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Chapter 20- The Congress of Vienna and its Aftermath

Section 1- The Congress of Vienna Restructured Europe

- The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of elite Europeans in 1814.

- The meeting was called, because the upper echelon was trying to figure out how

to redraw Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.

I. New Political Philosophies Emerged-

A. Liberalism-

- This is a philosophy that supports guarantees for individual freedom, political

change, and social reforms.

- Liberals at this time supported the ideas of the Enlightenment and the FrenchRevolution.

- Throughout the 1800s, liberals supported freedom of speech, freedom of the

press, and freedom of religion.

B. Conservatism-

- This is a philosophy that supports the traditional political and social order andresists changes that threaten their way of life.

- In the early 1800s, conservatives condemned the French Revolution because it

upset the traditional way of governing by the monarchy and nobility.

C. Nationalism-

- This grew in the nineteenth century.

- Nationalism is the desire to form a nation, but it grew to a better belief in thepride of a group that had a common culture and heritage, regardless of political

boundaries.- Liberals of the day supported nationalism because it united people in a commoncause, such as freeing their countries from foreign control.

- Conservatives usually feared nationalism because it threatened to upset the

traditional political order.- There were more conservatives than liberals at the Congress of Vienna and this

strongly influenced the results.

II. The Big Four Sought to Redraw the Map of Europe-

- Vienna was just as much of a vacation as it was a meeting to figure out how to

redraw Europe after Napoleon.- They had foxhunts during the day, dances at night, and parties in between.

- The important players at the Congress of Vienna were Klemens von Metternich,

Alexander I, the Duke of Wellington, Lord Castlereagh, and Charles deTalleyrand.

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A. Prince Klemens von Mettenich-

- He was the Austrian minister of foreign affairs who hosted the Congress.

- He was a German born aristocrat whose family moved to Austria after the warsof the French Revolution left them broke.

- Because he was good looking and charming Metternich won the affections of

Countess Eleonore von Kaunitz, whom he married in 1793.- With this marriage Metternich gained wealth, land, and social and political

power.

- He became foreign minister and later chancellor of Austria.- Metternich served for over 40 years in political office in Austria and he was the

driving force behind the Congress of Vienna. Metternich was very conservative.

B. Alexander I of Russia-- He was vain and idealistic to a point.

- His idealism took the form of Christianity and in 1814 he was spending hours

each day in prayer.

- He was pushing for a more Christian way of dealing with Europe.

C. Viscount Castlereagh-- He was the British foreign minister and he shared Metternichs views.

- During the conference Castlereagh wanted to prevent anything like the French

Revolution ore the Napoleonic Wars from happening again.- He believed that you must restore the balance of power in Europe for this never

to happen again. Once this happened no one nation could become too strong or

too weak.

D. Charles de Talleyrand-

- He was in the most difficult position of all.

- It was his country that the French revolution had taken place and France hadbeen at war for 25 years.

- France was the villain at the Congress of Vienna and Talleyrand had to see his

nation was not punished too seriously.

III. The Congress of Vienna Sought to Turn Back the Political Clock-

- The Big four wanted to turn the political clock back to where only the monarchswere in power, no liberalism.

A. The Return to Monarchies-- Louis XVIII, bourbon, had already been restored to the French throne, but he

was not an absolute monarch.

- In 1814, Louis XVIII issued a constitution that established a two-houselegislature, or lawmaking body.

- Although the constitution was the most liberal in Europe, liberals criticized it,

because it only allowed wealthy citizens to vote.

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- In other nations that were taken over by Napoleon, absolute monarchs were put

back on the throne.

- The big four wanted to return all of Europe to the way things were before 1789.

B. The Struggle for New Boundaries-

- The congress also tried to return the lands that each country lost to Napoleon.- Each delegate tried to acquire as much land as possible, while France tried to

give up as little as possible.

- Talleyrand was largely successful, but in the end, France was reduced only tothe size it had been in 1790.

- The leaders at the Congress of Vienna paid little attention to the wishes of the

people who would have to live within the new boundaries.

- Many nations received land, but the most important set up became the 39 states,which made the German confederation, thus ending the Holy Roman Empire.

C. The Metternich System-

- The conservative political policies of Metternich are referred to as the Meternichsystem.

- This returned absolute rule to Europe, enforced the decisions of the Congress ofVienna, and specifically wanted to prevent France from starting other wars.

- The Congress of Vienna was only partially successful in returning Europe to the

way things were before.

D. The Quadruple Alliance and the Holy Alliance-

1. Quadruple Alliance-

- Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria signed this agreement, which agreedto act as the fire department of Europe.

- They agreed to put out the flames of revolution wherever they burned. They

also agreed to meet from time to time to see what needed to be done to hold backthe tide of change.

2. Holy Alliance-- The idealistic Alexander I of Russia thought this up.

- According to the Holy Alliance, nations would let God guide their relations, and

they would help one another to ensure a peaceful world for all.

- Most of the nations agreed to join this alliance, but they did not believe it wouldbe carried out.

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IV. The Congress of Vienna Achieved Stability at the Price of Liberty-

- The main purpose of the Congress of Vienna was to redraw Europe and in thatcase they were successful.

- They also wanted to put stability in Europe and they did.

- Other accomplishments included the enlarging of Switzerland and its neutralitywas guaranteed, because other nations agreed not to send troops across its

borders.

- Travel on the Rhine was opened to all countries.- The slave trade was condemned.

- Lastly the Congress of Vienna crushed the spirit of French Revolution, which

was Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.

- What does Liberty mean? Equality? Fraternity?

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Chapter 20- The Congress of Vienna and Its Aftermath

Section 2- Europe and Latin America Sought Freedom

I. Revolutions Swept Europe and Russia-

A. European Revolutions-- Soon after the Congress of Vienna, revolutions broke out in Spain, Portugal,

Naples, and Russia.

- In Spain, Portugal and Naples the Quadruple Alliance, with France ReplacingGreat Britain, because Britain did not want to interfere in other nations, sent

troops and squashed these rebellions easily. This was easy for them, because

most of the revolutions were disorganized mobs.

B. Russia-

- Czar Alexander I died in 1825 and a brief period of confusion followed.

- The confusion was over which son would become the next czar.

- A group of army officer, known as the Northern Society, staged a revolt in St.Petersburg on 26 December 1825.

- Czar Nicholas I was put in control of Russia and quickly put down the revoltwith ruthless measures.

- This revolt was known as the Decembrist Revolt.

- This revolt told Nicholas to rule Russia very harshly.

C. Greeks-

- The Greeks were embroiled in a fight for independence from the Turks.

- This went against the Metternich system.- The war began in 1821 and lasted for eight years.

- The Britain, Russia, and France helped out the Greeks and they finally gained

independence.- The reason these nations fought against the Metternich system in Greece was

because the Turks were Muslims not Christians.

II. Spain and Portugal Ruled Their Empires with a Heavy Hand-

- The kings of Spain and Portugal were the absolute rulers in the new world.

- In Spain the Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies ruled the Spanish coloniesin the Americas. This group of nobles was responsible to the king for ruling

colonial life.

- Establishing full control was not easy; especially in the northern portion ofSouth America this area was called the Spanish Main.

- Until the 1700s, the Spanish Main was subject to frequent raids by the Dutch,

French, and British pirates.

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A. Spanish Colonial Rule-

- After getting a grip on foreign piracy, the council expanded its control over

Latin America.- The council established strong viceroyalties, each of which was headed up by a

viceroy who was the kings representative.

- The viceroy had absolute power that he exercised from an elaboratelymaintained court. He administered colonial activities, chose colonial officials,

and controlled colonial justice.

B. The Portuguese Colonial Empire-

- The Portuguese ruled the same way the Spanish did.

- Portugal closely watched and regulated the trade of Brazil.

- The viceroyalty was similar to that of Spain, but the administration of Brazilfrom Portugal was more flexible. Under the Portuguese system many local

matters were left in the hands of the colonists.

C. Problems with the Spanish and Portuguese Colonial Systems-- The first problem was that the New World was so far from Europe that good

laws written in Europe were not always carried out in America.- The second problem was that able and willing viceroys and officials were hard

to find and to keep in the colonies.

- The third problem was that the Native populations, mixed population, and thecolonial born people were not allowed to rule themselves.

- The system became a problem between the parent countries and the colonies.

III. Forced Labor Existed in Latin America-

- The Indians in the colonies became the first slaves and they were somewhat

protected from harm by the work of Bartolome de Las Casas.- Las Casas was a missionary from Spain who converted many Indians to Roman

Catholicism.

- In response the Spanish monarchs made the Indians serfs, not slaves, who werebound to the land.

- This system of labor was called the encomienda.

- The Indian serfs worked for a Spanish noble, whom they depended on for a

minimum of food, clothing, and shelter. Over time this system became illegal.- The asiento was a special trading privilege granted by the king.

- This gave a person or a group of people the right to sell a certain number of

slaves in the New World.- The African slave trade became very profitable for many European as well as

Africans.

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IV. Europeans Became Wealthy at the Expense of Latin American Peasants-

- Europeans first came to the Americas for gold, but overtime agriculture becamethe main focus.

- Crops like sugar cane, oranges, rice, and many others were grown and brought

back to Europe. When this business became profitable, the Plantation Systemcame about.

- When big money arrives in the Americas the populations grows and a social

structure or class system develops.- The social structure kept the natives at the bottom.

- On top were those nobles who came from Spain.

- Then you had the Creoles, people of Spanish descent who were born I the

colonies.- Next you have the Mestizos, or children of marriages between Spanish and

Indians. The mestizos became the largest population, but were low in the social

standing.

V. Latin America Fought for Independence-

A. Independent Thought in the Americas-

- Independent thought did not come to America very quickly.

- Spain and Portugal ruled with an iron hand for over 300 years.- People in the Americas did not know what freedom was and did not think it

would be worth dying for, and this is essential in a war for independence.

- Unity was tough in Latin America, because many of the groups did not get

along.- Whites from Spain opposed independence while the Creoles called for

independence loudly.

- The problem was that the lower classes were uneducated and did not reallyunderstand what independence would do for them.

- But, overtime the seeds of independence were planted and began to grow due to

lousy conditions.- Colonists in South America had many of the same complaints of those in North

America, taxes, unfair treatment, etc.

- The colonists also wanted more freedom to trade and laws to attract more people

to there colonies.

B. Mexican and Central American Independence Movements-

- Mexicos revolution started when two Catholic priests, Miguel Hidalgo and JoseMorelos, led the way for independence. Both men were eventually captured and

killed, but not before Morelos declared Mexican independence in 1813.

- A soldier named Agustin de Iturbide saw a chance for fame and fortune byjoining the revolutionary forces.

- His fight against Spain was victorious, but when he became emperor in February

1821 he treated the people just like the Spanish.

- In 1823 Iturbide was forced to resign.

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- A convention was called to set up a new constitution, which would establish

Mexico as a republic with a president and a congress made up of two houses.

- Following Mexicos independence several other nations declared theirindependence from Spain and in 1823 they established the United Provinces of

Central America.

- Francisco Miranda, who was a Venezuelan Creole who had taken part in theFrench Revolution, led the fight for independence in South America.

- Miranda fought to gain independence for Venezuela and many of his ideas came

from some of the most important people of the day such as: Alexander Hamilton,James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and Catherine the Great in Russia.

- Both of Mirandas attempts at revolution failed and he died in 1816 in a Spanish

Prison.

C. Simon Bolivar and other independence fighters-

- Bolivar adopted many of Mirandas ideas. He fought with Miranda during the

second attempt at revolution.

- Bolivar became the hero of Latin Americas fight for independence. First, hesucceeded in achieving freedom from the Viceroyalty of New Granada then in

1819, he defeated the Spanish forces in Colombia and liberated that country.- The newly liberated country named Bolivar president of the Republic of Great

Colombia, which included the countries that are now Colombia, Venezuela,

Ecuador, and Panama.- In 1822, Antonio Jose de Sucre, a follower of Bolivar, led the battle that freed

Ecuador.

- Jose de San Martin freed parts of Peru and Argentina.

- Bernardo OHiggins is the hero of Chiles struggle for independence. OHigginshelped to lead the eventual defeat on the Spanish in 1818. Later, because of

reforms OHiggins was eventually ousted from his position of power in Chile.

D. Brazils Peaceful Revolution-

- The independence movement in Brazil took a different and more peaceful

course. When Napoleon took Portugal King John VI fled to Brazil.- In Brazil King John declared the colony to be his kingdom and did much to

improve conditions. The Brazilians still did not care for him.

- The problems in Brazil included King John favored members of the royal family

and put Portuguese nobles, not Brazilians into high offices.- When Napoleon was defeated the people in Brazil demanded that John VI return

to Portugal.

- On 26 April 1821 a revolutionary army forced John to go back to Portugal.- When John left his son Dom Pedro I was in charge of Brazil. The Brazilian

Parliament then demanded complete separation from Portugal and they wanted

Dom Pedro gone. Dom Pedro demanded, I remain.- Brazilians have known 9 January 1822 as I Remain Day. In September, Pedro

proclaimed Brazils independence from Portugal and in October 1822, Dom

Pedro became the constitutional emperor of an independent nation.

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VI. New Nations Emerged from the Latin American Wars of Independence-

- The revolutions in Latin America were over by 1825.- Some of the nations emerged much larger than they are today.

A. The Monroe Doctrine and Latin America-- The United States thought it would be good to support the new nations in South

America.

- In 1823, President James Monroe warned Europe to stay out of the WesternHemisphere. This warning is called the Monroe Doctrine.

- No European nation challenged this, because they knew that the British navy

would be there to support the agreement.

B. Mexico Under Santa Anna-

- The Iturbide government fell in 1823 and the question over who would replace it

was a good one.

- There was a period of disorder and violence and then the revolutionary generalAntonio Lopez de Santa Anna gained control and became president.

- He controlled Mexico until 1855.- In 1836, Santa Anna lost the land we call Texas.

- In 1847, The United States defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War. As a

result of that war, Mexico lost California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, NewMexico, and Wyoming.

C. Dictatorship in Argentina-

- Argentina has a long history of dictatorship.- From 1829 to 1852, a dictator, Juan de Rosas, ruled Argentina.

- Although discontented groups drove him out and wrote a constitution similar to

that of the United States, it didnt work.- Landowners and cattle ranchers still controlled the government.

D. Pedro II and Brazil-- Brazil established a constitutional monarchy under Dom Pedro in 1823.

- In Pedro I tried to get more power than the constitution allowed and was ousted

in 1831.

- Brazil was left in the hands of his five year old son Pedro II. He becameemperor in 1840.

- Brazil made progress during Pedro IIs long and happy reign.

- In 1889 Pedro II was driven from the throne, because there was a group thatwanted no emperor at all.

- In 1891 Brazil became a republic.

E. Stability in Chile-

- The liberator OHiggins ruled from 1818 to 1823, but was forced to resign.

- There were a series of weak ruler until 1833 when a group of businessmen,

religious leaders, and landowners led by Diego Portales wrote a new constitution.

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Chapter 20- The Congress of Vienna and Its Aftermath

Section 3- Revolutions Continued in Europe

I. Democracy Triumphed in Belgium-

- The Congress of Vienna joined Belgium and Holland, but in August andSeptember 1830, the Belgians rebelled and drove out the Dutch.

- A limited monarchy was established in Belgium and Britain and France agreed

to support the neutrality and independence of the country.- Austria, Prussia, and Russia eventually added their support.

- This further hurt the Metternich system.

II. Revolutions Began in France-

A. Charles X-

- When Louis XVIII died, Charles X took his place.

- He tried to rule as an absolute monarch and while he had the support of thenobility, this attempt to return to the old ways was a mistake.

- Charles tried to increase the power of the clergy and control the press.- The French would not stand for this.

- In 1830, when Charles tried to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies, the French

people revolted.- They put up barricades, behind which they could fight the army and the police if

these forces backed the monarchy.

- The army and police sided with the people and the revolution was bloodless.

The rioters captured the city hall of Paris and prepared to take over thegovernment.

B. Limited Monarchy in France-- Charles X began to worry, because he remembered Louis XVI and his

beheading.

- Charles fled to England in 1830, but the people in France could not decide on arepublic or monarchy, the Chamber of Deputies decided on a limited monarch.

- Louis Philippe, the Duke of Orleans, was chosen to be the new Monarch; he was

a cousin of Charles.

- Louis Philippe had been living in Paris as a member of the upper middle classand did not appear to be one who wanted absolute power.

C. The Return of Revolutions-- The French were upset with the rule of Louis Philippe, because over time he

became more interested in the affairs of the nobility.

- He became a servant of the rich and master of the poor. In 1848 depressioncame to Europe and France and people became displeased with Louis Philippe.

- Once again the French were back to rebellion, but this time it was bloody, not

like in 1830.

- Louis Philippe abdicated his throne and fled to England.

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- With no monarch for the constitutional monarchy, the French were unsure as to

what type of government was needed.

- In June of 1848, there was class warfare in France. The middle class wasfighting the working class for control.

- This is called the Terrible Days of June and eventually the Middle Class won

and punished the working classes.

D. The Return of the Bonapartes-

- A new national assembly was formed and under the new constitution all menhad the right to vote.

- France was to have a one-house legislature with an elected president.

- Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte was elected

president. Louis hoped he could do what his uncle had done for France.- Napoleon Bonaparte was seen as a great hero for the French people. A big

expensive tomb was built to keep his remains showing how much the people in

France revered him.

- For three years Louis Napoleon governed as the first and only president of theSecond French Republic.

- He arrested his enemies, dissolved the legislature, and asked the people toapprove his acts, but his named was still perfect in the French mind. In 1851, the

French agreed to many of his changes and the Second French Republic became

the Second French Empire.- Louis Napoleon became the emperor and he governed until 1871.

III. Revolutions Swept Europe in 1848-

A. Berlin, Germany-

- Reformers in Germany attempted democracy.

- In 1848, a revolution was attempted, but failed.- In Berlin rioters fought their way into the kings palace and farced a frightened

King Frederick to call a meeting.

- The meeting was to write a new constitution for a new system of governmentthat would be more democratic.

- The meeting was held in Frankfurt, but King Frederick changed his mind before

the Frankfurt Assembly could complete their work.

- Months of bickering on the reformers part gave the king time to rethink andrebuild his forces to improve his situation.

- When they finished up King Frederick did not go along with the Constitutional

Monarchy saying that he ruled by divine right.- No one backed them and so the constitution never became the law of the land.

B. Vienna, Austria-- Blood was spilled in a revolutionary attempt.

- Metternich was forced to resign and he fled the country.

- Metternich was scared so he changed his name, hid in a laundry wagon to escape

Austria, and found safety in England.

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C. Hungary-

- The Hungarians fought for their independence from the Austrian Empire under

Louis Kossuth, but it was not a total success.- The Hungarians were supposed to get freedom of speech, press, and religion

under the written constitution, and they were guaranteed a lawmaking body of

their own.- In 1849, Russian troops finally came to the aid of the Austrian Empire and the

Austrians successfully put down the Hungarian revolt.

IV. The Old Regimes Finally Ended Despite the Failures of the 1848 Revolutions-

A. 1848-

- In 1848, revolution spread throughout Europe. People who believed inDemocracy fought all over Europe and they would not quit.

- The revolutions of 1848 also taught that careful planning was necessary for a

revolution to succeed.

- Too often those fighting for freedom were fighting amongst themselves.

B. Down with the Old Regime-- The revolutions failed, but Europe was through with the Old Regime and

autocratic rule.

- Metternich had been overthrown and his system was no longer.- Political action, the speakers platform, and the ballot box became the means to

achieve greater democratic reforms.

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