conceptual and geometric design of tunnel and quantity estimation

UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY

Conceptual and Geometric Design of Nahhaki Tunnel and Quantity Estimation

Submitted To: Sir. Ali Murad Kisana

Submitted By: Group_01

Atiqa Ijaz Khan 02

Rabia Zahoor 16

M. Fahad 25

UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY

Table of Contents

List of Figures 01

List of Tables 02

Chapter 1……………………………………………………………………………………………… 03

Introduction 04

Chapter 2…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 05

Literature Review 06

Tunnel 06

Aspect of Tunnel Design 07

Chapter 3……………………………………………………………………………………………… 12

Datasets and Methodology 13

Methodology 17

Arc GIS Output 21

CAD Output 27

Chapter 4…………………………………………………………………………………………. 33

Issues and Problems 34

References 38

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M.Phil. Geomatics (Session 2013-15)

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List of Figures

Fig A: Tunnel basic 06

Fig 1: Study area 13

Fig 2: Drainage pattern 14

Fig 3: Topographic features 15

Fig 4: Army camp on the project site 15

Fig 5: Elevation (contours) 16

Fig 6: Available data 16

Fig 7: Contours map from raster 17

Fig 8: Drainage map from arc gis 18

Fig 9: Suggested route 19

Fig 10: Route profile 20

Fig 11: KML route 20

Fig 12: Profile of access road 21

Fig 13: Map of south access road 22

Fig 14: Box cut profile 23

Fig 15: Map of south box cut 24

Fig 16: Map of north box cut 25

Fig 17: Map of tunnel 26

Fig 18: Tunnel profile 27

Fig 19: South existing road (cad) 28

Fig 20: South access road (cad) 28

Fig 21: South box cut (cad) 28

Fig 22: Tunnel (cad) 29

Fig 23: North portal of tunnel (cad) 29

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Fig 24: Problem 01 34

Fig 25: Solution 01 35

Fig 26: Problem 02 36

Fig 27: Solution 02 37

List of Tables

Table 01: CAD calculations 30

Table 02: Quantity estimation 32-33

Table 03: Calculated values for cut/fill 33

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-Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

[This portion explains a kind of summary of

all the project that’s going on.]

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Introduction

n present modern times, road infrastructure plays an important role in the

economy of any country. As being most common and daily use of

communication, its development and maintenance is the key for its long-term

sustainability.

So the road construction and its other helping aspects should be done with proper

care and precise measurements. Because it directly effects the finance.

In the same way, one of the example is the construction of a tunnel along with its

parameters and estimations. This catches our main focus in this project report. As

the structure stands, it joins the terminals…

The study area belongs to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, where the task is to

construct a tunnel over a ridge, so to accelerate the vehicles speed and lessen the

time travelling.

For this, there are few of the limitations and conditions that should be full filled in

order to complete the task properly on time.

By the aid of surveying methods, and software, the conceptual and geometrical

design is established. That then further goes for approval for its construction. The

details and procedures are explained in upcoming portions.

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-Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

[The following explains a review of available

literature on the tunnel design and

construction. Including all the inspection

plans, assessments, and procedure of

ventilation. ]

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Tunnel Design and Construction Overview

he design and construction of the tunnel differs from other structures due to

difficulty in accessing properly the geological properties, along its way. It

should done with precise measurements so that to reduce the risks of hazards.

Tunnel

“A tunnel is a horizontal passage-way located underground.”

While erosion and other natural forces can also form the tunnels. Tunnels can be

created by excavation process. There are different method for this process. Like,

Tunnel Basics

Few of the basic process and terminology used in tunneling procedure. Like, Shaft,

they are vertically, hand-dug portion in the mountains, in order to check the rock

structure and soil type for further excavation. The Portal, which is the opening and

closing of the tunnel.

Fig A: Tunnel Basic

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Aspects of Tunnel Design

The following are the few important aspects of tunnel design and construction:

1. Site selection

2. Tunnel design construction

3. Ground support design

4. Ventilation system design

5. Communication system

6. Hazards reporting

7. Personal protective equipment

8. Emergency response

9. Record keeping

10. Risk assessment

11. Existing services

12. Access

Site Selection

The site selection includes deep study of that particular area, ground availability and

specifications. The designer should be equipped with all the required information.

Following are the important studies that are used in order to select the suitable site:

1. Study of geology, topography and hydrology.

2. Climatic conditions.

3. Groundwater test and check, quality, volume etc.

4. Underground survey.

5. Rock mass condition and geology.

6. Weak regions.

7. Ground movement and scale.

8. Previous work or historic data.

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Tunnel Construction Review

The construction review must include all the possible opportunities and issues. It

may encounter all the construction design and assumed data to define the buildable

portions. It also includes all the details of:

1. Tunnel dimensions,

2. Allowable excavation limits,

3. Lining requirement,

4. Tunnel deformation conditions

Ground Support Design

As the construction of the tunnel requires the procedure of excavation, therefore, it

may put weights on the existing rock structure. That’s why a ground support is

required in order to overcome and control any upcoming problems. It involves both

structural work and soil type.

Its design may vary according to the requirements. Sometimes a permanent support

is used. And sometimes, a pre-construction ground support is also developed to

compensate any hazard ahead.

Ventilation System

The ventilation system provides enough measurements to deal with all kind of:

1. Underground gases,

2. Production of dust during operation,

3. Heat and fumes through excavation process,

Throughout the procedure continues for tunneling, the ventilation design should

face-through.

Communication System

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Communication plays a key role to the passing of information and instruction

during the construction, lifting, monitoring of the systems, transporting persons

and materials, monitoring and maintenance. There should establish a two-way radio

control room for dealing with all kind of necessary communication.

It should soundly connects the main work places like:

1. Tunnel portal and faces,

2. Shaft top and bottom,

3. Site offices and first aid rooms,

4. Emergency control offices.

Personal Protective Equipment

It should be done much more effectively in order to insure the safety. Therefore, it

is regularly reviewed, inspected, maintained and replace if so necessary.

It mostly includes:

1. Clothing for protection,

2. Eye protection,

3. Fall-arrest equipment,

4. Hearing protection,

5. High visibility garments,

6. Respiratory protective equipment,

7. Footwear,

8. Safety helmets,

9. Safety gloves,

10. Water-proof clothing,

11. Self-rescuers (oxygen)

Hazard Reporting

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As there is hazard or any related issue or problem, it should be mentioned to the

authorities to take further steps, in order to avoid them in future. All the details

must be recorded and addressed as soon as possible.

Emergency Response

In case of emergency, the authorities should kept the following things in notice:

1. Shutting down of excavation process,

2. Evacuation of the persons from the work place,

3. Emergency communication,

4. Power shut down in case of power failure,

5. Tunnel collapse and rescue of trapped persons,

6. Providing breathing equipment and apparatus,

7. Sudden flooding and boating,

8. Under-ground explosions or ignitions, and fire-extinguishers.

9. Suitable medical treatment.

Record Keeping

One of the main aspects is to rack and keep all the record for further assessment

and use. It may include:

1. Monthly reports,

2. Risk assessments,

3. Geo-technical reports,

4. Inspection reports,

5. Health and safety reports,

6. Accidents investigation reports,

7. Hazard reports,

8. Site instruction reports.

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Risk Assessment

To reduce the material property risk and hazards:

1. Existing geological information and structure should be reviewed with

proper care.

2. Site investigation should be done on the standard terms.

3. The design should specifies the assumed geological conditions.

4. It should also explains the possible uncertainties and issues.

Existing Services

Before going to step into the tunneling process and excavation, all the existing fields

and services must be identified. So to define the path and method that suits and

serve the best. The existing services may include:

1. Gas pipe lines,

2. Water supply,

3. Sewer lines,

4. Telephone cables,

5. Electricity

Access

For to access the construction site, it should be pre-planned in order to control the

timings and turn it cost effective.

Access should be safe, and it may be from any ways like:

1. Walkways,

2. Stairways,

3. Ladders.

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-Chapter 3

STUDY AREA, DATA SETS

METHODOLOGY, AND OUTPUT

[This portion explains in detail the overall procedure,

conditions, limitations and methods to explore the

accepted model of a tunnel. And also elaborates the

output.]

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Study Area, Datasets and Methodology

he following sections explains the terminology as:

Study Area

The study area belongs to Nahhaki, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The project

area has strengthen road infrastructure for connecting the two ends across the

mountain. The required area having latitude and longitude of upper corner and

lower corner as 34°24'34.38"N, 71°20'38.16"E, and 34°23'40.30"N, 71°20'40.11"E

respectively.

Fig 1: Study Area

Aims and Objective

Our task is to suggest the conceptual and geometrical design of Nahhaki tunnel

across the mountain.

And to estimate the quantity of cut and fill for the construction of the road to

access end terminals.

Conditions

The followings are conditions, on which basis tunnel should be constructed:

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1. Tunnel grade should be less than 1.5%.

2. Access road grade should be less than 4%.

3. Tunnel length should be less than 800 meters.

These are the fore-most conditions that should not cross. Few of the others are

as follows:

1. Tunnel height approx. to 8 meters.

2. Over-burden approx. to 20-22 meters.

3. Tunnel should not have the curve, preferred to be straight.

4. Already existing road should not be used.

5. Hill should be avoided.

6. Width of the access road is approx. to 11.5 meters.

Limitations

Before to start the construction, the conceptual design faces few of the topographic

limitations, like:

1. Drainage pattern

Fig 2: Drainage Pattern

2. Topographic features

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Fig 3: Topographic Features

3. Army camp

Fig 4: Army Camp before the South Portal on the way of its Access Road

4. Elevation of the area

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Fig 5: Contours

Available Data

The survey has been done, with all the possible available control points, showing

the elevation contours. And then displayed on the CAD drawing.

−

Fig 6: Available Data (.dwg format)

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The contours ranges from 795 m – 970 m.

Software

The software used to conduct this project are:

1. CAD_2007

2. Arc GIS_9.3

3. Arc hydrology tool box_1.3

4. Google Earth_4.2

5. Excel_2013

Methodology

The details of the procedure is given below:

Step 01:

1. Add the CAD drawing in Arc GIS.

2. Apply ‘Selection by Attribute’ query as to select the contours from it:

a. Layer = Index OR Layer = Intermediate

b. Export it.

c. Select all the contours that > than 700 m and are < than 1000 m.

3. Make a boundary all around the selected contours area.

4. Generate a raster as:

a. Toolbox -3D Analyst- Raster Interpolation – Topo to Raster

5. Now interpolate the contours from that Raster.

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Fig 7: Contours from the Raster

6. The next step is to collect the drainage pattern of the raster area. For this

use the ‘Arc Hydro Toolbox’. And follow the steps to get the pattern as:

a. Terrain Processing – Flow Direction – Flow Direction with Sinks –

Flow Accumulations – Stream Definition – Steam Segmentation –

Flow Direction with Steam – Drainage Line from Stream

b. The final output somewhat look like this:

Fig 8: Drainage Pattern

7. Our next task is to find the area suitable for the access road. And its grade

should not be greater than 4 % as per the condition.

8. Calculate the Slope in Degrees and to convert it in percentage by using

‘Raster Calculator’ by using the conversion expression of:

a. 1st Step: “Tan (Slope of DEM * 3.1416 / 180) * 100”.

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b. 2nd Step: Slope in Percentage <4.

c. 3rd Step: Digitize the route including access road (slope < 4%) and

tunnel section (slope < 1.5%) as follows:

Fig 9: Suggested Route

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9. Now check the profile of the suggested route. For this, use ‘3D Analyst’ tool

bar as: 3D Analyst – Interpolate Line – Create Profile Graph

a. Starting with elevation 800 m – 945 m.

Fig 10: Route Profile

10. Export the Profile values to Excel for further plotting.

11. To re-check the route, export it to kml by using ‘Conversion Tools’ as:

Conversion Tools – To kml – layer to kml (Where, Red Line shows the Route).

Fig 11: KML of Route

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12. The last step in Arc GIS is again the conversion. But this time, in CAD

drawing, using ‘Conversion Tools’ as: Conversion Tools – To CAD – Export to

CAD.

Arc GIS Output

The final results obtained from the Arc GIS are given in map format, along with their

profile are as follows:

Fig 12: Profiles of Access Road North and South

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Fig 13: Map of South Access Road

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Fig 14: Profiles of North and South Box Cut

Now the maps of these areas as shown below.

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Fig 15: Map of South Box Cut

Now for the North portal of the tunnel, along with box cut and access road.

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Fig 16: North Portal of the Tunnel

Now for the tunnel itself.

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Fig 17: Map of Tunnel

And its profile is given below.

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Fig 18: Profile of a Tunnel

Step 02:

1. Add exported file from the Arc GIS_9.3 to the CAD_2007.

2. Now “define the elevations” over the route for construction purpose, on

following items like:

a. South Access Road

b. South Existing Road

c. South Box Cut

d. Tunnel

e. North Box Cut

f. North Existing Road

g. North Access Road

3. Mention the elevations and distances on the drawing.

4. Sketch the Access Road on both terminals of mountain, through the box cut.

5. Define the road under the tunnel with its height, elevations and distances.

CAD Output

The final outputs obtained from the CAD are as given bellow:

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Fig 19: South Existing Road (CAD)

Fig 20: South Access Road (CAD)

Fig 21: South Box Cut (CAD)

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Fig 22: Tunnel (CAD)

Fig 23: North Portal of Tunnel

Step 03:

1. The next step is in Excel to write down all the values for further calculations.

2. Write down all the lengths.

3. Also note down the Starting as well as Ending Elevations of the route and

proposed road.

S: South

Road_S1: Next to existing road lower elevations

Road_S2: Before Box cut_S

Box Cut_S1:

Proposed road section on lower elevations

Tunnel_1: Base of tunnel

Tunnel_2: Height of tunnel

N: North

Box Cut_N1:

Proposed road section on lower elevations

Road_N1 Proposed road next

to Tunnel lower elevations

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Table 1: CAD Calculations

CAD Values

Sr No.

Names Length (m)

Starting Elevation (m)

Ending Elevation (m)

Slope (%)

Area (sq.m)

1 Access Road_S

859 796.6532 815.4389 3.12

2 Access Road_S1

225.921 806.2391 803.9415 -1.01

3 Access Road_S2

274.3037 803.9415 815.4389 4.19

4 Existing Road_S

361.3878 796.6532 806.2391 -2.61

5 Box Cut_S 318.333 815.4389 840.2019 -7.73 4677.43

6 Box Cut_S1 319.0065 807 814.5 2.35

7 Tunnel 680.0791 840.2019 842.7692 - 5998.1109

8 Tunnel_1 680.0791 814.4038 814.3951 s

9 Tunnel_2 680.0791 823.2875 823.3838 0

10 Box Cut_N 55.942 842.7692 818.5147 -43.4 674.2289

11 Box Cut_N1

45.2981 814.3951 814.5 0.23

12 Access Road_N

27.82 818.5147 812.5154 -21.5

13 Access Road_N1

52.6347 814.5 812.5154 -3.7

14 Existing Road_N

121.3021 812.5154 804.2395 -6.8

Where,

S: South

Road_S1: Next to existing road lower elevations

Road_S2: Before Box cut_S

Box Cut_S1:

Proposed road section on

lower elevations

Tunnel_1: Base of tunnel

Tunnel_2: Height of tunnel

N: North

Box Cut_N1:

Proposed road section on

lower elevations

Road_N1 Proposed road next to Tunnel

lower elevations

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Step 04:

1. The last step is to Estimate the quantity for the cut and fill of the proposed

road.

2. For this, calculate the area for every 5 sections of the tunnel.

3. Note down separately for the cut and fill.

4. The width of the road is 11.5 m.

5. So, multiply with this term to get the volume.

6. Put all the values in Excel sheet.

QUANTITY ESTIMATION

Serial

No.

Names Cut Area(m2)

Fill Area(m2)

Difference Cut Volume(m3) Fill Volume(m3)

Difference

1 Access Rd_S

1853.3865 173.7524 1679.6341 21313.94475 1998.1526

19315.79215

2 Box Cut_S

4512.4514 0 0 51893.1911 0 0

3 Tunnel 5998.11 0 0 68978.265 0 0

4 Box Cut_N

668.5901 0 0 7688.78615 0 0

5 Access Rd_N

48.5798 0 0 558.6677 0 0

Serial

No.

Names Cut Area(ft2)

Fill Area(ft2)

Difference Cut Volume

(ft3)

Fill Volum

e

(ft3)

Difference

1 Access Rd_S

19949.68626

1870.255269 18079.43099 229421.392 21507.93559

207913.4564

2 Box Cut_S

48571.62264

0 0 558573.6604 0 0

3 Tunnel 64563.11873

0 0 742475.8654 0 0

4 Box Cut_N

7196.643944

0 0 82761.40536 0 0

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5 Access Rd_N

522.9086154

0 0 6013.449077 0 0

Table 2: Quantity Estimation (CAD Values)

1. Access rd_s 644.4980+9.4947+160.1375+1039.2563

2. Box cut_s 145.2217+27+1.5307

5. Access rd_n 1.0188+47.5610

Table 3: Calculation Values for cut & fill

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-Chapter 4

ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

[This section highlights few of the problems that come

in our way during the conceptual and geometric design

of the access road and the construction of the tunnel]

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Issues and Problems

here are few of the problems mentioned here that come in our way while

designing. They are as follows:

Problem 01:

The existing road should be avoided. Otherwise, it is rejected.

Here,

Red Line = Existing Road

Yellow Line = Proposed Road

Fig 24: Problem 01

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Solution:

To avoid this, use the lower elevations as compare to above shown high elevated

road.

Here,

Red Line = Proposed Road

Brown Line = Existing Road

Fig 25: Solution 01

Problem 2:

The tunnel should not have a curve in its path. Otherwise, it is rejected.

Here,

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Red Line = Tunnel

Black Line = Proposed Route

Fig 26: Problem 02

Solution:

For use, re-adjust the tunnel section, by digitizing, but using the same levels for

elevations.

Here,

Red Line = Tunnel

Brown Line = Existing Road

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Fig 27: Solution 2

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Reference

1. Australia- Code of Practice for Tunnels under Construction

conceptual and geometric design of tunnel and quantity estimation

Education

tunnel construction

tunnel design construction

tunnel profile27fig

tunnel cad29fig

tunnel basicmonday

tunnel basics

tunnel basic1

geomatics session