computers and computer terminologies

8/17/2019 Computers and Computer Terminologies

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WHAT IS A COMPUTER? A computer is an electronic device, operating

under the control of instructions stored in its

own memory unit, that can accept data

(input), process data arithmetically andlogically, produce results (output) and store

the results for future use.


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WHAT IS HARDWARE ANDSOFTWARE? Hardware: tangible parts of the computer

E.g. monitor, speaker, keyboard, mouse, hard

drive etc.

oftware: intangible parts of the computersuch as data, information, programs.

E.g. !indows ", !indows #$, %icrosoft

&ffice, Adobe Acrobat 'eader, all &f uty:

*lack &ps, +armville etc.


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MAJOR COMPUTERCOMPONENTS

CU ALU

MAIN MEMORY

INPUT OUTPUT

BACKING

STORAGE

CPU

BLOCK

DIAGRAM OF

COMPUTER

SYSTEM


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MAJOR COMPUTERCOMPONENTS Input Devices: evices used to place data

into a computer system.

E.g. eyboard, mouse, microphone, webcam

etc


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MAJOR COMPUTERCOMPONENTS Output Devices: evices used to obtain

information from a computer system.

E.g. %onitor, speaker, printer etc


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MAJOR COMPUTERCOMPONENTS CPU: -his is the entral $rocessing nit,

which is a semiconductor device which

performs all the processing of instructions

within the computer system. /t consists oftwo ma0or components: the (control unit)

and A1 (arithmetic logic unit).

E.g. /ntel ore 2 uo, A% Athlon #2


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MAJOR COMPUTERCOMPONENTS Cnt!" Unit #CU$: ontrols 3 coordinates

processor4s operation and signals various parts for

orderly working.


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M(in Me&!): -emporary storage area (volatile) forprogram data and instructions while being

processed by the $.

E.g. 'A% of the computer: 25* ingston '6 'A%


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*(c+in' St!('e: -his device holds programs anddata for e7tended periods (non8volatile) within the

computer system.

E.g. Hard drive of the computer: 9-* eagate A-A// hard drive


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MEMOR, -he %emory of the computer system is used to

store data and instructions to be used by the $.

5enerally memory consists of an array of silicon

chips. -here are several types of memory within

the computer system.

DO NOT get memory confused with the *ackingtorage better known as the econdary torage

devices of the computer e.g. Hard rive, +lashrive etc


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T,PES OF MEMOR, 'A% 'andom Access %emory

'&% 'ead &nly %emory


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T,PES OF MEMOR, RAM #R(n-& Access Me&!)$: -emporary storage

area for program data and instructions while being

processed by the $.

A-v(nt('e:-he $ can access the data and program instructions

;uickly.

Dis(-v(nt('e:

'A% is volatile which means that when the power isturned off on the computer system, all the data and

instructions within 'A% is lost.


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T,PES OF MEMOR,

ROM #Re(- On") Me&!)$: -his type of memoryholds data and program instructions permanently

for use by the computer system.

A-v(nt('e:-he $ can access the data and program instructions

;uickly.

'&% is non8volatile, so that the data or instructions

contained within it, is not lost when the power is turnedoff on the computer system.

Dis(-v(nt('e:ata and instructions cannot be easily changed.


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ROM #READ ONL, MEMOR,$: T)pes . ROM

PROM #P!'!(&&(/"e Re(- On") Me&!)$: ata orinstructions are permanently embedded by the

manufacturer and can never be changed. -his type of

device is also known as an &-$ or a &ne -ime$rogrammable device.

EPROM #E!(s(/"e (n- P!'!(&&(/"e Re(- On") Me&!)$:ata and instructions embedded onto the chip can be

erased and re8programmed by e7posure to strong < light.EEPROM #E"ect!ic("") E!(s(/"e (n- P!'!(&&(/"e Re(-

On") Me&!)$: ata and instructions embedded onto thechip can be erased and re8programmed by e7posure to

electricity.

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