COMPUTER ASSISTED COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTIONSINSTRUCTIONS

WHAT ARE COMPUTER ASSISTED WHAT ARE COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTIONSINSTRUCTIONS

A program of instructional material presented by A program of instructional material presented by means of a computer or computer systems. means of a computer or computer systems.

The use of computers in education started in the 1960s. The use of computers in education started in the 1960s. With the advent of convenient microcomputers in the With the advent of convenient microcomputers in the 1970s, computer use in schools has become essential tool 1970s, computer use in schools has become essential tool in preschool programs, primary education through the in preschool programs, primary education through the university level and in the coaching centres.university level and in the coaching centres.

Instructional computers are basically used in one of Instructional computers are basically used in one of two ways: two ways:

Either they provide a straightforward presentation of Either they provide a straightforward presentation of data or they fill a tutorial role in which the student is data or they fill a tutorial role in which the student is tested on comprehension. tested on comprehension.

If the computer has a tutorial program, the student is If the computer has a tutorial program, the student is asked a question by the computer ; asked a question by the computer ; the student types in an answer and then gets an the student types in an answer and then gets an immediate response to the answer. If the answer is immediate response to the answer. If the answer is correct, the student is routed to more challenging correct, the student is routed to more challenging problems problems

WHAT ARE COMPUTER ASSISTED WHAT ARE COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTIONSINSTRUCTIONS

If the answer is incorrect, various computer If the answer is incorrect, various computer messages will guide the student about the messages will guide the student about the errors, and then the program will bypass more errors, and then the program will bypass more complicated questions until the student shows complicated questions until the student shows mastery in that area of that particular subject.mastery in that area of that particular subject.

WHAT ARE COMPUTER ASSISTED WHAT ARE COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTIONSINSTRUCTIONS

Characteristics of CAICharacteristics of CAI

One of the most useful is its adaptability for distance One of the most useful is its adaptability for distance learning.learning.

Computer Assisted Instructions provides regular and Computer Assisted Instructions provides regular and timely interaction with the instructor and current timely interaction with the instructor and current feedback. feedback.

Computer Assisted Instructions also can be used with Computer Assisted Instructions also can be used with greater number of students than a traditional classroom greater number of students than a traditional classroom would hold. would hold.

Computer Assisted Instructions and web-based Computer Assisted Instructions and web-based instruction have opened avenues of access to individuals instruction have opened avenues of access to individuals with disabilities that were not possible before.with disabilities that were not possible before.

Characteristics of CAICharacteristics of CAI Intelligent computer-assisted instruction is Intelligent computer-assisted instruction is

programmed so that the Computer Assisted programmed so that the Computer Assisted Instructions adapts to the student's individual Instructions adapts to the student's individual needs.needs.

Web-based instruction is unique in that students Web-based instruction is unique in that students and / or instructors can communicate with each and / or instructors can communicate with each other anywhere in the world within seconds via other anywhere in the world within seconds via the Internet. the Internet.

Feedback from the instructor can be obtained Feedback from the instructor can be obtained immediately.immediately.

Helping students discover problem-solving strategies Helping students discover problem-solving strategies that also are applicable to non-computer situationsthat also are applicable to non-computer situations

Having students play educational games designed to Having students play educational games designed to make learning an enjoyable experience, andmake learning an enjoyable experience, and

Involving students in computerized instruction that Involving students in computerized instruction that can be individualized for each of them. can be individualized for each of them.

The Structure of the CCAI ProgramThe Structure of the CCAI Program

The program, called "CCAI" for Creativity The program, called "CCAI" for Creativity ComputerComputer--AssistedAssisted Instruction, consists of three main parts: Instruction, consists of three main parts:

a creativity concept module a creativity concept module an idea generation technique module an idea generation technique module a stimulus base.a stimulus base.

The suggestive learning process is as following:The suggestive learning process is as following:understanding the importance of creativity,understanding the importance of creativity,breaking the rock of your mind,breaking the rock of your mind,understanding the concept of creative personality,understanding the concept of creative personality,learning the creativity enhancing techniques.learning the creativity enhancing techniques.

The advantages of Computer Assisted Instructions include The advantages of Computer Assisted Instructions include flexibility for students so that they can work at their own speed flexibility for students so that they can work at their own speed at the time that is best for them. at the time that is best for them.

With web-based instruction, they can work at home, at school, With web-based instruction, they can work at home, at school, or anywhere if they are even away from facilities. Used with or anywhere if they are even away from facilities. Used with distance learning, it allows students with handicaps or learning distance learning, it allows students with handicaps or learning disabilities the opportunity to learn in a less restrictive disabilities the opportunity to learn in a less restrictive environment. environment.

Also, students who enroll in courses via Computer Assisted Also, students who enroll in courses via Computer Assisted Instructions, including web-based classes, gain an opportunity Instructions, including web-based classes, gain an opportunity to learn computer skills, which benefit them in many aspects of to learn computer skills, which benefit them in many aspects of their lives.their lives.

Please brainstorm other advantages in the class!!Please brainstorm other advantages in the class!!

Advantages of CAIAdvantages of CAI

FRAME-BASED CAIFRAME-BASED CAI

Early CAI programs essentially imitated previously Early CAI programs essentially imitated previously existing instructional materials. For example, a common existing instructional materials. For example, a common CAI technique mirrors a method called programmed CAI technique mirrors a method called programmed instruction. In a programmed instruction text, students instruction. In a programmed instruction text, students read brief instructional material and then are presented read brief instructional material and then are presented with short questions to test their comprehension.with short questions to test their comprehension.

Students turn to different pages of the book, depending on Students turn to different pages of the book, depending on their answers to the questions, so that each student their answers to the questions, so that each student effectively “programs” a different path through the effectively “programs” a different path through the material based on individual comprehension abilities.material based on individual comprehension abilities.

The CAI technique based on programmed The CAI technique based on programmed instruction is known as frame-based CAI. (This use instruction is known as frame-based CAI. (This use of “frame” predates the word’s use as a type of of “frame” predates the word’s use as a type of knowledge representation.)knowledge representation.)

In frame-based CAI, a student responds to In frame-based CAI, a student responds to

problems presented by the computer. The computer is problems presented by the computer. The computer is programmed to react differently to possible student programmed to react differently to possible student responses. responses.

If the student’s answer is incorrect, the computer If the student’s answer is incorrect, the computer might display remedial material and then ask another might display remedial material and then ask another a simpler problem for the training point of the a simpler problem for the training point of the student.student.

COMPONENTS OF AN ICAI PROGRAMCOMPONENTS OF AN ICAI PROGRAM

Adding AI techniques to CAI results in an Adding AI techniques to CAI results in an effective, new instructional method called effective, new instructional method called Intelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction Intelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction (ICAI). (ICAI).

The goal of ICAI is the development of The goal of ICAI is the development of instructional materials that actually analyze a instructional materials that actually analyze a student’s performance in order to develop student’s performance in order to develop individualized tutoring strategies. individualized tutoring strategies.

The main components of an Intelligent Computer The main components of an Intelligent Computer Assisted Instructions (ICAI) system are :Assisted Instructions (ICAI) system are :

Problem-Solving Expertise, Problem-Solving Expertise,

Student Model, and Student Model, and

Tutoring Module Tutoring Module

PROBLEM-SOLVING EXPERTISEPROBLEM-SOLVING EXPERTISE

The problem-solving expertise components of The problem-solving expertise components of an ICAI program contains the knowledge that the an ICAI program contains the knowledge that the system tries to impart to the student. This expertise is system tries to impart to the student. This expertise is represented with techniques similar to those used in represented with techniques similar to those used in the knowledge base of an expert system.the knowledge base of an expert system.

In fact, this component can be thought of as a In fact, this component can be thought of as a specialized expert system that contains expertise in specialized expert system that contains expertise in the domain of the ICAI program. Early ICAI the domain of the ICAI program. Early ICAI programs stressed the ability to generate problems programs stressed the ability to generate problems from this knowledge base, a technique called from this knowledge base, a technique called generative CAI.generative CAI.

They provide one-o-one interaction with a student as They provide one-o-one interaction with a student as well as an instantaneous response to the answers well as an instantaneous response to the answers elicited, and allow students to proceed at their own elicited, and allow students to proceed at their own pace. pace.

Computers are particularly useful in subjects that Computers are particularly useful in subjects that require drill, freeing teacher time from some classroom require drill, freeing teacher time from some classroom tasks so that a teacher can devote more time to tasks so that a teacher can devote more time to individual students.individual students.

A computer program can be used A computer program can be used diagnostically, and, once a student's problem has been diagnostically, and, once a student's problem has been

identified, it can then focus on the problem identified, it can then focus on the problem area.area.

Finally, because of the privacy and individual Finally, because of the privacy and individual attention afforded by a computer, some students are attention afforded by a computer, some students are relieved of the embarrassment of giving an incorrect relieved of the embarrassment of giving an incorrect answer publicly or of going more slowly through answer publicly or of going more slowly through lessons than other classmates.lessons than other classmates.

DRAWBACKS TO THE IMPLEMENTATION DRAWBACKS TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPUTERS ASSISTED INSTRUCTIONOF COMPUTERS ASSISTED INSTRUCTION

There are fears, whether justified or not, that There are fears, whether justified or not, that the use of computers in education decreases the the use of computers in education decreases the amount of human interaction. amount of human interaction.

One of the more difficult aspects of One of the more difficult aspects of instructional computers is the availability and instructional computers is the availability and development of software, or computer programs. development of software, or computer programs. Courseware can be bought as a fully developed Courseware can be bought as a fully developed package from a software company, but the program package from a software company, but the program provided this way might not suit the particular needs provided this way might not suit the particular needs of the individual class or curriculum. of the individual class or curriculum.

A courseware template may be purchased, which A courseware template may be purchased, which provides a general format for tests and drill provides a general format for tests and drill instruction with the individual particulars.instruction with the individual particulars.

The disadvantage to this system is that instruction The disadvantage to this system is that instruction tends to be boring and repetitive, with tests and tends to be boring and repetitive, with tests and questions following the same pattern for every questions following the same pattern for every course. course.

Software can be developed in-house that the Software can be developed in-house that the courseware exactly tailored to its own needs, but this courseware exactly tailored to its own needs, but this is expensive, time-consuming, and may require more is expensive, time-consuming, and may require more programming expertise than is available.programming expertise than is available.

There are two problems :-There are two problems :-

Firstly, it is well known that the development of Firstly, it is well known that the development of large pools of questions for a topic is very costly large pools of questions for a topic is very costly and time-consuming.and time-consuming.

Secondly, there usually exists a degree of variation Secondly, there usually exists a degree of variation between lecturers in terms of emphasis, experiences between lecturers in terms of emphasis, experiences and the depth of a subject. And it is likely that the and the depth of a subject. And it is likely that the question developer may not be the lecturer himself / question developer may not be the lecturer himself / herself.herself.

The problem listed above highlights the lack The problem listed above highlights the lack of control by the lecturer over the contents and the of control by the lecturer over the contents and the nature of questions which will certainly lead to the nature of questions which will certainly lead to the mismatch of pre-prepared questions and the contents mismatch of pre-prepared questions and the contents designed by a lecturer. designed by a lecturer.

In addition, a common criticism of present CAI In addition, a common criticism of present CAI is the fact that the marking mechanism of most is the fact that the marking mechanism of most systems is carried out through matching users' systems is carried out through matching users' answers with stored answers. Hence, the result for a answers with stored answers. Hence, the result for a question can either be correct or wrong, and it is only question can either be correct or wrong, and it is only the final answer that counts. the final answer that counts.

The intermediate steps, which are correct, cannot be The intermediate steps, which are correct, cannot be awarded with partial credits, unless each intermediate step awarded with partial credits, unless each intermediate step is designed as a separate question. is designed as a separate question.

Another Another drawback drawback of of CAI CAI system is that, it is difficult system is that, it is difficult for most of them to provide meaningful feedback to guide for most of them to provide meaningful feedback to guide students in problem solving techniques.students in problem solving techniques.

Since the proper feedback, which highlights the parts that Since the proper feedback, which highlights the parts that are not well understood by students is regarded as one of are not well understood by students is regarded as one of very important elements in achieving maximum effect of very important elements in achieving maximum effect of learning. The lack of this function was considered as a learning. The lack of this function was considered as a major deficiency in the traditional CAI.major deficiency in the traditional CAI.

From INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEMS From INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEMS to the Latest …to the Latest …

While computers have been used in educational While computers have been used in educational settings since the 50's. The emphasis of educational settings since the 50's. The emphasis of educational programs has slowly but steadily moved from programs has slowly but steadily moved from teaching to learning. The objective is to show how the teaching to learning. The objective is to show how the education has successively benefited from traditional education has successively benefited from traditional information processing, information processing,

TThrough programmed instruction and hrough programmed instruction and computer-assisted instruction, then from computer-assisted instruction, then from artificial intelligence, to intelligent tutoring artificial intelligence, to intelligent tutoring systemssystems and finally how it can now and finally how it can now benefited from the latest technologies. Finally benefited from the latest technologies. Finally it is also assessing that AI techniques are still it is also assessing that AI techniques are still under used in the era of refurbished under used in the era of refurbished technologies.technologies.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE lCAIDEVELOPMENT OF THE lCAI

Intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI, Intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI, also known as intelligent tutoring systems or ITS) also known as intelligent tutoring systems or ITS) grew out of generative computer-assisted instruction.grew out of generative computer-assisted instruction.

Programs that generated problems and tasks in Programs that generated problems and tasks in arithmetic and vocabulary learning eventually were arithmetic and vocabulary learning eventually were designed to select problems at a difficulty level designed to select problems at a difficulty level appropriate for individual students. appropriate for individual students.

These adaptive systems (i.e., adapting problems to These adaptive systems (i.e., adapting problems to the student's learning level) were based on the student's learning level) were based on summaries of a student's performance on earlier summaries of a student's performance on earlier tasks, however, rather than on representations of tasks, however, rather than on representations of the student's knowledge of the subject matter. the student's knowledge of the subject matter.

The truly intelligent systems that followed were The truly intelligent systems that followed were able to present problems based on models of the able to present problems based on models of the student's knowledge, to solve problems themselves, student's knowledge, to solve problems themselves, and to diagnose and explain student capabilities.and to diagnose and explain student capabilities.

The development of the Intelligent CAI is an The development of the Intelligent CAI is an attempt to further advance the capabilities of CAI attempt to further advance the capabilities of CAI by applying various techniques in Artificial by applying various techniques in Artificial Intelligence. Intelligence.

While educational researchers, who tried to While educational researchers, who tried to solve their practical problems through non-AI solve their practical problems through non-AI techniques, mainly developed computer scientists, techniques, mainly developed computer scientists, who tried to explore the capability of AI techniques who tried to explore the capability of AI techniques in the process of learning and teaching in the CAI. in the process of learning and teaching in the CAI.

As a result, the focus of ICAI has been more on As a result, the focus of ICAI has been more on the technical aspects of the system. Specifically, ICAI the technical aspects of the system. Specifically, ICAI adopts the "Learning-by-doing" as the basic adopts the "Learning-by-doing" as the basic instructional approach. instructional approach.

In this approach, students are required to engage In this approach, students are required to engage activity in the instructional process to formulate and activity in the instructional process to formulate and test their ideas and witness the consequences test their ideas and witness the consequences resulting from the system's reaction to their behavior. resulting from the system's reaction to their behavior.

A typical ICAI system contains most or all of the A typical ICAI system contains most or all of the following: following:

a domain expert, a domain expert, a diagnostic expert a diagnostic expert a teaching expert, and a teaching expert, and a student model. a student model.

A domain expert provides the knowledge of both procedural A domain expert provides the knowledge of both procedural and instructions that students need to learn. and instructions that students need to learn.

The diagnostic expert uses rules to analyze student responses. The diagnostic expert uses rules to analyze student responses.

The teaching expert determines the strategy for teaching the The teaching expert determines the strategy for teaching the student based on the current state of the student model.student based on the current state of the student model.

PROVIDING FLEXIBLE AND ADAPTIVE PROVIDING FLEXIBLE AND ADAPTIVE USER INTERACTIONUSER INTERACTION

Mandl and Lesgold (1988) advances the Mandl and Lesgold (1988) advances the concepts further by emphasizing the importance of concepts further by emphasizing the importance of providing flexible and adaptive user interaction, providing flexible and adaptive user interaction, providing different viewpoints for users to access providing different viewpoints for users to access information, delivery of contents according to users' information, delivery of contents according to users' knowledge and skill level, and providing updated knowledge and skill level, and providing updated assistance to students according to user's learning assistance to students according to user's learning progress. progress.

With these expectations in mind, they developed the With these expectations in mind, they developed the Knowledge-Based Computer Instruction System Knowledge-Based Computer Instruction System (KBCIS), which was designed as an effective (KBCIS), which was designed as an effective teaching-learning and examinations tool for large teaching-learning and examinations tool for large accounting classes. accounting classes.

The design of this system incorporates the The design of this system incorporates the knowledge-based system approach, which enables knowledge-based system approach, which enables this system to store problem solution knowledge and this system to store problem solution knowledge and utilize it for marking problems of the same nature but utilize it for marking problems of the same nature but of different settings, and with a great flexibility. This of different settings, and with a great flexibility. This ability makes it possible to achieve to some degree ability makes it possible to achieve to some degree the above-mentioned expectations.the above-mentioned expectations.

Specifically, this system provides lecturing Specifically, this system provides lecturing material, exercise problems, help, hints, and solution material, exercise problems, help, hints, and solution procedures, which can be accessed by students procedures, which can be accessed by students according to their ability and the criterion set by the according to their ability and the criterion set by the lecturer-in-charge. lecturer-in-charge.

Based on a representative problem, the system Based on a representative problem, the system is able to generate similar problems with different is able to generate similar problems with different settings and parameter values, and mark the answers settings and parameter values, and mark the answers from students accordingly. from students accordingly.

Feedback for each problem could be provided Feedback for each problem could be provided if needed. The system can access the student log to if needed. The system can access the student log to monitor the performances of each individual student monitor the performances of each individual student in a class, and help the lecturer to determine the in a class, and help the lecturer to determine the

proficiency status for each topic.proficiency status for each topic.

This real time analysis also makes it This real time analysis also makes it possible for the lecturer to pre-set performance possible for the lecturer to pre-set performance criterion to determine the status of a student, criterion to determine the status of a student, and hence provide appropriate topic and and hence provide appropriate topic and exercise problems.exercise problems.

DESIGN ISSUES OF ICAIDESIGN ISSUES OF ICAI

Designers of intelligent CAI program utilized Designers of intelligent CAI program utilized the knowledge of intelligent teachers. Hence the the knowledge of intelligent teachers. Hence the intelligent CAI in composition would combine intelligent CAI in composition would combine knowledge representations of that subject and it knowledge representations of that subject and it manipulates, arrange and using the knowledge manipulates, arrange and using the knowledge effectively. effectively.

CAI program judge the order of questioning CAI program judge the order of questioning which is based on the previous reply and which is based on the previous reply and topic. The probability of a successful answer topic. The probability of a successful answer from the student certainly would improve the from the student certainly would improve the grading of that particular student but again, grading of that particular student but again, such intelligent improvements require much such intelligent improvements require much memory and time to execute for the students memory and time to execute for the students learning.learning.

INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEMINTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEM

Historically, ICAI systems have been developed Historically, ICAI systems have been developed in more arithmetic oriented domains with in more arithmetic oriented domains with advanced programming and more experimental advanced programming and more experimental in nature than the conventional CAI. in nature than the conventional CAI.

PRACTICES AND OBJECTIVES OF KBCISPRACTICES AND OBJECTIVES OF KBCIS (knowledge based computer instruction system)(knowledge based computer instruction system)

Currently, the Department of Accountancy and Currently, the Department of Accountancy and Finance of University of London offers a number of Finance of University of London offers a number of elementary subjects, each of which takes more than elementary subjects, each of which takes more than two hundred students. The particular subject that uses two hundred students. The particular subject that uses this system has more than seven hundred students. this system has more than seven hundred students.

Before the development of KBCIS, this subject Before the development of KBCIS, this subject was taught in the traditional way. In addition to the was taught in the traditional way. In addition to the normal classroom teaching, tutorial classes were normal classroom teaching, tutorial classes were provided to allow students to interact with tutors and provided to allow students to interact with tutors and to practice what was taught in the classroom for to practice what was taught in the classroom for problem solving. problem solving.

In order to provide maximum fact-to-face In order to provide maximum fact-to-face discussion opportunities between students and discussion opportunities between students and the tutor, each tutorial class has only twenty the tutor, each tutorial class has only twenty students. students.

Thus, for a class of seven hundred Thus, for a class of seven hundred students, more than thirty tutorial classes will students, more than thirty tutorial classes will have to be arranged, and about thirty number have to be arranged, and about thirty number of tutors will be required to cover the whole of tutors will be required to cover the whole subjects in the classes.subjects in the classes.

Over the years, the Department has to Over the years, the Department has to employed students with higher education or employed students with higher education or even outside part-timer to run the tutorial even outside part-timer to run the tutorial classes. In principle, the subject teacher is in- classes. In principle, the subject teacher is in- charge of all activities of teaching as well as charge of all activities of teaching as well as the well-being of students during the class. the well-being of students during the class.

Teacher in charge is also responsible for the Teacher in charge is also responsible for the development of teaching and tutorial material development of teaching and tutorial material and the co-ordination with all tutors. and the co-ordination with all tutors.

For those students who need to talk to the lecturer For those students who need to talk to the lecturer after the class, each lecturer is required by the after the class, each lecturer is required by the department to provide four hours of consultation department to provide four hours of consultation times in each week. times in each week.

Obviously, four hours of consultation times in Obviously, four hours of consultation times in a week are not sufficient for a large class. Therefore a week are not sufficient for a large class. Therefore the tutors have to be available for answer the students the tutors have to be available for answer the students during the tutorial classes for their entire satisfaction.during the tutorial classes for their entire satisfaction.

SOME COMMON TUTORS AVAILABLESOME COMMON TUTORS AVAILABLE

GEOMETRY TUTOR GEOMETRY TUTOR

One intelligent tutoring system, One intelligent tutoring system, Geometry TutorGeometry Tutor, , provides students with instruction in planning and provides students with instruction in planning and problem solving to prove theorems in geometry. problem solving to prove theorems in geometry. Geometry TutorGeometry Tutor comprises an expert system comprises an expert system containing knowledge of how to construct geometry containing knowledge of how to construct geometry proofs, a tutor to teach students strategies and to proofs, a tutor to teach students strategies and to identify their errors, and an interface to let students identify their errors, and an interface to let students communicate with the computer. communicate with the computer.

Geometry Tutor Geometry Tutor monitors students as they try monitors students as they try to prove theorems, instructing and guiding them to prove theorems, instructing and guiding them throughout the problem-solving process. Schofield, throughout the problem-solving process. Schofield, Evans-Rhodes, and Huber in 1989 studied the Evans-Rhodes, and Huber in 1989 studied the implementation of implementation of Geometry Tutor Geometry Tutor in a public high in a public high school.school.

They found that by using this tutorial program, They found that by using this tutorial program, teachers spent more time with students to solve their teachers spent more time with students to solve their problems, collaborated more with them. Therefore the problems, collaborated more with them. Therefore the students grading depends on their effort for students grading depends on their effort for successful completion of their degree.successful completion of their degree.

Web Passive Voice TutorWeb Passive Voice Tutor (An Intelligent Computer Assisted Language (An Intelligent Computer Assisted Language

Learning System over the World Wide Web)Learning System over the World Wide Web) Web Passive Voice Tutor (Web PVT) is an Web Passive Voice Tutor (Web PVT) is an

adaptive web-based Intelligent Computer adaptive web-based Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning (ICALL) program Assisted Language Learning (ICALL) program that is aimed at teaching non-native that is aimed at teaching non-native speakers the passive voice of the English speakers the passive voice of the English language. The design of the system has been language. The design of the system has been largely based on the results of an empirical largely based on the results of an empirical study that was conducted at schools with the study that was conducted at schools with the collaboration of human teachers. collaboration of human teachers.

Web PVT incorporates techniques from Web PVT incorporates techniques from Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) and Adaptive Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) and Adaptive Hypermedia (AH) technologies to provide Hypermedia (AH) technologies to provide students with individualized instruction and students with individualized instruction and feedback. The system uses a combination of feedback. The system uses a combination of stereotypes and the overlay technique for the stereotypes and the overlay technique for the initialization of the student model, which is then initialization of the student model, which is then refined by observing the student while working refined by observing the student while working with the system. with the system.

The resulting student model is used for the The resulting student model is used for the annotation of the links to topics presented to annotation of the links to topics presented to the student. In addition, it is also used in the the student. In addition, it is also used in the process of error diagnosis and the adaptation of process of error diagnosis and the adaptation of feedback and advice provided to the student.feedback and advice provided to the student.

Teaching Rankine cycle by using Intelligent Teaching Rankine cycle by using Intelligent Computer-Aided Instruction Software: -Computer-Aided Instruction Software: -

The Rankine cycle plays a very important role The Rankine cycle plays a very important role in vapor power plants. It is an integral part in in vapor power plants. It is an integral part in teaching courses of engineering teaching courses of engineering thermodynamics. The cycle analysis is long and thermodynamics. The cycle analysis is long and tedious.tedious.

It is very necessary to obtain the cycle It is very necessary to obtain the cycle performance including pump work, heat added, performance including pump work, heat added, turbine work, heat removed, and efficiency turbine work, heat removed, and efficiency quickly and accurately in the classroom. quickly and accurately in the classroom.

Teaching Rankine cycle by using Intelligent Teaching Rankine cycle by using Intelligent Computer-Aided Instruction Software: -Computer-Aided Instruction Software: -

The use of an The use of an ICAIICAI (Intelligent Computer Aided (Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction) software in teaching Instruction) software in teaching thermodynamics is very useful. Historical thermodynamics is very useful. Historical evolution and several different arranged Rankine evolution and several different arranged Rankine cycles can be demonstrated quickly in the cycles can be demonstrated quickly in the classroom. classroom.

Objectives for improvements, constraints, and Objectives for improvements, constraints, and consequently design, which cannot be easily consequently design, which cannot be easily accomplished from the conventional teaching, accomplished from the conventional teaching, are emphasized. are emphasized. ICAIICAI evokes the intellectual evokes the intellectual curiosity of students and increases their interest curiosity of students and increases their interest and design ability in thermodynamics.and design ability in thermodynamics.

ALBERT ALBERT A A Physics Problem-Solving MonitorPhysics Problem-Solving Monitor

ALBERT is a physics problem-solving monitor ALBERT is a physics problem-solving monitor and coach designed to teach students how to solve and coach designed to teach students how to solve problems in one-dimensional kinematics. ALBERT problems in one-dimensional kinematics. ALBERT allows a student to specify the problem as long as it is allows a student to specify the problem as long as it is within the domain of one dimensional kinematics. within the domain of one dimensional kinematics.

The student does this by typing in a problem The student does this by typing in a problem just as it appears in the textbook. If desired, the just as it appears in the textbook. If desired, the student can make up his/her own problem. A typical student can make up his/her own problem. A typical problem could contain as much as four or five lines problem could contain as much as four or five lines of text and might be as long as fifty words or more.of text and might be as long as fifty words or more.

Although ALBERT has not seen the problem Although ALBERT has not seen the problem before, ALBERT can understand it, knows before, ALBERT can understand it, knows how to solve it in two different ways and can how to solve it in two different ways and can teach the student how to solve it. teach the student how to solve it.

ALBERT does this by engaging the ALBERT does this by engaging the student in a dialogue about the qualitative and student in a dialogue about the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the problem. When the quantitative aspects of the problem. When the student has solved the problem completely, student has solved the problem completely, ALBERT's solutions are displayed for ALBERT's solutions are displayed for comparison with the student's own solution.comparison with the student's own solution.

ALBERT records the entire dialogue ALBERT records the entire dialogue with the students for later review by the with the students for later review by the instructor. This output reads like an interview instructor. This output reads like an interview transcript and is useful for tracking student transcript and is useful for tracking student progress in a class and for research in problem progress in a class and for research in problem solving. solving.

ALBERT runs equivalently on ALBERT runs equivalently on Macintosh and PC computers respectively.Macintosh and PC computers respectively.

FREEBODY FREEBODY An An Intelligent Computer TutorIntelligent Computer Tutor

FREEBODY is an intelligent computer tutor that students FREEBODY is an intelligent computer tutor that students use to practice drawing tree diagrams.use to practice drawing tree diagrams.The students draw vectors on the computer to represent the The students draw vectors on the computer to represent the forces acting in a given physical situation and types in a forces acting in a given physical situation and types in a description of each force. description of each force.

FREEBODY uses the natural language system that FREEBODY uses the natural language system that was developed for ALBERT. It discusses the forces with was developed for ALBERT. It discusses the forces with the student in a plain English dialogue and teaches the the student in a plain English dialogue and teaches the student how to draw vectors and describe them correctly. student how to draw vectors and describe them correctly. FREEBODY identifies and addresses many of the FREEBODY identifies and addresses many of the common difficulties that students have with drawing tree-common difficulties that students have with drawing tree-body diagrams and identifying forces for solutions. body diagrams and identifying forces for solutions.

The program can recognize many of the The program can recognize many of the common misconceptions about forces and corrects common misconceptions about forces and corrects them through an appropriate dialogue with the them through an appropriate dialogue with the student. It can record the complete student-student. It can record the complete student-computer dialogues. These data can be used to computer dialogues. These data can be used to monitor student progress and to investigate student monitor student progress and to investigate student understanding. understanding.

It contains ten exercises. The instructor can It contains ten exercises. The instructor can determine which of the exercises to present to determine which of the exercises to present to students for a given assignment and in what order students for a given assignment and in what order they will appear. FREEBODY is suitable for use at they will appear. FREEBODY is suitable for use at the high school and introductory college level.the high school and introductory college level.

PHOTOELECTRIC TUTORPHOTOELECTRIC TUTOR

PHOTOELECTRIC is an advanced PHOTOELECTRIC is an advanced computer tutor that helps students develop a computer tutor that helps students develop a proper understanding of the photoelectric proper understanding of the photoelectric effect. This program presents students with an effect. This program presents students with an electric circuit and allows them to draw a electric circuit and allows them to draw a graph freehand on the computer screen. graph freehand on the computer screen.

The computer can interpret the graph The computer can interpret the graph and use the results to design an interaction and use the results to design an interaction with the student. It does not use the natural with the student. It does not use the natural language system that was developed for language system that was developed for ALBERT. However it uses a similar ALBERT. However it uses a similar dialogue system to discuss the photoelectric dialogue system to discuss the photoelectric concepts with a student in plain English.concepts with a student in plain English.

TYPING TUTORTYPING TUTORMost Typing tutor programs are self-adjusting, Most Typing tutor programs are self-adjusting,

they automatically match any age, experience, or they automatically match any age, experience, or level of dexterity. Tutors are designed to improve level of dexterity. Tutors are designed to improve executive productivity. The software is now being executive productivity. The software is now being used by anyone who can read the screens. This used by anyone who can read the screens. This includes people with disabilities, children with includes people with disabilities, children with special needs, Senior Citizens with a touch of special needs, Senior Citizens with a touch of arthritis, and executives with no time to waste.arthritis, and executives with no time to waste.

With the computer programs that simply print With the computer programs that simply print lessons on the screen, it's necessary to select the grade lessons on the screen, it's necessary to select the grade level very carefully. level very carefully.

STUDENT MODELSTUDENT MODEL

The student model, a representation of the The student model, a representation of the student’s understanding of the domain, is an student’s understanding of the domain, is an important element of ICAI. If a student is important element of ICAI. If a student is experiencing difficulty with certain material, the experiencing difficulty with certain material, the student model analyzes the student’s performance to student model analyzes the student’s performance to ascertain the specific causes of the problem. By ascertain the specific causes of the problem. By identifying response patterns, the student model identifying response patterns, the student model determines the student’s misconceptions and determines the student’s misconceptions and discovers the exact causes of erroneous reasoningdiscovers the exact causes of erroneous reasoning ..

TUTORING MODULETUTORING MODULE

Once the student model has determined the causes Once the student model has determined the causes of a student’s problem, an ICAI program decides of a student’s problem, an ICAI program decides show to correct the problem. The component of the show to correct the problem. The component of the program that selects the strategies for presenting program that selects the strategies for presenting tutorial information to students is called the tutoring tutorial information to students is called the tutoring module. module.

Various strategies may be used to ensure that Various strategies may be used to ensure that students understand both the causes of their errors students understand both the causes of their errors and the actions necessary to correct them. A and the actions necessary to correct them. A tutoring module generally incorporates natural tutoring module generally incorporates natural language processing techniques to communicate at language processing techniques to communicate at the level of each individual student.the level of each individual student.

ICAI PROGRAMSICAI PROGRAMS

While the use of ICAI programs While the use of ICAI programs currently is not widespread, several ICAI currently is not widespread, several ICAI programs have been tested successfully in programs have been tested successfully in laboratory environments. It briefly describes laboratory environments. It briefly describes four of these ICAI programs: BUGGY, four of these ICAI programs: BUGGY, GUIDON, SCHOLAR, and SOPHIE. GUIDON, SCHOLAR, and SOPHIE.

BUGGYBUGGY

Developed to diagnose a student’s problems Developed to diagnose a student’s problems with basic mathematics, BUGGY identifies and with basic mathematics, BUGGY identifies and explains a student’s arithmetic misconceptions. explains a student’s arithmetic misconceptions. BUGGY is based on the assumption that many BUGGY is based on the assumption that many students who have difficulty solving problems are not students who have difficulty solving problems are not able to follow procedures but are following incorrect able to follow procedures but are following incorrect procedures. BUGGY provides a student with a series procedures. BUGGY provides a student with a series of arithmetic problems, finds error patterns in the of arithmetic problems, finds error patterns in the student’s responses, and analyzes those patterns to student’s responses, and analyzes those patterns to determine the cause of the errors.determine the cause of the errors.

GUIDONGUIDON

Using the production rule knowledge base Using the production rule knowledge base from MYCIN, GUIDON instructs medical students in from MYCIN, GUIDON instructs medical students in the diagnosis and treatment of bacteriological the diagnosis and treatment of bacteriological infections. Developed at Stanford University, infections. Developed at Stanford University, GUIDON conducts an interactive dialogue to present GUIDON conducts an interactive dialogue to present symptomatic evidence that can help the student symptomatic evidence that can help the student analyze the problem. Since it is compatible with analyze the problem. Since it is compatible with many rule-based systems, GUIDON can be adapted many rule-based systems, GUIDON can be adapted to create instructional programs for other knowledge to create instructional programs for other knowledge bases.bases.

SCHOLARSCHOLAR

Created at BBN as part of an ongoing Created at BBN as part of an ongoing research project, SCHOLAR provides instruction research project, SCHOLAR provides instruction in South American geography. SCHOLAR uses a in South American geography. SCHOLAR uses a semantic network for internal knowledge semantic network for internal knowledge representation, where each node in the network representation, where each node in the network contains properties of a particular geographical contains properties of a particular geographical unit. Using a mixed initiative natural language unit. Using a mixed initiative natural language interface, SCHOLAR can either respond to interface, SCHOLAR can either respond to student questions or initiate a line of questioning student questions or initiate a line of questioning on its own.on its own.

SOPHIESOPHIE

Another ICAI program developed at BBN, Another ICAI program developed at BBN, SOPHIE (SOPHisticated Instructional Environment) SOPHIE (SOPHisticated Instructional Environment) actually consists of two programs that create a student actually consists of two programs that create a student learning environment. SOPHIE-I simulates an learning environment. SOPHIE-I simulates an electronics lab in which the student initiates electronics lab in which the student initiates interaction to diagnose faulty electronic equipment. interaction to diagnose faulty electronic equipment. SOHIE-II adds an educational game and provides SOHIE-II adds an educational game and provides frame-based CAI techniques that offer the student frame-based CAI techniques that offer the student preliminary instructional material.preliminary instructional material.

Grammar Checkers Grammar Checkers

Grammar checkers (e.g.Grammar checkers (e.g. Grammatik Grammatik) are designed for ) are designed for native speakers and they typically point to problems native speakers and they typically point to problems believed typical of native speaker writing (e.g. too much believed typical of native speaker writing (e.g. too much use of passives). They are usually very confusing to use of passives). They are usually very confusing to language learners and are not recommended for an language learners and are not recommended for an ESL/EFL context ESL/EFL context

SoftwareSoftware

There are a wide range of software available, based There are a wide range of software available, based on Intelligent Computer Aided Instructions: -on Intelligent Computer Aided Instructions: -

LISP LISP LOGO LOGO Multimedia Toolbook, Multimedia Toolbook, HypercardHypercardAuthorware Professional,Authorware Professional,Icon Author,Icon Author,GuideGuidePlus, Plus, Windows HelpWindows Help

Text AnalystText AnalystMaking correct decisions often requires analyzing Making correct decisions often requires analyzing large volumes of textual information. Researchers, large volumes of textual information. Researchers, analysts, magazine editors, venture capitalists, analysts, magazine editors, venture capitalists, lawyers, help desk specialists, and even students are lawyers, help desk specialists, and even students are faced by various text analysis tasks. faced by various text analysis tasks.

The software does the following actions by using ICAI : The software does the following actions by using ICAI :

Distill the meaning of a text in a concise form Distill the meaning of a text in a concise form View accurate summaries before plunging into full View accurate summaries before plunging into full

documents documents Efficiently navigate through large text bases Efficiently navigate through large text bases Perform natural language information retrieval Perform natural language information retrieval

Cycle PadCycle Pad The Rankine cycle is the theoretical model for most The Rankine cycle is the theoretical model for most

steam power plants. Usually when the Rankine cycle is steam power plants. Usually when the Rankine cycle is analyzed in the traditional way (using steam tables or analyzed in the traditional way (using steam tables or Mollier charts), much time is required for table or chart Mollier charts), much time is required for table or chart searching and calculations. searching and calculations.

Since the Rankine cycle may use different working fluids, Since the Rankine cycle may use different working fluids, different combination of devices, and cover a wide range different combination of devices, and cover a wide range of pressures and temperatures, developing a program or of pressures and temperatures, developing a program or a software to provide accurate analysis for all Rankine a software to provide accurate analysis for all Rankine cycles is difficult. cycles is difficult.

Contd..Contd..

Soft waresSoft wares that are restricted to a few schemes are that are restricted to a few schemes are available and usually easy to handle but lack of the available and usually easy to handle but lack of the flexibility and a coaching facility required for many flexibility and a coaching facility required for many complicated arrangement and unique designs.complicated arrangement and unique designs.

A software which is fast, flexible, intelligent and easy to A software which is fast, flexible, intelligent and easy to use is necessary. In order to weigh up the problem a use is necessary. In order to weigh up the problem a new new ICAIICAI software. Cycle Pad, for teaching Rankine software. Cycle Pad, for teaching Rankine cycle analysis is used.cycle analysis is used.

Web Passive Voice Tutor Web Passive Voice Tutor

Web Passive Voice Tutor (Web PVT) is an adaptive Web Passive Voice Tutor (Web PVT) is an adaptive web-based Intelligent Computer Assisted Language web-based Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning (ICALL) program that is aimed at teaching non-Learning (ICALL) program that is aimed at teaching non-native speakers the passive voice of the English native speakers the passive voice of the English language. language.

Web PVT incorporates techniques from Intelligent Web PVT incorporates techniques from Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) and Adaptive Hypermedia (AH) Tutoring Systems (ITS) and Adaptive Hypermedia (AH) technologies to provide students with individualized technologies to provide students with individualized instruction and feedback.instruction and feedback.

ApplicationsApplications

Computer-assisted instruction makes use of multimedia Computer-assisted instruction makes use of multimedia software in the learning process including text, video software in the learning process including text, video technology, graphics, sound, and Internet technology. technology, graphics, sound, and Internet technology.

Computer-assisted instructions are heavily used in the Computer-assisted instructions are heavily used in the growing field of education. growing field of education.

Instruction using Internet protocol makes use of Instruction using Internet protocol makes use of technological features that traditional computer-assisted technological features that traditional computer-assisted education does not, such as hyper linking, synchronous education does not, such as hyper linking, synchronous and asynchronous conferencing, real-time audio and and asynchronous conferencing, real-time audio and video, as well as 3-D virtual reality.video, as well as 3-D virtual reality.

Latest Development in ICAILatest Development in ICAI

Medical robotics and computer assisted surgical Medical robotics and computer assisted surgical technologies span the broad areas of science and technologies span the broad areas of science and engineering to create intelligent tools which can be engineering to create intelligent tools which can be applied to clinical instruments. applied to clinical instruments.

Robotic technologies, navigation systems, and computer Robotic technologies, navigation systems, and computer assisted tools can improve existing clinical procedures assisted tools can improve existing clinical procedures as well as provide innovative new approaches to clinical as well as provide innovative new approaches to clinical problems.problems.

Latest Development in ICAILatest Development in ICAI

Dr. Delp established the Digital Human Laboratory at Dr. Delp established the Digital Human Laboratory at Stanford to focus on the development and testing of Stanford to focus on the development and testing of human movement simulations. These simulations are human movement simulations. These simulations are used to study mechanisms of neuromuscular diseases, used to study mechanisms of neuromuscular diseases, and medical devices to guide the performance of surgery and medical devices to guide the performance of surgery and educate engineers, medical students, and surgical and educate engineers, medical students, and surgical residents. residents.