constitution and first presidents (washington to monroe) chapters 6, 7, 8
TRANSCRIPT
Constitution and First Presidents (Washington to Monroe)
Chapters 6, 7, 8
A Convention
• Annapolis Convention (1786)- 9/13 states represented in feeble attempt to create stronger national govt.
• Alexander Hamilton called for convention to meet in Philly following year
• Philadelphia/Constitutional Convention (1787) Immediate purpose was to revise the A of C12/13 states represented (except RI)55 well propertied delegates- forced to hold
sessions in secrecy to secure better govt. (virtue of Republicanism)
George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Ben Franklin
Shaping a Conservative Constitution
• Constitutional Delegates:– Lawyers, merchants, land speculators, and money
lenders– Young (Avg. 42)– Experienced– Curb excess of popular democracy
• Goal of delegates:Shape stronger constitution w/safeguards against
mobocracyCreate strong and stable democracy free from
excessEx. Shays’s Rebellion- demonstrated mobocracy
Constitutional Compromises
• A of C scraped, not revised• Large State Plan/VA Plan- bicameral legislature
based upon state population• Small State Plan/NJ Plan- called for unicameral
legislature of equal representation• Solution: Great Compromise- Bicameral
legislature (English tradition)H of R: Representation based upon populationSenate: Equal Representation- 2 per state
• 3 branches of govt.• Checks and Balance System (Montesquieu)• Strong single executive• Electoral College system for electing Pres.• 3/5th’s Compromise- Slaves counted as 3/5th’s
of a person when determining state’s representation in Congress
• Commerce Compromise- Fed govt. controls interstate commerce
• Slave trade to end in 1808
Constitutional Safeguards
• Barriers erected against “Mobocracy” (excessive democracy)Federal judges appointed for life termElectoral College system for electing PresidentState senators chosen by state legislatures
• Basic Constitutional PrinciplesRepublicanismGovt. based on consent of the governedLimited govt. power
The Silence” & the Founding Fathers
• 1790- Quaker delegations and Pennsylvania Abolition Society presented petitions in House of Reps calling for immediate end to slave tradeAlthough Commerce Compromise (Sectional
Compromise) already addressed issue of slave trade (slave trade to end in 1808), petitions launched first public debate of slavery in American govt.
Petitions evolved into calling for abolition of institution of slavery itself
Spirit of ’76 not extended to slaves
• Pro-Slavery Arguments• Bible• People’s livelihoods
depended on slavery• Understanding that Fed
govt. could not interfere with slavery; pre-condition to ratification of Const.
• Issue of slavery compromised national union
• “Necessary Evil”
• Abolitionist Arguments• Slavery interpreted to
be of short duration, on road to complete extinction
• Compensate slave owners with profits from sale of western lands
• Silence = Slave insurrection
• Original Intentions”- what was to be future of slavery during revolutionary era?
• Spirit of ’76 disavowed institution of slavery to permanent fixture in American societyNatural rights and egalitarian message of D of ISlavery was not compatible with D of ISlave Paragraph of D of I omittedState Constitutions in North
• Slavery imbedded into American psyche to resist spirit of ‘76
• Sectionalism at Constitutional ConventionNot necessarily b/w large and small states, but
b/w slave and non-slave states (N vs. S)Sectionalism led to fear of secession
• The Constitution and slavery- evasive“Any clear resolution of the slavery questions
one way or the other rendered ratification of Constitution virtually impossible”- Joseph Ellis
• Racial Integration- common fear of abolishing slavery- TJ
• Census of 1790- reinforced sectional and racial concerns Demonstrated that any plans for compensation not practical Slave population increasing- doubling every 25 years due to
natural reproduction Fires of Spirit of ’76 dwindling
• Perpetuation of slavery made possible by exposing flaws in Abolitionist plans
• Stance of TJ and Madison Laissez-faire political approach- the government that governs
the least governs the best• Result = Silence
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
• Federalists• Educated and
propertied• Concentrated in NE
and cities• Conservative
• Antifederalists• Advocates of stronger
states’ rights• Strong farmer,
commoner, and debtor support
• Called for written Bill of Rights
Ratifying the Constitution
• Debate over Ratification (official approval)• Did the new Constitution designate too much power to
the national govt. at the expense of the states?• 9/13 states needed for ratification, not unanimity like A of
C• State Assemblies voted on ratification of Constitution
(elected by people, therefore demonstrated popular sovereignty- people are the ultimate source of govt. power)
• Ratification process was hotly debated item- strong holdouts- MA, NY, VA, NC, and RI
Federalist Papers
• Series of newspaper articles written by Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison
• Written to persuade public on merits of new Federal Constitution and the secure unanimous ratificationFederalist no. 10-argued that republican govt.
could be applied to large territory; dangerous factions eliminated due to elected representatives pursuing common good- REPUBLICANISM
NY eventually ratified constitution• Another conservative minority triumph
• Series of newspaper articles written by Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison
• Written to persuade public on merits of new Federal Constitution and the secure unanimous ratificationFederalist no. 10-argued that republican govt.
could be applied to large territory; dangerous factions eliminated due to elected representatives pursuing common good- REPUBLICANISM
NY eventually ratified constitution• Another conservative minority triumph
What were the most important issues facing the new nation, and how would the Washington
administration address them?
• Population doubling every 25 years• 1790 census- 4 mil people, 90% rural
Slavery reflected sectional issue
• Failed A of C- notion of political instability; suspicion of strong central govt.
• Spanish controlled Mississippi and interior• Tremendous national debt• Global perception that new Republic would fail to
achieve goals
Washington’s Presidency (1789-1796)
• Unanimously selected by electoral college to become nation’s 1st President in 1789
• Created Cabinet (Unwritten Constitution)Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of StateAlexander Hamilton- Secretary of TreasuryHenry Knox- Secretary of War
• Washington’s Cabinet bred political partiesHamilton represented Federalist ideas,
whereas TJ represented Antifederalist ideas
Completing the Constitution
• Bill of Rights• Compromise to secure ratification of Constitution
b/w Federalists and Antifederalists• 1791- Bill of Rights (First 10 Amendments)
ratified as part of ConstitutionSecured individual rights and liberties against govt.Amendment Process- Constitutional amendments
allow govt. to change with times- flexibility
Bill of Rights (1791)• Amendment I- Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise
thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
• Amendment II- A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.
• Amendment III- No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
• Amendment IV- The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
• Amendment V- No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
• Amendment VI- In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
• Amendment VII- In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
• Amendment VIII- Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
• Amendment IX- The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
• Amendment X- The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
Judiciary Act 1789
• Organized Supreme Court5 Associate Justices1 Chief JusticeEstablished Federal district and circuit courts
• John Jay- chosen to become first SC Chief JusticeAuthor of Federalist PapersFederalists ideas at heart of SC, continued by
John Marshall= strong central govt.
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
• Goal: shape fiscal policies to favor wealthy to secure financial and moral support for govt.
• Prosperity would infiltrate propertied classes and would trickle down to massesTrickle down economics (Ronald Reagan)
• Financial Plan:Assumption PlanTariff and Excise TaxesNational Bank
Hamilton
Assumption Plan
• Objective: Enhance national creditFund national debt at par (face value +
interest)Assume state debts (assumption plan)“Debt is blessing”- Why?Debate over Federal Supremacy vs. StatesCompromise- Federal District to move to
Potomac River near VA in return for support for financial plan
Total National Debt = $75 mil
Tariff and Excise Tax
• Objective: Raise revenue to pay off national debt
• Tariff- customs duty/tax on imported goodsNot only would the tariff secure revenue, but
would protect and encourage development of infant American industry (Hamiltonian vision)
• Excise Tax- tax on domestic itemsWhiskey distillers
National Bank
• Objective: Depository for federal money, but primary purpose was to stimulate economic activity through loans Modeled on Bank of England Powerful private institution w/ Fed Govt. as majority stock holder Print stable national currency
• Debate over Constitutionality of Bank Hamiltonians- loose interpretation/construction; “necessary and
proper”/elastic clause Jeffersonians- strict interpretation/construction Sectionalism- who did BUS benefit?
• Bus created in 1791; chartered for 20 years
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
• Western PA Whiskey farmers called for non payment of excise tax on whiskey
• Hmmm- Shays’s Rebellion (1786)- demonstrated weaknesses of A of C
• How would Washington respond?Summoned 13k troops!Rebellion squashed
• ** Washington’s actions demonstrated power of new Federal govt. under new Constitution**
1st Political Parties
• 1st political ideologies emerged during ratification of Constitution- factions rather than political parties Federalists supported new Constitution featuring stronger
central govt. Antifederalists opposed new Constitution due to fear of stronger
central govt., weaker position of state govts., and absence of Bill of Rights
• Washington’s Cabinet- personal rivalry b/w Hamilton and TJ led to formation of formal political parties, not just ideology
• Political Parties did not exist during colonial era or during drafting of Constitution- another example of unwritten Constitution
• Result: 2 party system
Federalist (Hamiltonian) Ideology
• Rule by elite• Fear of Mobocracy• Strong Natl. Govt.• Weak state govts.• Loose interpretation• Govt. encourages
business and economic growth
• Protective Tariff• Pro- British
• Debt is good• Assumption Plan• B.U.S.• Restrictions of speech
and press**• Concentrated in NE and
coastal areas• Strong Navy• Vision: Industrial America
Democratic-Republican (Jeffersonian) Ideology
• Rule by masses• Encouraged growth of
democracy• Weak Natl. Govt.• Stronger state govts• Strict Interpretation• No special favors for
business• Pro-French• Debt is bad
• Reduce size of Natl. govt.• State Banks rather than
B.U.S.• Free speech and press• Concentrated in South
and SW• Vision: Agricultural
America
Washington’s Foreign Policy
• French Revolution- although Americans embraced idea of democracy, radical phase of revolution would divide America
• Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation (1793)- declared that the U.S. would not intervene in foreign affairs1st formal declaration of neutrality in world affairsResponse to Revolution widening to war b/w France
and EnglandNation was too weak and fragile to risk involvementEssentially violated Franco-American Treaty
Impact of Neutrality Proclamation
• Jeffersonians:Enraged due to pro-French stance
• Hamiltonians:Supported in light of recent Citizen Genet
Affair as well as pro-British stance
• Citizen Genet AffairFrench citizen attempted to recruit army to
invade Spanish Florida and British Canada
A Belligerent England
• British retained forts in Great Lakes regionAlso sought to make Indian buffer state to contain
America movement westwardBattle of Fallen Timbers (1794)- General “Mad
Anthony Wayne” crushed NW IndiansTreaty of Greenville (1795)- Natives abandoned
alliance w/ British and ceded Ohio lands to U.S.
• British seizure of American ships and impressment of U.S. sailors in West IndiesJeffersonians led outraged Americans to call for war
or embargo on England
Treaty of Greenville
Jay’s Treaty (1795)
• G.W. sent Chief Justice John Jay (Federalist) to England in hopes of averting war
• Term’s of Jay’s Treaty: British promise to evacuate U.S. forts- again! Britain pay damages for seizures of ships Did not pledge against future seizures, impressments, or
supplying arms to native Americans U.S. pledge to repay all Revolutionary War debts
• Reaction to Jay’s Treaty: Jeffersonians outraged- disadvantaged southern farmers Treaty cemented Democratic-Republican Party Spain leery of Anglo-American alliance signed Pinckney’s Treaty
of 1795- free navigation of Miss. River
Farewell Address
• Established precedent for 2 term traditionPart of unwritten Constitution until 22nd Amend
• Farewell Address- printed in nation’s newspapersAdvised against permanent alliancesSpoke about factions and evils of political parties
• Impact of Washington’s Presidency:Established power of strong and stable Fed govt.Successful Hamiltonian financial planKept nation out of war and allianceGrowth of partisanship
1796 Election and French Diplomacy
• Washington’s VP John Adams vs. TJ• Election marked by partisan attacks• Adams elected P, and TJ VP
12th Amendment- separate ballots for P and VP• France:
Worried about possible Anglo-American Treaty Believed U.S. violated Franco-American Treaty France began to seize and impress American merchants
• U.S. Response: Adams sought to avoid war XYZ Affair- American diplomats asked for $250k bribe to speak
w/ Tallyrand Although U.S. prepared for war (creation of Navy, Marines, and
Army) Adams kept U.S. out of war with France
Adams
Partisanship Under Adams
• Adams saw war w/France as disadvantageous• Called for new diplomat to be sent to France• Pro-War Federalists outraged- blown opportunity
to seize Florida and Louisiana• Convention of 1800- treaty b/w U.S. and
NapoleonTerminated Franco-American Treaty of 1778France to repay damages for seizures
• Adams’s actions averted war, paved way for LA purchase, but alienated himself from Federalists
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
• Federalists witch hunts• Goal: Acts sought to reduce power and influence of
Jeffersonians; both reaction to anti-French sentiment• Alien Act- raised residency requirements from 5 to 14
years to become citizen; power of deportment Most immigrants were poor farmers, and naturally attracted to
Dem-Rep Party
• Sedition Act-significantly curtailed freedom of speech and press (too much democracy) Aimed at Jeffersonian publishers, fine or imprisonment for
attacking Federalist policies in govt. Seemingly direct violation of Constitution, but SC headed by
Federalists
VA/KY Resolutions
• Drafted my Madison and Jefferson in response to Alien and Sedition Acts
• Compact Theory- union made of 13 sovereign states made compact in forming govt., therefore states created national govt.
• Nullification- power of states to declare Federal laws unconstitutional
• Beginning of States’ Rights theory- states held supreme power over national govt.
• How would Election of 1800 be determined- Federalist or Democratic-Republican ideas?
• What impact would Jefferson’s presidency have upon American politics, the economy, and foreign affairs?
Revolution of 1800
• Election of 1800- Adams (Fed) vs. TJ (DR)Tie in electoral votes b/w TJ and Burr (running mates)Federalist dominated H of R voted for TJ
• Revolution of 1800- peaceful transfer of political power from Federalists to Dem-Reps
• How Revolutionary? In midst of war hungry Federalists and partisanship,
nation rolled with democratic sentiment to adhere to Constitution and virtues of Republicanism
Jefferson maintain Federalist programs “The govt. that governs the least governs the best”
Jefferson
Federalist Contributions
• Adams- last Federalist President
• Federalist Contributions:Established strong central govt.Established stable financial planAvoided European wars
Jefferson’s Inaugural Address (1801)
• Goal: Emphasized democratic principles and reconciliation with Federalists– “We are all Federalists, we are all
Republicans”– Foreign policy of neutrality– Did not seek to overhaul govt. and throw out
Federalist programs
Jeffersonian Restraint = Revolution
• Alien and Sedition Acts expired• Naturalization Law of 1802- 5 yr residency• Maintained Hamiltonian financial system
with exception of excise tax (taxed farmers)Albert Gallatin- able Secretary of TreasuryMaintained funding debt at parMaintained BUSMaintained tariff
Judiciary Act 1801
• Federalist bill created under Adams
• Created 16 federal judgeships to be packed with Federalists- “Midnight Appointment”
• Jeffersonian Congress repealed act when assumed office, but Federalist Chief Justice JOHN MARSHALL would shape S.C. decisions for next 30 years
The John Marshall Court
• MARBURY vs. MADISON (1803)- establishes SC’s power of judicial review: power to interpret the Constitution and declare a law or action by Congress unconstitutionalPart of unwritten constitutionMarshall’s decisions: Federalist decisions, power of
Federal govt. strengthened at expense of states
• Jeffersonians attempt to impeach Samuel Chase on “high crimes and misdemeanors”Attempt fails- impeachment seen as partisan attack
John Marshall
Jefferson and War
• Although TJ reduced size of Navy, pirates in Mediterranean forced him to adjust stance
• 1801- Pasha of Tripoli informally declared war on US for lack of adequate bribes***
• Jefferson’s response?Sent Navy to “shores of Tripoli”Treaty of Tripoli (1805)- $60k payment to free
American sailors Initiated construction of small gunboats to protect
American shores- “mosquito fleet”
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
• James Monroe sent to Paris to buy New Orleans and as much of LA territory possible for $10 milGoal: secure access to Miss. River and eliminate
potential conflict w/ France
• Napoleon offered entire LA territory for $15 mil/3 cents per acre, but why?Napoleon gave up dreams of Empire in western
hemisphere due to Haitian Revolution under Toussaint L’Overture
Hoped that generous deal would strengthen US to rival England
• Jefferson’s dilemma- is the LA purchase constitutional? Strict vs. Loose Construction TJ forced to abandon ideals yet once again to take advantage of
deal Entertained idea of passing amendment, but not timely solution
Impact of purchase: Size of US doubled Control of Miss. River Continued trend of westward expansion New states = republican support (agrarian interests) “Valley of Democracy” Provided sense of nationalism
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Lewis and Clarke Expeditions
• Lewis and Clarke sent to explore LA territory for natural resourcesNavigated the Missouri River to west coastAided by SacajaweaRaised scientific knowledge of nature, created
maps, greater knowledge of Native culture
Neutral America
• U.S. profiting from trade with both France and England despite Napoleon’s War
• Battle of Trafalgar- England defeated combined French-Spanish fleet and dominated the seas
• Battle of Austerlitz- Napoleon dominated the continent
• Orders of Councils- England forced merchant ships to dock at British ports 1st and pay feesFrance responded by seizing all merchant ships
British impressments!
• Forcible enlistment of sailors by British Navy to provide manpower for war w/France
• 6k Americans impressed from 1808-1811 in British Navy
• Many British sailors fled to U.S. merchants for financial gainChesapeake Incident- British forced American
merchant ship to release deserters, ship sunk and Americans killed
Although both Feds and Reps wanted war, TJ called for immediate end to British impressments- but denied!!
Jefferson’s Embargo Act (1807)
• U.S. could not risk war due to weak Navy- TJ• TJ believed that American supplies and foodstuffs were
necessary to European powers, if cut off supply, belligerent practices would end
• Embargo Act of 1807- forbade export of all American goods TJ adopted loose interpretation of Const. to stop trade, not just
control commerce Resulted in total destruction of American trade and seaports,
soup kitchens, farmers had oversupply of goods Many Americans resorted to illegal trade
• Embargo Act repealed in 1809, replaced with Non-Intercourse Act- reopened trade with rest of world, less France and England
Impact of Embargo
• Embargo more costly than securing strong Navy
• Relations with England shattered• Brief revival of Federalist Party• Embargo encouraged development of
industrial American in NE (irony)• England repealed Orders of Councils in
midst if mounting British unemployment, but U.S. ready to declare war on England
• What were the causes and consequences (ESP) of the War of 1812?
Madison and France
• With expiration of Non-Intercourse Act of 1809, Congress adopted Macon’s Bill No.2Permitted trade with rest of world minus F and
BPledged to restore trade with first country to
life trade restrictions (bribe to restore trade)Napoleon accepted terms hoping for war b/w
U.S. and EnglandNon-intercourse agreements remained intact
w/England
War Hawks
• Chiefly from S and W• Led by Speaker of the House Henry Clay (KY)• Goal #1-Wipe out Indian threat on frontier
Believed that British Canadians supplying Indian resistance movement on frontier
General William Henry Harrison destroyed Indian villages at Battle of Tippecanoe and Thames (last ditch effort for Indian alliance)
General Andrew Jackson destroyed Indians at Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Battles signified last Indian effort to halt white expansion into west
• Goal #2- “On to Canada”Wipe out base of Indian support
• Goal #3- Stop British Impressment Impressment damaging southern agricultural
shipments
• Goal #4- Wage war on EnglandEngineered vote to declare war on England in 1812Vote reflected purely sectional interests- votes from S
and W vs. N
• Why fight British rather than French (true foe)?British impressmentBritish support of Native AmericansPro-French stance of DR’s and War HawksDesired Canada
• Those opposed to war?NE shippers and manufacturersPro-British NECanada represented Agricultural vision of DR’sNE’s supported British during War of 1812!!!
“On to Canada!!”
• War of 1812- widespread disunityWar hawk faction leading chargeEmbargo/non-intercourse hurting economyBUS expired Inadequate army/navy
• Strategy for Canada- offensive invasion• 3 pronged invasion for invasion- failed miserably• With defeat of Napoleon in Europe in 1814,
British troops sent to U.S. and war became defensive war
Washington Burned and New Orleans
• Washington D.C.- Capital building and white house burned in 1814Defense of Fort McHenry- “Star Spangled Banner”
• Battle of New Orleans- General Andrew JacksonBritish blunder resulted in 2k casualtiesBattle occurred 2 weeks after peace treaty signedAJ became war hero
Accomplishments of American Navy
• Only 16 ships in Navy at beginning of warYet American Navy outperformed British Navy
• American Privateers- “Militia of the Sea”More damaging than actual NavyCaptured and destroyed British ships
• British Naval Blockade- severely crippled American economy during war
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
• Concluded War of 1812• Secured America’s “Second War for
Independence”• Treaty essentially an armistice
Fighting ended and conquered territories restoredAmerican grievances not addressed by Treaty- Indian
threat, Orders of Council, seizure, impressmentTreaty reflects that America did not win war, fought
for terms
• Americans rejoiced at Treaty- “Not one inch of territory ceded or lost”
Hartford Convention (1814-1815)
• Federalist NE strongly opposed WarPossibility of secession
• Goal of Hartford Convention- secure financial assistance from WashingtonMajority of delegated favored stating
grievances rather than secession
• Impact of Hartford Convention- death of Federalist PartyParty tainted by treason
Impact of War of 1812
• America successfully fought “2nd War of Independence”
• National disunity and Sectionalism• Infant American industries stimulated by British
blockade• NATIONALISM
EducationArtBUSNational CapitalStronger Army and Navy
Henry Clay’s “American System” (1824)
• Example of economic nationalism• British dumped products on American market after War
of 1812 below prices of domestic goods• Tariff of 1816- first tariff in American history meant for
protection, not revenue (Rep Congress!!)• 3 Parts of American System
Strong banking system to provide credit Protective tariff to encourage E manufacturing Network of roads and canals- economically tie country together
• Prior to AS, states responsible for development of infrastructure- Ex. Erie Canal
“Era of Good Feelings”
• James Monroe elected P in 1816 (4th consecutive VA Pres)
• Goodwill tour to usher in “Era of Good feelings”- boost nationalism, dispel sectionalism; meant to characterize the administration of Monroe
• However, early prosperity would be overcome by economic and sectional issues
Panic of 1819
• First National financial panic since Washington’s administration
• Deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, poverty
• Cause: OVERSPECULATION OF LANDSState “Wildcat” banks gave out too many loans that
were not being repaid, foreclosed upon by BUSWest especially hard hit; growing resentment towards
BUS; common man needed figure to rely on (eventually Andrew Jackson supporters)
Westward Movement
• Cheap land- “Ohio Fever”• Immigrants seeking economic democracy• Indebted easterners trekked westward• Native Americans pushed further
westward, allowing for settling of frontier lands
• Highways and routes into west- Cumberland Road
• Land Act of 1820- $1.25/acre
Missouri and Sectionalism
• 1819- Missouri applied for statehood• Tallmadge Amendment- no more slaves allowed
in MI and gradual emancipation for slave’s childrenAlthough bill defeated, sectionalism became
intertwined with spread of slavery into western territories
• Country abided by 2 state rule to maintain sectional balance (11 free vs. 11 slave)MI to be first state carved from LA purchase, future of
west and slavery became one
MO Compromise (1820)
• Engineered by the Henry Clay- “The Great Compromiser”
• MI admitted as slave state; Maine admitted as free state to maintain sectional balance
• 36°30’ line established for LA Territory All future states north of the line free All future states south of the line slave
• Northern or southern victory? North- Congress had ability to restrict growth of slavery South- slavery continuing to spread
• Missouri Compromise also reflected “silence”
Decisions of John Marshall Court
• Marbury vs. Madison- established power of judicial review• Cohens vs. VA-lottery tickets; SC has power to review state
supreme court decisions • Gibbons vs. Ogden- Federal government has sole control over
interstate commerce• Fletcher vs. Peck- protection of contract; supremacy clause• Dartmouth College vs. Woodward- protected business contracts
from state intervention, but allowed development of monopolies• McCulloch vs. Maryland- BUS ruled constitutional; “power to tax
involves the power to destroy”• Worchester vs. Georgia- state forced Native Americans to leave
contrary to JM’s decision; “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”- AJ
Monroe’s Foreign Policy
• Oregon Territory and the Treaty of 1818 w/BritainShared fisheries in NewfoundlandFixed N border at 49th parallel10 year joint Occupation of Oregon territory
• FloridaNative Americans pacifies by military exploits of
General Andrew JacksonFlorida Purchase Treaty of 1819- Spain ceded Florida
to U.S. in return for abandoning any claims to Texas
Monroe Doctrine
• With democratic Revolutions and zealous European monarchs seeking to extend territorial control and influence in western hemisphere, U.S. and Britain would issue statement warning despots to leave Latin American nations alone
• Monroe Doctrine (1823)- called for non-colonization and nonintervention of European nations in Latin America Response to Russian interests in Alaska, and Spanish interests
in C and S America Russo-American Treaty of 1824- fixed s boundary of Alaska at
54°40’ line Pledge of non-interference in European affairs; reaffirmed
American neutrality and isolation from European conflicts (illusion); boasted sense of nationalism; proclamation of self-defense
American Territorial Gains