% 0%
2.98% 1,6
2,6
3,6
1,5
2,5
3,5
1,4
2,4
3,4
1,3
2,3
3,3
1,2
2,2
3,2
1,1
2,1
3,1
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
111 3,1
111 2,1
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Inte
nsity (
counts
)
1,1
111
50 60 70 80 90 100 1102Theta (°)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600Inte
nsity (
counts
)
111 3,2
4340 Retained Austenite
Sample A AC B1 B2 B3 C1 C2
XRD Retained Austenite
0% 0% 4.9% 4% 5% 0% 0%
8630 Retained Austenite
Sample A AC B1 B2 B3
XRD Retained Austenite
0% 0% 3.1% 7.1% 0%
Summary of Retained Austenite Measurements
Advanced Characterization EBSD Analysis – IQ-Phase Balance and
Retained Austenite
Introduction
And Different microconstituents have different
dominant strengthening mechanisms
So we need... Clear identification and quantification of microconstituents
to understand, control, model and predict chemistry-processing-
microstructure-mechanical property relations!!
As we know... Steels may have multiphase and
complex microstructures.
Basic Assumptions for EBSD IQ Analysis
Different forms of ferrite (polygonal, non-polygonal, acicular, bainitic, martensitic) differ mainly in lattice distortion due to dislocations and solute interstitials, mainly carbon.
What is EBSD-IQ?
SEM - FEG
Secondary e-
Back Scattered e-
{hkl}<uvw> GB Misorientation Image Quality
Line Broadening caused by dislocations in
Debye-Scherrer Diff. Pattern
Inte
ns
ity
(HKL)
ρ↑
ρ↓
2θ
What is IQ?
The image quality parameter, IQ, describes the quality of an electron
backscatter diffraction pattern.
Internal Strain ε ~ 0
Internal Strain ε > 0
hkl
IIQ )( max ))((max KikuchiII pix
High Kikuchi band intensity
Low Kikuchi band intensity
High Image Quality
Low Image Quality
Fre
qu
en
cy o
r A
mo
un
t, V
f
Image Quality or Inverse Lattice Distortion
High
Distortion
Low IQ
(Bainite)
Low Distortion
High IQ
(Polygonal ferrite)
Output from EBSD-IQ Multi-peak Model
The Hardness of Martensite in Dual-Phase Steels Used in the Automotive
Industry
By: Mark Iaboni
Joe Quinn*
Will Weissberg
Project Advisor: Prof. C. I. Garcia
MARTENSITE
FERRITE
Peak (IQ) Vol. % Phase
81.2 57.3 Polygonal Ferrite
57.1 18.2 Non-Rxn Ferrite
34.6 22.1 Martensite
23.2 2.4 Retained Austenite
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
IQ
Fre
qu
en
cy
EBSD Data without GB Contribution
Polygonal Ferrite
Non-Rxn Ferrite
Martensite
Retained Austenite
Sum of all simulated contributions
BDP-790
Phase Identification of DP-780 Steels based on EBSD-IQ Multiphase Analysis
Retained Austenite 0.8%
IQ IPF
Phases
Company A 4340
EBSD Analysis over the company A 4340 sample and the amount of retained austenite obtained using this technique.
Iron Gama 0.008 Iron Alpha 0.992
Phase Total Fraction
Iron Gamma = Retained Austenite
Company A 4340
43.40% - Tempered Martensite
56.60% - Martensite 0
5
10
15
20
25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Fre
qu
en
cy
IQ
EBSD Data withoutGB ContributionTempered Martensite
Sum of all simulatedcontributionsMartensite
Company A 4340
EBSD - IQ
Company B 4340
Retained Austenite 4.4%
EBSD Analysis over the company B 4340 sample and the amount of retained austenite obtained using this technique.
Iron Gama 0.044 Iron Alpha 0.956
Phase Total Fraction
Iron Gamma = Retained Austenite
Company B 4340
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Fre
qu
en
cy
IQ
EBSD Datawithout GBContribution
Proeutectoideferrite
Non polygonalferrite
Sum of allsimulatedcontributions
Carbon richconstituyent
41.77% - Non Polygonl Ferrite
9.32% - Proeutectoide Ferrite
48.9% - Carbon rich constituyents
Company B 4340
Retained Austenite 2.6%
J 2499 4 02
IQ IPF
Phases
Iron Gama 0.026 Iron Alpha 0.974
Phase Total Fraction
EBSD Analysis over the company B 8630 sample and the amount of retained Austenite obtained using this technique.
Iron Gamma = Retained Austenite
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Fre
qu
en
cy
IQ
EBSD Data withoutGB ContributionFerrite
Sum of all simulatedcontributionsCarbon Rich
26.75% - Ferrite
73.25% - Carbon Rich Constituyents
Company B 8630
Advanced Characterization Hyper-Probe Analysis WDS
SEM WDS
JEOL JXA-8530F (FEG) "Hyperprobe" electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA-electron microprobe )
Company B4340 Quantitative Chemical Analysis Using SEM WDS
No. C Si Mn Cr Ni P S
1 0.19 0.19 0.62 0.88 0.14 0 -0.02
2 0.89 0.29 5.42 1.51 0.09 0.02 17.85
3 0.84 0.3 0.94 1.08 0.2 0.02 0.14
4 0.34 0.26 0.9 1.05 0.12 0.02 0.09
5 0.54 0.26 0.79 0.91 0.09 0.01 0.11
6 0.43 0.29 0.8 1.16 0.16 0.02 0.11
Minimum 0.19 0.19 0.62 0.88 0.09 0 -0.02
Maximum 0.89 0.3 5.42 1.51 0.2 0.02 17.85
Average 0.54 0.27 1.58 1.1 0.13 0.01 3.05
Sigma 0.28 0.04 1.89 0.23 0.04 0.01 7.25
Company B4340 Quantitative Chemical Analysis Using SEM WDS
No. C Si Mn Cr Ni P S
1 0.19 0.19 0.62 0.88 1.14 0 -0.02
2 0.89 0.29 5.42 1.51 1.09 0.02 17.85
3 0.84 0.3 0.94 1.08 1.2 0.02 0.14
4 0.34 0.26 0.9 1.05 1.12 0.02 0.09
5 0.54 0.26 0.79 0.91 1.09 0.01 0.11
6 0.43 0.29 0.8 1.16 1.16 0.02 0.11
AVG 0.54 0.27 1.58 1.1 1.13 .01 3.05
Bulk 0.42 0.28 0.78 0.86 1.68 0.007 0.002
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.16
0.21
0.26
0.31
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C
Si
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Mn
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cr
Company B4340 TTT Diagram Bulk composition (continous line) vs Local Composition AVG (pointed line)
No. C Si Mn Cr Ni P S
1 0.55 0.31 0.78 1.2 0.14 0.01 -0.02
2 0.48 0.28 0.91 1.18 0.11 0.01 0.03
3 0.47 0.31 0.86 1.24 0.12 -0.01 0.01
4 0.81 0.3 0.96 1.28 0.15 0.02 0.02
5 0.75 0.29 0.93 1.2 0.11 0.04 0.03
6 0.32 0.34 0.91 1.31 0.16 0.03 0.09
7 0.49 0.3 0.94 1.21 0.15 0.04 0.06
Minimum 0.32 0.28 0.78 1.18 0.11 -0.01 -0.02
Maximum 0.81 0.34 0.96 1.31 0.16 0.04 0.09
Average 0.55 0.3 0.9 1.23 0.13 0.02 0.03
Sigma 0.17 0.02 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.04
Company A8630 Quantitative Chemical Analysis Using SEM WDS
No. C Si Mn Cr Ni P S
1 0.55 0.31 0.78 1.2 1.74 0.01 -0.02
2 0.48 0.28 0.91 1.18 1.71 0.01 0.03
3 0.47 0.31 0.86 1.24 1.72 -0.01 0.01
4 0.81 0.3 0.96 1.28 1.75 0.02 0.02
5 0.75 0.29 0.93 1.2 1.71 0.04 0.03
6 0.32 0.34 0.91 1.31 1.76 0.03 0.09
7 0.49 0.3 0.94 1.21 1.75 0.04 0.06
AVG 0.55 0.3 0.9 1.23 1.73 0.02 0.03
Bulk 0.30 0.35 0.96 1.1 1.74 0.008 0.01
Company A8630 Quantitative Chemical Analysis Using SEM WDS
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C
Si
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mn
Cr
Company A8630 TTT and CCT Diagrams Bulk composition (continous line) vs Local Composition AVG (pointed line)
Future Work
o Complete Hyper-Probe Analysis o EBSD-IQ Phase Identification o FEA – CCT microstructural prediction
J2405-1-02 (4340) Microstructure
J2405-1-02 (4340) Microstructure
J2499-3-02 (8630) Microstructure
J2499-3-02 (8630) Microstructure
J2405-1-02 (4340) Microstructure
J2499-3-02 (8630) Microstructure
Cooling Procedure Simulation is based on FEA Software ANSYS
Company A 4340&8630 As Received Dimension Size (inch)
Center
Quarter
Surface
A4340 Dimensions:4”X4”X5” Air-Cooled
A4340 Dimensions:4”X4”X5” Oil-Quenched
A8630 Dimensions:4”X4”X5” Air-Cooled
A8630 Dimensions:4”X4”X5” Oil-Quenched
A4340 – Microstructures Based on FEA and Jmat-Pro Predictions
Size 4”X4”X5” 20”X20”X20”
Surface QR CTR Surface QR CTR
Air-Cooled
Bainite Pearlite
Bainite Pearlite
Bainite Pearlite
Bainite Pearlite
Bainite Pearlite
Bainite Pearlite
Oil-Q Martensite Bainite
Bainite, Martensite
Bainite, Martensite
Martensite Bainite
Bainite Martensite
Bainite, Martensite
Water-Q Martensite Bainite, Martensite
Bainite, Martensite
Martensite Bainite, Martensite
Bainite, Martensite
A8630- Microstructures Based on FEA and JMat-Pro Predictions
Size 4”X4”X5” 20”X20”X20”
Surface QR CTR Surface QR CTR
Air-Cooled Bainite Pearlite Ferrite
Bainite Pearlite Ferrite
Bainite Pearlite Ferrite
Bainite Pearlite Ferrite
Bainite Pearlite Ferrite
Bainite Pearlite Ferrite
OQ Martensite Bainite
Bainite Martensite
Bainite, Martensite
Martensite Bainite
Bainite Pearlite Ferrite
Bainite Pearlite Ferrite
WQ Martensite Bainite, Martensite
Bainite, Martensite
Martensite Bainite Pearlite Ferrite
Bainite Pearlite Ferrite
Thank you!