Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: Contributing towards a

World Free of Nuclear Weapons by Jean du Preez

2016-2017 Critical Issues Forum (CIF)

1. History of Nuclear Testing, Nuclear Testing and the Arms Race

2. CTBT Negotiating History, and the creation of the CTBTO

5. Educational resources to train the next generation of CTBT experts

CTBT opened for signature

1954

Cuban missile crisis

1963

PTBT - Ban in atmosphere

and under water - No verification

Conference on Disarmament- CTBT

negotiations

1968 1993-1996

NPT - Preamble expresses desire for CTBT

Historic timeline: Nuclear Test Ban and the Development of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime

1996

1997

CTBT PrepCom Established

1958-60

1995

1962

Trilateral Initiative

1977

Threshold Treaty

Indefinite Extension of NPT

1976

PNE Treaty

Nuclear testing 1945 - 2016

The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Partial Test Ban Treaty

In 1962, the world was at the brink of a nuclear war, prevented by:

1. Statesmanship

2. Sheer luck

3. The involvement of bodies such as the OAS and the UNSC increasing global awareness of situation

The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Partial Test Ban Treaty (continued)

predicted

President Kennedy ratifying the PTBT on 7 October 1963.

Prime Minister Nehru

McNamara’s 1963 memo to Pres. Kennedy: “The Diffusion of Nuclear Weapons with and

without a Test Ban Agreement.”

Atmospheric and Underground Nuclear Testing

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• Rising influence of civil society and public opinion

• Most diplomats in the CD were experienced arms control and disarmament negotiators (following CWC)

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty negotiations

Group of Scientific Experts

CTBT: Challenges and an Australian Leapfrog

• UNGA adopts CTBT resolution - signed on 24/9/96

The provisions of the Treaty and the Organization

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The provisions of the Treaty and the Organization

What is the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)?

The CTBT is an international treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, by anyone, anywhere

Effective nuclear non-proliferation and

disarmament measure: horizontal

and vertical

Intrusive, non-discriminatory

verification system: IMS & IDC

Important first step to a world without nuclear weapons

183 States have signed, 166 ratified; Not yet in force – needs action!

Verification compliance through On-Site Inspections

Consultation/Clarification and Confidence Building Measures

Since 1997

Meets twice a year

Promotes the Treaty

Establishes the global verification

regime

Prepares for effective CTBT

implementation & first Conference

of the CTBTO

Mandate:

Preparatory Commission for the CTBTO

Executive Secretary Dr Lassina Zerbo

Fully operational international organization – will become “CTBTO Technical Secretariat”

Membership: A treaty approaching universality

Entry-into-force problematic

8 Annex 2 States

required to ratify

44 remain

According to Art. XIV

Neither signed nor ratified DPRK India Pakistan

Signed but not ratified China Egypt Iran Israel USA