contents: 1) · a. functional anatomy of male reproductive genitalia b. forms of male infertlity by...

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C C o o n n t t e e n n t t s s : : 1 1 ) ) A. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF Male REPRODUCTIVE GENITALIA B. FORMS OF MALE INFERTLITY By Prof. Dr. A. Mamdouh OSMAN Department of Theriogenology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University 2 2 ) ) 1- Movie (film Mating behavior & Semen collection in Camel) By Prof.Dr.El Naggar Department of Theriogenology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University 1 copyright@ E V E T C -O59-I0 Prof.Dr.M.El Naggar (PM)

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Page 1: Contents: 1) · A. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF Male REPRODUCTIVE GENITALIA B. FORMS OF MALE INFERTLITY By Prof. Dr. A. Mamdouh OSMAN Department of Theriogenology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

CCoonntteennttss:: 11))

AA.. FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNAALL AANNAATTOOMMYY OOFF MMaallee RREEPPRROODDUUCCTTIIVVEE GGEENNIITTAALLIIAA BB.. FFOORRMMSS OOFF MMAALLEE IINNFFEERRTTLLIITTYY

BByy PPrrooff.. DDrr.. AA.. MMaammddoouuhh OOSSMMAANN

DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt ooff TThheerriiooggeennoollooggyy FFaaccuullttyy ooff VVeetteerriinnaarryy MMeeddiicciinnee,,

AAssssiiuutt UUnniivveerrssiittyy

22)) 1- MMoovviiee ((ffiillmm MMaattiinngg bbeehhaavviioorr && SSeemmeenn ccoolllleeccttiioonn iinn CCaammeell))

BByy

PPrrooff..DDrr..EEll NNaaggggaarr DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt ooff TThheerriiooggeennoollooggyy FFaaccuullttyy ooff VVeetteerriinnaarryy MMeeddiicciinnee,,

AAssssiiuutt UUnniivveerrssiittyy

1 ccooppyyrriigghhtt@@ EE VV EE TT CC --OO5599--II00 PPrrooff..DDrr..MM..EEll NNaaggggaarr ((PPMM))

Page 2: Contents: 1) · A. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF Male REPRODUCTIVE GENITALIA B. FORMS OF MALE INFERTLITY By Prof. Dr. A. Mamdouh OSMAN Department of Theriogenology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN

AAnnddrroollooggyy mmeeaannss tthhee ssttuuddyy ooff rreepprroodduuccttiivvee ddiisseeaasseess iinn aannyy ssppeecciieess FFuunnccttiioonnaall aannaattoommyy ooff mmaallee ggeenniittaalliiaa iiss aa bbaassiicc ppooiinntt ttoo

uunnddeerrssttaanndd aannddrroollooggyy TThhee vvaalluuee ooff tthhee bbuullll iiss mmoorree tthhaann hhaallff ooff tthhee hheerrdd iinn

ccaattttllee bbrreeeeddiinngg SSeelleecctteedd bbuullll wwhhiicchh cchhaarraacctteerriizzeedd wwiitthh ssuuppeerriioorr ggeenneettiicc

ccoonnssttiittuuttiioonn ppllaayyss tthhee mmaajjoorr rroollee iinn iimmpprroovviinngg ccaattttllee bbrreeeeddiinngg SSuuppeerriioorr bbuullll ccaann rraaiissee tthhee eeccoonnoommiicc vvaalluuee ooff tthhee hheerrdd bbyy

mmoorree tthhaann 22%% aannnnuuaallllyy

OONNTTOOGGEENNEESSIISS OOFF MMAALLEE GGEENNIITTAALLIIAA ((EEMMBBRRYYOOLLOOGGYY))

IInnddiiffffeerreenntt ssttaaggee wwiitthh uunnddiiffffeerreennttiiaatteedd ggoonnaadd aanndd 22 sseettss ooff pprriimmiittiivvee dduuccttss:: WWoollffffiiaann ((mmaallee ))aanndd MMuulllleerriiaann ((ffeemmaallee)) IInnddiiffffeerreenntt GGoonnaaddss ::((EEnnddooddeerrmm )) CCoonnssiissttss ooff MMeedduullllaa ((sseeccrreettss mmeedduullllaarriinn oorr mmaallee iinndduucciinngg ggrroowwtthh ffaaccttoorr)) aanndd CCoorrtteexx ((sseeccrreettss CCoorrtteexxiinn oorr ffeemmaallee iinndduucciinngg ggrroowwtthh ffaaccttoorr))

•• IInn mmaallee tthhee iinnddiiffffeerreenntt ggoonnaadd ggiivveess tthhee TTEESSTTIISS

OOrriiggiinn ooff tthhee RReepprroodduuccttiivvee TTrraacctt:: MMeessoonneepphhrriicc ttuubbuulleess :: GGiivvee 1122--1155 eeffffeerreenntt dduuccttuulleess MMeessoonneepphhrriicc DDuucctt::GGiivveess eeppiiddiiddyymmiiss,, vvaass ddeeffeerreennss,, aammppuullllaa,,

sseemmiinnaall ggllaanndd,, eexxccrreettoorryy aanndd eejjaaccuullaattoorryy dduuccttss ((AAtt tthhee ccoolllliiccuulluuss sseemmiinnaalliiss iinn tthhee ppeellvviicc uurreetthhrraa )) UUrrooggeenniittaall SSiinnuuss ((EEccttooddeerrmm)):: GGiivveess ppeellvviicc uurreetthhrraa,, PPrroossttaattee aanndd

bbuullbboo uurreetthhrraall ggllaannddss GGeenniittaall TTuubbeerrccllee ((EEccttooddeerrmm)):: EExxtteerrnnaall ggeenniittaalliiaa ::PPhhaalllluuss oorr ppeenniiss LLaabbiioossccrroottaall sswweelllliinngg ((AA PPoouucchh ooff SSkkiinn BBeenneeaatthh AAnnuuss)) ::

((EEccttooddeerrmm)):: SSccrroottuumm FFoolldd ooff sskkiinn bbeeffoorree uummbbiilliiccuuss:: PPrreeppuuccee

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Page 3: Contents: 1) · A. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF Male REPRODUCTIVE GENITALIA B. FORMS OF MALE INFERTLITY By Prof. Dr. A. Mamdouh OSMAN Department of Theriogenology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

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Page 4: Contents: 1) · A. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF Male REPRODUCTIVE GENITALIA B. FORMS OF MALE INFERTLITY By Prof. Dr. A. Mamdouh OSMAN Department of Theriogenology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

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BBUULLLL SSEELLEECCTTIIOONN BBUULLLL PPRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN CCEENNTTEERRSS

PPhhyynnoottyyppee:: WWhhaatt aarree tthhee AAnniimmaall?? GGeennoottyyppee:: WWhhaatt aarree tthhee AAnniimmaall oouugghhtt ttoo bbee?? PPrrooggeennyy:: WWhhaatt aarree tthhee AAnniimmaall eexxppeecctteedd ttoo bbee ?? SSuuppeerriioorr BBUULLLLSS

AAIIMM OOFF BBUULLLL SSEELLEECCTTIIOONN

IImmpprroovveemmeennttss ooff RReeccoorrddss ffoorr :: MMiillkk :: PPrroodduuccttiioonn,, CCoommppoossiittiioonn ffaatt,, pprroottiieenn....eettcc ,, llaaccttaattiioonn

ppeerriioodd ,, mmiillkkiinngg dduurraattiioonn,,uuddddeerr sshhaappee aanndd ssiizzee…………....eettcc MMeeaatt :: BBiirrtthh wweeiigghhtt,,rraattee ooff ggaaiinn,,wweeaanniinngg wweeiigghhtt,,aadduulltt

wweeiigghhtt,, ccaarrccaass qquuaalliittyy,,mmaarrbblliinngg,,ddeeppoossiittiioonn ooff ffaatt,,ttuurrnnoovveerr ooff ffoooodd……eettcc

DDuuaall :: PPRROOGGEENNYY TTEESSTT

BBUULLLL SSEELLEECCIIOONN ((PPRRGGEENNYY TTEESSTT))

((AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo PPeeddiiggrreeee)) AA.. II.. TToo :: 3300 oorr 4400 sseelleecctteedd HHeeiiffeerrss (( FFIIRRSSTT RREECCOORRDDSS )) AA..II.. TToo :: 1155 oorr 2200 DDaauugghhtteerrss (( SSEECCOONNDD RREECCOORRDDSS )) ++vvee PPrrooggeennyy wwiitthh IImmpprroovveemmeennttss iinn RReeccoorrddss (( TThhiiss TTeesstt iiss tthhee bbeesstt aanndd TTaakkeess 44 YYeeaarrss))

BBUULLLL SSEELLEECCTTIIOONN ((SSIIBBLLIINNGG TTEESSTT))

FFAAMMIILLYY SSEELLEECCTTIIOONN ((BBrrootthheerr aanndd SSiisstteerrss)) MMuullttiippllee OOvvuullaattiioonn EEmmbbrryyoo TTrraannssffeerr ((MMOOEETT )) ccoouulldd iiddeennttiiffyy vveerryy hhiigghh ggeenneettiicc mmeerriitt ooff bbootthh mmaalleess aanndd

ffeemmaalleess DDaaiirryy ssiirreess ccoouulldd bbee ggeenneettiiccaallllyy eevvaalluuaatteedd tthhrroouugghh ffuullll ssiibblliinngg

ffaammiilliieess

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Page 6: Contents: 1) · A. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF Male REPRODUCTIVE GENITALIA B. FORMS OF MALE INFERTLITY By Prof. Dr. A. Mamdouh OSMAN Department of Theriogenology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

PPEERRFFOORRMMAANNCCEE TTEESSTT ((PPhhyynnoottyyppee sseelleeccttiioonn))

BBuullllss SSeelleecctteedd aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthheeiirr PPeeddiiggrreeee aatt 66 mmoonntthh ooff aaggee..

TThheenn,, RReeaarreedd iinn aa GGrroouupp uunnddeerr tthhee SSaammee LLeevveell ooff NNuuttrriittiioonn aanndd MMaannaaggeemmeenntt ffoorr 440000 DDaayyss..

BBuullll sseelleecctteedd aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee bbeesstt lliivvee bbooddyy wweeiigghhtt ggaaiinn..

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BBUULLLL RReepprroodduuccttiivvee GGeenniittaalliiaa :: SSccrroottuumm TTeesstteess EEppiiddiiddyymmeess VVaass DDeeffeerreennss AAmmppuullllaaee SSeemmiinnaall GGllaannddss PPrroossttaattee GGllaanndd BBuullbboouurreetthhrraall GGllaannddss CCooppuullaattoorryy OOrrggaann aanndd PPrreeppuuccee

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SSccrroottuumm:: SSkkiinn aanndd TTuunniiccaa DDaarrttooss wwiitthh mmaannyy ssmmooootthh mmuussccllee ffiibbeerrss ::

((TThheerrmmoorreegguullaattoorryy)) SSccrroottaall FFaasscciiaa wwiitthh mmaannyy eellaassttiicc ffiibbeerrss,, ::

C. (Movability and Protective) EExxtteerrnnaall CCrreemmaasstteerriicc mmuusscclleess,, ffrroomm iinntteerrnnaall oobblliiqquuee

aabbddoommiinnaall mmuussccllee ttoo ppaarriieettaall llaayyeerr ooff ttuunniiccaa vvaaggiinnaalliiss :: DD.. ((RRaaiissiinngg aanndd PPrrootteeccttiioonn)) PPaarriieettaall aanndd VViisscceerraall llaayyeerrss ooff ttuunniiccaa vvaaggiinnaalliiss wwiitthh sseerroouuss

ccaavvuumm vvaaggiinnaalliiss:: EE.. ((MMoodduullaattiinngg tthhee ccoonnddiittiioonn ooff tteesstteess))

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TTeesstteess LLooccaatteedd vveerrttiiccaallllyy wwiitthhiinn ssccrroottuumm OOvvooiidd iinn sshhaappee wwiitthh 33 ddiimmeennssiioonnss ::

FF.. LLeennggtthh,, BBrreeaaddtthh aanndd TThhiicckknneessss IIttss vvoolluummee == LL xx BB xx TThh xx 00..5522 cc..ccmm TTuurrggiidd iinn ccoonnssiisstteennccyy TThheeiirr ssiizzee ccoorrrreellaatteedd wwiitthh aaggee,, bbooddyy wweeiigghhtt ,, ssppeerrmm

pprroodduuccttiioonn,, hhoorrmmoonneess rreelleeaasseedd,, eeppiiddiiddyymmaall ssiizzee aanndd ffuunnccttiioonnss ooff ootthheerr ggeenniittaalliiaa

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SSttrruuccttuurreess ooff tthhee TTeesstteess CCoovveerreedd ccoommpplleetteellyy wwiitthh ddeennssee ffiibbrroouuss ccoonnnneeccttiivvee ttiissssuuee

ccaappssuullee ((TTuunniiccaa AAllbbuuggiinneeaa)) ,,sseenndd bbrraanncchhiinngg ttrraabbiiccuullaaee iinnssiiddee tthhee tteessttiiss ttoo ddiivviiddee iittss ssttrruuccttuurreess iinnttoo mmaannyy lloobbeess aanndd lloobbuulleess.. IItt ccoonnnneeccttss ffiinnaallllyy tthhee mmeeddiiaassttiinnuumm tteessttiiss

AAbboouutt 8800 %% ooff tteessttiiss iiss oocccclluuddeedd wwiitthh tthhee lloonngg ttoorrttuuoouuss sseemmiinniiffeerroouuss ttuubbuulleess ((aabboouutt 33 kkmm lleennggtthh iinn bbuullll)) ..TThhee rreesstt ppoorrttiioonnss ccoonnssiisstt ooff iinntteerrssttiittiiaall oorr LLeeyyddiigg cceellllss ,, ccoonnnneeccttiivvee ttiissssuuee,, bblloooodd aanndd llyymmpphh vveesssseellss ,,nneerrvvee cceellllss aanndd ffiibbrroobbllaassttss

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FFuunnccttiioonn ooff tthhee TTeessttiiss AA..SSppeerrmm pprroodduuccttiioonn wwiitthhiinn SS..TT.. aafftteerr ppuubbeerrttyy

((SSppeerrmmaattooggeenneessiiss)) :: ** SSppeerrmmaattooccyyttooggeenneessiiss :: PPrriimmaarryy aanndd sseeccoonnddaarryy ssppeerrmmaattooggoonniiaa:: AAtt tthhee bbaasseemmeenntt mmeemmbbrraannee ((22nn cchhrroommoossoommeess)) PPrriimmaarryy ssppeerrmmaattooccyytteess ::FFoorrmmss oonnee oorr ttwwoo llaayyeerrss aanndd aarriissee ffrroomm mmiittoossiiss ooff sseeccoonnddaarryy ssppeerrmmaattooggoonniiaa SSeeccoonnddaarryy ssppeerrmmaattooccyytteess ::SSmmaalllleerr iinn ssiizzee,, rraarreellyy sseeeenn dduuee ttoo tthheeiirr rraappiidd ddiivviissiioonnss.. AArriissee ffrroomm mmeeiioossiiss ooff tthhee pprriimmaarryy ssppeerrmmaattooccyytteess wwiitthh ((11nn)) cchhrroommoossoommeess .. SSppeerrmmaattiiddss :: AArriissee ffrroomm mmeeiittoottiicc ddiivviissiioonn ooff tthhee sseeccoonnddaarryy ssppeerrmmaattooccyytteess aanndd llooccaatteedd cceennttrraallllyy

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** SSppeerrmmiiooggeenneessiiss

IItt iiss tthhee mmeettaammoorrpphhoossiiss ooff ssppeerrmmaattiiddss ttoo ssppeerrmmaattoozzooaa ::RRoouunndd ssppeerrmmaattiidd ttoo eelloonnggaatteedd ssppeerrmmaattiidd tthheenn ssppeerrmm

GGoollggii pphhaassee –– ggoollggii aappppaarraattuuss pprroodduucceess tthhee aaccrroossoommee wwhhiicchh mmiiggrraatteess ttoo oonnee

eenndd ooff nnuucclleeuuss –– cceennttrriioolleess mmiiggrraattee ttoo tthhee ootthheerr eenndd ooff nnuucclleeuuss aanndd ffoorrmm tthhee ttaaiill ccaapp pphhaassee

–– aaccrroossoommee ffoorrmmss aa ddiissttiinncctt ccaapp oovveerr nnuucclleeuuss –– ggoollggii mmoovveess aawwaayy ffrroomm nnuucclleeuuss –– pprriimmiittiivvee ffllaaggeelllluumm ffoorrmmss

AAccrroossoommaall pphhaassee

AAccrroossoommee ccoonnttiinnuueess ttoo sspprreeaadd aarroouunndd nnuucclleeuuss

ttoo ccoovveerr tthhee aanntteerriioorr hhaallff ooff tthhee nnuucclleeuuss MMiittoocchhoonnddrriiaa :: MMiiggrraattee

ttoowwaarrdd ppoosstteerriioorr ppoorrttiioonn aanndd cclluusstteerr ttoo ccoovveerr ffllaaggeelllluumm oorr ttaaiill

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TThhee ssppeerrmmaattiidd iiss nnooww ccaalllleedd aa ssppeerrmmaattoozzooaa:: ccoonnssiissttss ooff hheeaadd,, nneecckk,,

mmiiddddllee ppiieeccee aanndd mmaaiinn ttaaiill ppiieeccee

SSppeerrmmiiaattiioonn :: OOccccuurrss aatt tthhee eenndd ooff ssppeerrmmiiooggeenneessiiss .. IItt iiss tthhee

rreelleeaassee ooff ssppeerrmm ffrroomm sseerrttoollii cceellllss ttwwoorrddss tthhee cceenntteerr ooff ss..tt..

SSeerrttoollii cceellll pphhaaggooccyyttiizzeess tthhee rreemmaaiinniinngg ccyyttooppllaassmm ooff tthhee

ssppeerrmmaattoozzooaa bbeeffoorree ssppeerrmmiiaattiioonn..

OOnnllyy aa ssmmaallll aammoouunntt ooff ccyyttooppllaassmm iiss lleefftt oonn tthhee nneecckk ooff tthhee ssppeerrmm

aanndd iitt iiss ccaalllleedd tthhee ccyyttooppllaassmmiicc ddrroopplleett

SSeemmiinniiffeerroouuss EEppiitthheelliiuumm ccyycclleess:: SSppeerrmmaattooggeenneesseess ooccccuurrrreedd iinn wwaavveess wwiitthhiinn tthhee sseemmiinniiffeerroouuss

ttuubbuulleess IItt iiss iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo uunnddeerrssttaanndd tthhaatt ssoommee ppoorrttiioonn ooff tthhee

sseemmiinnffeerroouuss ttuubbuullee iiss aallwwaayyss rreelleeaassiinngg ssppeerrmm aanndd ddoonn''tt cclloogg tthhee

ppaatthhwwaayy .The seminiferous epithelial cycles varied between animals

and control the rate of sperm productionIts length varied between

12.2 day in ram to 13.5 day in bull and 8.6 day in boar

Duration of spermatogenesis are :

54 day bull, 49 day ram and 35 day boar

Transit of sperm from efferent ductules to ejaculate are : 10-12 day

bull and ram, 15 day stallion, dog and boar

FFuunnccttiioonn ooff TTeessttiiss BB.. HHoorrmmoonnee PPrroodduuccttiioonn

AAnnddrrooggeenn:: SSeeccrreetteedd ffrroomm LLeeyyddiigg cceellllss oorr IInntteerrssttiittiiaall cceellllss uunnddeerr tthhee eeffffeecctt ooff LLHH ggoonnaaddoottrrooppiinn ffrroomm tthhee aanntteerriioorr ppiittuuiittaarryy aanndd rreegguullaattee iittss rreelleeaassee tthhrroouugghh ––vvee ffeeeedd bbaacckk mmeecchhaanniissmm **GGrroowwtthh aanndd ffuunnccttiioonn ooff mmaallee ggeenniittaalliiaa eessppeecciiaallllyy tthhee aacccceessssoorryy ggllaannddss **SSttiimmuullaatteess tthhee sseeccoonnddaarryy mmaallee sseexxuuaall cchhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss eessppeecciiaallllyy tthhee sseexx ddeessiirree aanndd mmaassccuulliinniittyy

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IInnhhiibbiinn :: ••SSeeccrreetteedd ffrroomm SSeerrttoollii cceellllss aanndd ccoonnttrrooll tthhee rreelleeaassee ooff FFSSHH tthhrroouugghh aa ––vvee ffeeeedd bbaacckk mmeecchhaanniissmm••IItt iiss nnoonn sstteerrooiiddaall ppeeppttiiddee ** AAnnddrrooggeenn ––bbiinnddiinngg pprrootteeiinn:: --SSeeccrreetteedd ffrroomm SSeerrttoollii cceellllss aanndd ccoonnttrrooll tthhee rreelleeaassee ooff LLHH --EEnnhhaanncceess ssppeerrmmaattooggeenneessiiss aanndd tthhee sseeppaarraattiioonn ooff tthhee ggllaannss ppeenniiss ffrroomm tthhee pprreeppuuccee iinn yyoouunngg mmaalleess --SSttiimmuullaatteess tthhee ffuunnccttiioonn ooff ootthheerr ggeenniittaalliiaa aass aannddrrooggeenn

EEPPIIDDIIDDYYMMIISS CCoonnssiissttss aannaattoommiiccaallllyy ffrroomm ::

** HHeeaadd ((CCAAPPUUTT)) ** BBooddyy ((CCOORRPPUUSS)) ** TTaaiill ((CCAAUUDDAA)) LLooccaatteedd tthhee uuppppeerr ,, ppoosstteerriioorr aanndd lloowweerr ppoorrttiioonnss ooff tthhee tteessttiiss CCoonnssiissttss hhiissttoollooggiiccaallllyy ffrroomm :: **SSiinnggllee ttoorrttuuoouuss dduucctt ,,3333 mmeetteerr lloonngg wwiitthh lluummeenn iinnccrreeaasseedd mmaarrkkeeddllyy ttoowwaarrddss tthhee ccaauuddaa.. **IIttss eeppiitthheelliiuumm iiss ppsseeuuddoossttrraattiiffiieedd cciilliiaatteedd ccoolluummnneerr wwiitthh mmaannyy ssmmooootthh mmuussccllee ffiibbeerrss aanndd eellaassttiicc CC..TT.. wwiitthh ffiibbrroouuss CC..TT..ssttrroommaa

FFuunnccttiioonn SSppeerrmm ttrraannssppoorrtt :: ((1100--1122 DDaayyss)) SSppeerrmm ssttoorraaggee :: MMaaiinnllyy iinn tthhee ttaaiill ((uupp ttoo 6600 ddaayyss mmoottiillee

aanndd ffeerrttiillee)) SSppeerrmm mmaattuurraattiioonn ::RReelleeaassee ooff pprroottooppllaassmmiicc ddrroopplleett ffrroomm

ssppeerrmm SSppeerrmm aabbssoorrppttiioonn :: IInn pprroolloonnggeedd sseexxuuaall rreesstt SSeeccrreettss ggllyycceerryyll--pphhoosspphhoorryyllcchhoolliinnee wwhhiicchh mmeettaabboolliizzeedd bbyy

ssppeerrmm iinn ffeemmaallee ggeenniittaalliiaa ffoorr ggaaiinniinngg mmoorree eenneerrggyy dduurriinngg ccaappaacciittaattiioonn

VVaass DDeeffeerreennss aanndd AAmmppuullllaa CCoorrdd lliikkee ssttrruuccttuurree ffrroomm eenndd ooff dduuccttuuss eeppiiddiiddyymmiiss ttoo eejjaaccuullaattoorryy

dduucctt aatt CCiilllliiccuulluuaa SSeemmiinnaalliiss iinn tthhee aanntteerriioorr ppoorrttiioonn ooff ppeellvviicc uurreetthhrraa ddoorrssaall ttoo tthhee nneecckk ooff tthhee uurriinnaarryy bbllaaddddeerr IIttss AAmmppuullllaa hhaass aa llaarrggee ssiizzee bbrraanncchheedd lluummeenn ssuurrrroouunnddeedd wwiitthh

ggllaanndduullaarr ssttrruuccttuurreess((sseeccrreettee ffrruuccttoossee aanndd cciittrriicc aacciidd)) IItt iiss 1100--1133 ccmm lloonngg aanndd 11 ccmm ddiiaammeetteerr.. IItt ccaann bbee ppaallppaatteedd rreeccttaallllyy

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FFuunnccttiioonn :: TTrraannssppoorrtt ssppeerrmm aatt tthhee ttiimmee ooff eejjaaccuullaattiioonn PPaarrttiiaall rreesseerrvvooiirr iinn tthhee aammppuullllaa NNuuttrriittiivvee ttoo ssttoorreedd ssppeerrmm SSppeerrmm ssttaayyeedd aalliivvee mmoottiillee aanndd ffeerrttiillee ffoorr 33 ddaayyss tthheenn

lloooossee iittss ffeerrttiilliizziinngg ccaappaacciittyy MMaayy aabbssoorrbb ddeeaadd ssppeerrmm MMaayy ccoonnttaaiinn llaarrggee nnuummbbeerr ooff ssppeerrmm eeqquuaall ttoo aann eejjaaccuullaattee

AACCCCEESSSSOORRYY GGLLAANNDDSS SSeemmiinnaall GGllaannssddss ::

TTwwoo ccoommppaacctt lloobbuullaatteedd ggllaannddss llaatteerraall ttoo tthhee uummppuullllaaee oonn tthhee ppeellvviicc fflloooorr MMeeaassuurree 1100--1155 ccmm LLeennggtthh,, 33--44 ccmm BBrreeaaddtthh aanndd 11--22 ccmm

TThhiicckknneessss.. TThheeyy ccaann bbee ppaallppaatteedd rreeccttaallllyy wwiitthh aa tteennssee ffiirrmm ccoonnssiisstteennccyy EEaacchh hhaass aa mmaaiinn eexxccrreettoorryy dduucctt wwiitthh ttrreeee--lliikkee bbrraanncchhiinngg iinntteerriioorrllyy aanndd eexxccrreettoorryy dduucctt ppoosstteerriioorrllyy aatt tthhee ccoolllliiccuulluuss sseemmiinnaalliiss bbeessiiddee tthhee eejjaaccuullaattoorryy dduucctt

FFuunnccttiioonn SSeeccrreettee mmaaiinn vvoolluummee ooff sseemmiinnaall ppllaassmmaa ((>>5500%%)) wwhhiicchh aacctt aass aa

vveehhiiccllee ttoo ssppeerrmm aaccttiivviittyy SSeeccrreettee ffrruuccttoossee,,ffoorr eenneerrggyy ttoo ssppeerrmm SSeeccrreettee cciittrriicc aacciidd aass bbuuffffeerr ttoo ssppeerrmm SSeeccrreettee ppoottaassssiiuumm aanndd ssooddiiuumm iioonn ttoo ccoonnttrrooll tthhee eeqquuiilliibbrriiuumm ooff

oossmmoottiicc pprreessssuurree SSeeccrreettee FFllaavviinn wwhhiicchh ggiivvee yyeellllooww ccoolloorraattiioonn ttoo nnoorrmmaall eejjaaccuullaattee iinn

ffeeww bbuullllss PPrroossttaattee GGllaanndd :: CCoonnssiissttss ooff ::

PPaarrss EExxtteerrnnaa ((bbooddyy,,ppaallppaatteedd rreeccttaallllyy)) PPaarrss EEnntteerrnnaa ((DDiisssseemmiinnaattee,, eenncciirrcclleedd ccoommpplleetteellyy wwiitthh tthhee uurreetthhrraall mmuussccllee)) -- IItt iiss tthhee mmaajjoorr ppaarrtt,, eexxtteennddss aalloonngg tthhee ppeellvviicc uurreetthhrraa aanndd ooppeenn wwiitthh mmaannyy dduuccttss iinnttoo tthhee uurreetthhrraa

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--IItt iiss ccoovveerreedd eexxtteerrnnaallllyy wwiitthh ddeennssee ffiibbrroouuss ccoonnnneeccttiivvee ttiissssuuee wwiitthh mmaannyy ttrraabbeeccuullaaee aanndd ssuurrrroouunnddeedd wwiitthh mmaannyy ccaavveerrnnoouuss ssppaacceess

FFuunnccttiioonn :: SSeeccrreettee llaarrggee aammoouunntt ooff mmiinneerraallss tthhaatt rreegguullaattee tthhee

bbuuffffeerriinngg ssyysstteemm ooff sseemmiinnaall ppllaassmmaa SSeeccrreettee aammiinnoo aacciiddss aanndd ootthheerr eelleemmeennttss ffoorr ssppeerrmm

nnuuttrriittiioonn IItt iiss aallkkaalliinnee iinn rreeaaccttiioonn ttoo nneeuuttrraalliissee tthhee aacciiddiicc ssppeerrmm

ccoommiinngg ffrroomm tthhee ccaauuddaa eeppiiddiiddyymmeess PPaarrttiicciippaattee aass aa vveehhiiccllee mmeeddiiaa ffoorr ssppeerrmm wwiitthh tthhee sseemmiinnaall

ggllaannddss

BBuullbboo UUrreetthhrraall GGllaannddss

TTwwoo CCoowwppeerr`̀ss ggllaannddss oonn ppeellvviicc uurreetthhrraa cclloossee ttoo iisscchhiiaall aarrcchh aanndd ccoovveerreedd ccoommpplleetteellyy wwiitthh bbuullbboo--ccaavveerrnnoossuuss mmuussccllee OOvvaall iinn sshhaappee,, ccaann`̀tt ppaallppaatteedd cclliinniiccaallllyy ,,22--33 ccmm lleennggtthh

aanndd 11--22 ccmm tthhiicckk.. EEaacchh hhaass aa ssiinnggllee eexxccrreettoorryy dduucctt aatt tthhee ppoosstteerriioorr eenndd ooff

ppeellvviicc uurreetthhrraa IIttss vviisscciidd sseeccrreettiioonn cclleeaann aanndd nneeuuttrraalliizzee tthhee eexxttrraa ppeellvviicc

uurreetthhrraa

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CCOOPPUULLAATTOORRYY OORRGGAANN ((PPEENNIISS)) FFiibbrrooeellaassttiicc ,,ccyylliinnddrriiccaall,,8800 ccmm ttoottaall lleennggtthh,, wwiitthh 22 sshhoorrtt ccrruurraa aatt

tthhee eesscchhiiaall aarrcchh eeaacchh ccoovveerreedd wwiitthh iisscchhiiooccaavveerrnnoouuss mmuussccllee.. IItt ttaappeerrss aanntteerriioorrllyy ttoo ffoorrmm tthhee ggllaannss ppeenniiss ((88--1100 ccmm)) aanndd ggaalleeaa

ggllaannddiiss ((33--44 ccmm)) TThhee ggaalleeaa ggllaannddiiss ccoonnttaaiinnss sseennssoorryy nneerrvvee IInn nnoonn eerreecctteedd

ccoonnddiittiioonn tthhee ppeenniiss ffoorrmm tthhee ssiiggmmooiidd fflleexxuurree ..NNoo iinnccrreeaassee iinn lleennggtthh aatt eerreeccttiioonn,, oonnllyy ssttrreettcchhiinngg tthhee SS sshhaappee TTwwoo rreettrraaccttoorr ppeenniiss mmuusscclleess aattttaacchheedd tthhee ppeenniiss aatt tthhee eenndd SS ooff sshhaappee PPeenniiss ccoonnssiissttss ooff 22 ccoorrppoorraa ccaavveerrnnooaa ppeenniiss ddoorrssaallllyy aanndd oonnee

ccoorrppuuss ccaavveerrnnoossaa uurreetthhrraa vveennttrraallllyy SSttrruuccttuurreess ooff PPeenniiss :: TThhee ddeennss ffiibbrroouuss CC..TT.. ccaappssuullee ooff tthhee ppeenniiss sseennddss mmaannyy

ttrraabbeeccuullaaee ttoo ddiivviiddee iittss iinntteerriioorr ssttrruuccttuurreess ttoo mmaannyy lloobbeess aanndd lloobbuulleess wwiitthh mmaannyy ccaavveerrnnoouuss oorr bblloooodd ssppaacceess iinn bbeettwweeeenn ssuurrrroouunnddeedd wwiitthh eellaassttiicc ttiissssuuee EExxtteerrnnaall ppuuddeennddaall aanndd oobbttuurraattoorr aarrtteerriieess ssuuppppllyy tthhee ppeenniiss

wwiitthh tthhee ddoorrssaall aanndd ddeeeepp aarrtteerriieess rreessppeeccttiivveellyy TThhee bblloooodd ddrraaiinneedd tthhrroouugghh tthhee ddoorrssaall vveeiinn

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MMeecchhaanniissmm ooff EErreeccttiioonn ::

SSeexxuuaall eexxcciitteemmeenntt tthhrroouugghh ssiigghhtt,, ssmmeellll,, ttoouucchh,, hheeaarriinngg,, lliicckkiinngg.. SSttiimmuullaattiioonn ooff nneerrvvii eerreeggeennttiiss ((VVaassooddiillaattaattiioonn ttoo bblloooodd

ssppaacceess oorr ccaavveerrnnoouuss ttiissssuuee)) CCoonnttrraaccttiioonn ooff eerreeccttoorr mmuusscclleess aatt rroooott ooff ppeenniiss ((22

iisscchhiiooccaavveerrnnoossuuss aanndd oonnee bbuullbbooccaavveerrnnoossuuss mmuusscclleess)) RReellaaxxaattiioonn ooff rreettrraaccttoorr ppeenniiss mmuussccllee wwiitthh rreellaaxxaattiioonn ooff

ssiiggmmooiidd fflleexxttuurree aanndd pprroottrruussiioonn ooff ppeenniiss

MMeecchhaanniissmm ooff eerreeccttiioonn ((CCoonnttiinnuuee)) CCoonnttiinnuuoouuss iinnffllooww ooff bblloooodd wwiitthh ddeeccrreeaasseedd oouutt ffllooww lleeaadd ttoo ffuullll

eerreeccttiioonn aanndd hhaarrddnneessss wwiitthhoouutt iinnccrreeaassee iinn ssiizzee dduuee ttoo ssttrroonngg ffiibbrroouuss CC..TT.. ((ttuunniiccaa aallbbuuggiinneeaa)) eenncciirrcclliinngg tthhee ppeenniiss TThhee ffeeww ccaavveerrnnoouuss ttiissssuuee ooff tthhee ppeenniiss lleeaadd ttoo rraappiidd oonnsseett ooff

eerreeccttiioonn wwiitthh rreellaattiivveellyy wwiitthh rreellaattiivveerrllyy ffeeww aammoouunntt ooff bblloooodd EErreeccttiioonn aanndd ccooppuullaattiioonn ccoonnttrroolllleedd wwiitthh ppaarraassyymmppaatthhaattiicc nneerrvvee

ffiibbeerrss 22--33 mmiinnuutteess aarree rreeqquuiirreedd ffoorr eerreeccttiioonn aanndd ccooppuullaattiioonn iinn bbuullllss

DDeessiirree,, eerreeccttiioonn,, mmoouunnttiinngg aanndd eejjaaccuullaattiioonn aarree tthhee sstteeppss ffoorr sseexxuuaall bbeehhaavviioouurr ooff nnoorrmmaall bbuullll

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MMeecchhaanniissmm ooff EEjjaaccuullaattiioonn WWhheenn ggllaannss ppeenniiss ggeett ccoonnttaacctt wwiitthh vvuullvvaa aanndd vveessttiibbuulluumm ,,dduurriinngg

ccooppuullaattiioonn,, rreefflleexx eejjaaccuullaattoorryy tthhrruusstt ooccccuurrss wwiitthh sseemmeenn ddeeppoossiittss iinn tthhee ddoorrssaall ffoorrnniixx ooff tthhee aanntteerriioorr vvaaggiinnaa IImmppuullsseess aarriisseedd aatt tthhee sseennssoorryy nneerrvveess ooff ggaalleeaa ggllaannddiiss ttrraannssmmiitttteedd

bbyy tthhee iinntteerrnnaall ppuuddiicc nneerrvvee ttoo tthhee bbuubboossaaccrraall pplleexxuuss ooff tthhee ssppiinnaall ccoorrdd aatt tthhee lluummbboo--ssaaccrraall sseeccttiioonn EEjjaaccuullaattiioonn ccoonnttrroolllleedd tthhrroouugghh ssyymmppaatthhaattiicc nneerrvvee ffrroomm 22nndd ttoo 55tthh

lluummbbaarr ssppiinnaall nneerrvvee IItt hhaappppeenneedd aatt eenndd ooff ppeenniillee tthhrruusstt ,,ssoo tthhee tteerrmm eejjaaccuullaattoorryy

tthhrruusstt iinn bbuullll,, bbuuffaalloo,, rraamm aanndd bbuucckk Prepuce

It is a tubular integument covers the free portion of penis (30-40 cm long) It has a preputial orifice with long tough hair and supported by the protroctor muscles for closure It has a stratified squamous epithelium which thrown itself into longitudinal folds with deep ivagination and deep tubular glands that secrete Smegma which modulate the condition of prepuce Its main function is to protect the Penis

URETHRA

It is a urogenital duct extends from the orifice of urinary bladder to the tip of galea glandis It conducts urine at urination and semen at ejaculation to the outside It is divided into:

(I)Pelvic urethra : Fleshy and extends from neck of bladder to the level of excretory ducts of B.U.Glands * It contains the pars disseminata of the prostate interiorly and the cresent shape urethral muscle exteriorly *It has festooned lumen and many cavernous spaces and surrounded by dense fibrous C.T. URETHRA

(II) Extra pelvic urethra : A. Bulbar portion : Extends between the orifices of the B.U.Glands to the point where the crura of penis conjoined. It is covered dorsally by bulbocavernosus muscle

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B. Penile portion: It extends till the tip of glans penis The urethra is lined with transitional epithelium with many longitudinal folds Its lumen decreased gradually towords the tip of glans penis and this leads to the strong emission of the ejaculate outside the body

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FORMS OF MALE INFERTLITY * Reduced to lack of sex desire * Inability to copulate (Impotantia Coeundi) * Inability to fertilize or Postcoital infertility (Impotantia Generandi)

A. REDUCED TO LACK OF SEXUAL DESIRE The male may show little or no interest for mounting the female even if she is in estrus It is characterized by symptoms ranging from slight sluggishness or to repeat coitus except after long intervals to complete disinterest to mount the female Species variations should be considered as heavy breed and buffalo are normally lazy than native breed or Friesian Natural Mating of Bull

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CAUSES FOR LACK OF SEXUAL DESIRE Heridetary Endocrine dysfunction : LH, Testosterone, Thyroxine

Nutritional Disturbance: Over and Under Feeding, deficiency of ca, p, cobalt , Vitamins A, E, D

Sexual Exhaustion : Over use above average rate which is 2-3 times per week

Sexual Experience : Especially with young Systemic Diseases : Pneumonia, enteritis, severe parasitic infestation , severe weakness and others Psychological Factors : Previous accident, slippery or trauma at time of mating , incompatibility between male and female, diseased or dirty teaser or female Management and Environmental Factors : Hot condition, high attitude, damp atmosphere, isolated bull, crowded places DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Clinical history Clinical examination Measure degrees of sex drive as follow :

- No interest (Abnormal) - Little interest (Abnormal) - Some interest with hesitation (Questionable) - Good with moderate mount -Good with quick and good mount - Eager : Excellent desire and strong rapid mount - Uncontrolled (Dangerous extremely strong) Abnormal TREATMENT

According to the original causes : -Hereditary and endocrine causes : Discard from breeding or try the following:

§ Testosterone : 100-200 mg inj. every 3-4 days § L.H. Chorionic gonadotrophin :5000-10000 IU every 2-3 days § Iodinated casien : 1 g /100 lb body weight daily for 2 weeks , mixed with some bran § Yohimbin :One tablet solver in woater,daily for weeks

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§ Strychnin : 100-250 mg orally id divided daily dose for 3-4 days before mounting Treatment continue: - Correct ration with exercise in over feeding. Add protein, mineral and vitamins in under feeding - Sexual rest 2-3 month in exhausted or psychologically affected bulls - Training for young growing bulls for mounting young females - Medical treatment for diseased bulls - Keep bulls under good hygienic condition of management B. INABILITY TO COPULATE IMPOTANTIA COEUNDI

The bull has normal desire but unable to perform coitus I. Affections of locomotor systems : -Inflammation of iliosacral, hip stifle,and other joints. -Fracture of limber or thoracic vertebrae and or other bones or joints. -Diseases of hooves -Dislocation of joints -Spasm of muscles -Rupture of gastrocnemiuos muscle

Diagnosis and Treatment : Rest for the animal and follow the line of treatment mentioned in surgery books according to the diagnostic causes II. AFFECTIONS OF COPULATORY SYSTEM

Phimosis Inability to protrude the penis

Causes: - Underdevelopment of sigmoid flexture -Adhesions between penis and prepuse -Spasm of retractor penis muscle -Stenoses of preputial orifice -Persistent frenulum -Pcychological factors

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- Fibropapilloma on the glans penis Persistent Frenulum

Short retractor penis muscle Surgical cut of persistent Frenulum

Treatment: Discard bull with hereditary causes -Warm antiseptic solutions (1/1000 acriflavin, entozoon ) and oily antibiotic suspensions to separate pathological adhesions -Surgical widening of the narrow preputial orifice

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-Transect of the frenulum -Sexual rest in psychologically affected bulls Paraphimosis

Inability to withdrawn the penis Causes

-Stenosis of preputial orifice - Paralysis of retractor penis muscle - Fibropapilloma of the glans penis - Transect of retractor penis muscle in - case of previus phimosis

Symptoms

Protruded penis inflamed with pathological exudates and area of necrosis and ulcerations

Penis swollen with purulent discharge and very painful to the bull Affected bull may loose appetite Affected penis is dirty with many bacterial activities

Prognosis

Bad and animal needs rapid handling and suitable treatment Treatment : Epidural anesthesia

- Plenty worm antiseptic solution to wash penis and remove all necrotic tissue and abnormal discharge - Surgical widening of preputial orifice - Replace the penis inside prepuce after removing the fibropapilloma if present - Repeat washing ever 1-2 days till curing with warm mild antiseptic solution and oily antibiotic suspension

Balanitis and Posthitis

Inflammation of glans penis and prepuce BALANO-POSTHITIS It is dangerous affection and leads to adhesions

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Causes:

-Trauma - Overheated Artificial Vagina - Bacterial infection from faeces, dust or dirties when get entrance into prepuce Balano-posthitis with prolapsed prepuce

Symptoms and Diagnosis In acute cases, painful swelling and oedema - Mucopurulent discharges may encrusted around the preputial orifice

- The surface of the glans penis and prepuce were congested, inflamed with petechial hemorrhage ,vesicles, ulcers and areas of necrosis

- In chronic cases, adhesions arise with bad sequellae -Tuberculous infections lead to granulomatous blleding lesions

Prognosis and Treatment

Prognosis : Depends on the severity of infections and the correct handling

Treatment includes : - Rest for the animals - Epidural anaesthesia before washing

with mild antiseptic solution and oily

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suspension or antibiotic ointements - Preputial sheath wash with such

medicaments for 3-4 days or till curing - Zinc oxide ointment can be used Broken or Ruptured Penis

It induces haematoma of penis Causes :

- Accidental misplacement of penis into the A.V. - Young active untrained bulls who mount

larger female with thrust in a blind point - Strong kicking or trauma of the erected penis

Broken penis with haematoma

Broken Penis Ruptured Penis

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Symptoms Sudden swelling at the site of rupture with large haematoma infront of scrotum

- Animal has short steps with severe pain and arching back Treatment Wait till haematoma clotted after 3-4 days Epidural anaesthesia and remove the clotted blood after skin incision Freed penis from surrounding blood and debris then wash with antiseptics and apply antibiotics Suture the penis and prepuce separately with cat gut, then suture the skin with silk Keep the animal apart from herd with daily introduction of antibiotic ointments through the preputial orifice Abnormalities in Shape of Penis Congenital in origin and affect the free portion of the penis - The penis may be curved, twisted, cup-shaped or spiral - Discard animal from breeding or used it as a teaser. It is impossible for such animals to perform natural introduction of penis into the Vagina - Surgical interference with deviation only

Twisted Penis

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Curved Penis

Tumours of the Penis Fibropapilloma : - Pedunculated or Diffused around the galea glandis Treatment: Can be removed surgically under epidural anaesthesia and under complete aseptic condition Tumours of the Penis Fibropapilloma : - Pedunculated or

– Diffused around the galea glandis Treatment: Can be removed surgically under epidural anaesthesia and under complete aseptic condition

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Fibropapilloma

Large Fibropapilloma

III. Affections of Scrotum These include Dermatitis, Hernia, and acute orchitis and epididymits and acute funiculits. Pain arises from these affections during copulation leads to inability to complete the act of coitus

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Dermatitis Inflammation of the scrotum from parasitic, fungal with further bacterial infection There is hyperemia accompanied with moistening, exudates, irritation and pain Scrotum thickened, rough and may loose its thermoregulatory function Treatment

Scraping, then antibiotic ointment - Zinc sulfate ointement can be applied - Gentian violet 2% - Spray parasites with Gamatox or DDT or any other suitable drug to kill and repil external parasites

Scrotal hernia

Induced Pressure atrophy or degeneration of the testis (Impotantia Generandi)

Induce pain from the pressure on the herniated viscera in the inguinal canal (Impotantia Coeundi)

Dangerous to the male and required rapid surgical handling IV General Affections of the Animal Body These includes :

Urinary calculi, abscess of liver , kidney, traumatic pericarditis, gastritis, inflammation of accessory glands and peritoneum.

Pain raised from these lesions during copulation could prevent the complete act of coitus. Treatment : According to the original causes

C. REDUCED TO LACK OF FERTILIZATION

(POST COITAL INFERTILITY) ( IMPOTANTIA GENERANDI)

The bull has normal desire and normal mounting but there is

disturbance in the expected fertilizing rate

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Page 37: Contents: 1) · A. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF Male REPRODUCTIVE GENITALIA B. FORMS OF MALE INFERTLITY By Prof. Dr. A. Mamdouh OSMAN Department of Theriogenology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,

A. Impotantia Generandi with apparent Normal Semen : 1- Coital Infection This includes Trichomoniasis and Cambylobacteriosis and as well other bacteria which transmitted with semen during mount (Coryn- Srtept- Staph-..etc) 2- Genetic Abnormalities Low DNA, acrosomal defects, chromosomal abberations and abnormal interior structure of sperm 3- Lethal Factors -Inherited abnormalities on the gene -Male and females are responsible -Affects the life of animal during gestation or at birth . -Many systems are involved : Alemintary tract – Skeletal - Nervous and - Circulatory New born has different forms of anomalies: Double head, conjoined twin, extra digits, chistosoma reflexum, anasarca, unrecognised legs, cleft palat, ankylosis, bull dog calf, general oedema ….etc. B. IMPOTANTIA GENERANDI WITH ABNORMAL SEMEN

Affections of Testes Hereditary

1. Chryptorchidism It is incomplete descent of test in scrotum It is either unilateral or bilateral. -Chryptorchid testis is sterile with no sperm production but hormones are not affected

-It is located in any place, from abdomen to level of external inguinal ring without lodging the scrotum

-It may locate the lower perineal region or alongside the penis or may be hanged horizontally at the external inguinal ring

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Chryptorchid Testes from Slaughtered Bull

Causes, Diagnosis, Prognosis and treatment

Hereditary in nature Clinical palpation of the scrotum or rectal palpation Prognosis bad and discard animal from breeding

2. Testicular aplasia

It is complete absence of one or both testes due to genital abnormalities

-The animal is sterile and with feminine nature in case of bilateral affection

Diagnosis through palpation of scrotum And discard animal from breeding

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Unilateral Testicular Aplasia

3. Testicular Hypoplasia

Congenital underdevelopment of the testis usually the left and rarely bilateral

It is expected at puberty and on Hypoplastic testis is smaller in size with smaller epididymis and smaller spermatic cord than normal

The somniferous tubules are mostly affected and occasionally the interstitial or Leydig cells

Fertility is much lower than expected wth the advance of age Symptoms : A. First Extreme Form

Testes are perfectly sterile and markedly smaller with small sized epididymis , spermatic cord and scrotum in bilateral cases. Consistency firmer than normal

Ejaculates watery and without sperm, but giant cell may be present Histologically, s.t. smaller in size with small lumen, lined with undifferentiated cells and without spermatogenesis

Peritubular C.T. appeared abundant

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Scrotal Asymmetry Unilateral Hypoplasis

Hypoplastic Testis

In unilateral affection There is marked asymmetry in the shape of scrotum and testicular size The semen picture depends upon the condition of the other testis , but marked reduction in sperm count is obvious after the first ejaculate

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B. Second Intermediate Form astic, while the rest portion is with variable

r giant sperm appeared in the

contain less than 10,000 sperm /c. mm (normal concentration is one

n unilateral affection me for bet less distinct

.Third Least Severe Form

lastic and the testis appeared slightly less than

million/c. mm and the expected progress in

shape of scrotum and the sperm count appeared within

Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment Diagnosis from of testis biopsy

from breeding

Acquired Affections of Testes .Testicular Degeneration

curring in s. t. begins in the spermatids then

auses ases characterized by long fever

ers)

itis

al temperature scrotum

About 2/3 of the testis is hypolpldegrees of spermatogenesis and sperm production The bull still sterile with limited fertility and odd oejaculates Semen maymillion) I

As in the first extre

CAbout 1/3 of the testis is hypopnormal in size and consistency The sperm count may be 0.2-0.3fertility with age subsides in affected animals In unilateral affection Slight asymmetry in the normal standard in the first few ejaculates

symptoms and histological appearance Prognosis bad Discard animal

1It is a necrobiotic changes ocproceed to the spermatogonia due to causes affecting the thermoregulatorymechanism of the testis mainly or due to toxins C

Dise Toxins in ration (Aflatoxines and oth Avitaminosis and nutritional disorders Scrotal hernia Unilateral orch Chryptorchidism High environment Hard adhesions between testis and

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Degrees of Testicular Degeneration

. First Light Form fertility rate

d consistency ities reached 25 %

with no further sperm

. Second Intermediate Form on in fertility

h number of abnormal sperm

- livability percentages for sperm tion and vaculation of

. Third Severe Form ss of ferility

m consistency normalities

to be

of s. t. are affected with degenerative changes till

iagnosis

breeding history om naturally or inseminated females

y for histopathology Pr

first form only

nd treat the original causes

AThere is reduction in theTestes are apparently normal in size anEjaculates are apparently normal but sperm abnormal(Normal semen with 12 % ) mainly primary origin Histologically, affected s. t. has necrosed spermatidsdevelopment . Other s. t. may be normal B

There is considerable reducti- Low number of sperm in ejaculates with hig

(about 30 %) Low motility and

- Histologically, affected s. t. has hydropic degeneracytoplasm in the spermatogenic cells from the lumen till the spermatocyts

C There is complete lo Testes are smaller in size with fir Number of sperm markedly reduced with 40 % ab Lowe rates for sperm motility and alive sperm and semen tendwatery and alkaline Histologically, most spermatogonia with many giant cells

D from history of repeat breeder fr Semen picture Testicular biops

ognosis Good for theTreatment Sexual rest a

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2-Orchitis It is either acute or chronic inflammation of the testis, usually unilateral and rarely bilateral 1. Acute Orchitis Causes : Trauma, wounds and infected injuries Brucella or other pyogenic organisms Symptoms: -Fever with general health disturbances -Swelling, pain, asymmetry and redness of scrotum -Semen is deteriorated and infected with the causative bacteria Different forms of chronic orchitis in Bulls

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Diagnosis :

From symptoms Agglutination test for brucella and reacted animal should be slaughtered

Bacteriological examination of semen Treatment:

Sexual rest Try injection of systematic antibiotics and novalgine Local application of cold douches , astringent, iodine paint to reduce pain

Unilateral castration to protect other sound testis 2.Chronic Orchitis

Follow acute orchitis by about 2 weeks General health disturbances disappeared Affected testis became less painful either atrophied or enlarged with abscess formation and scrotal asymmetry

Adhered to surrounding scrotum and felt firmer in consistency Affected testes lost their functions and affected with fibroses Remove affected testis and discard animal from breeding if the other testes degenerated

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3.Testicular Fibrosis

It follows chronic degeneration or orchitis Affected testis is smaller, firmer and Usually adhered to scrotum which becomes smaller and asymmetry

Animal with bilateral fibrosis is sterile 4. Testicular tumours Rare and included : teratoma, dermoid cyst, seminoma, Interstitial Cell adenoma and sertoli cell tumours Increase in size of testis with deformity in shape and asymmetry of scrotum In malegnat type discard bull from breeding or unilateral castration Seminoma and Sertoli cell tumours

5. Testicular calcification

Rare and of non infectious causes Occurred in highly fertile bull when kept for long time in sexual rest It may follow slight degeneration or as a metabolic disorder within the s.t. when calcium carbonate deposited around long standing dead spermatozoa.

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Fertility can be disturbed when area of calcification is distributed in both testes

Calcified testis is stony in consistency and may be larger in size and both testes were usually affected

Affections of epididymes

Hereditary Abnormalities Aplasia : Partial and Complete Underdevelopment of duct convolution Cyst : Retention cyst

Spermatocoele (Abberent ductules) Sperm Granuloma (Paradidymis) Discard animal from breeding Spermatocoel

Sperm Granuloma : Bull and Ram

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Acquired Affections:

Epididymitis : Acute and Chronic Always associated with orchitis Causes ,symptoms and diagnosis are nearly similar to orchitis Sometimes the inflammation begins in the epididymis and extends to the testis and the reverse is true in some others cases

Abnormalities and Affections of Spermatic Cord and Scrotal portion of Vas Deferens

Funiculitis : (Scirrhous Cord) It is an inflammation of the spermatic cord

It is always associated with infected castration The spermatic cord correlated with testicular and epididymal size . Decreased in diameter with hypoplasis and atrophy of testes. Increased in size with testicular abscess, tumors calcification and others

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Abnormalities and Affections of Seminal Glands

Hereditary: Aplasia and Hypoplasia Acquired :

Semino-vesicultis : Acute and Chronic Causes :

Brucella, Pseudomonas aerogenosa, corynebacterium pyogenes, staph. Strept. These lead to acute inflam.

Mycobactrium tuberculosis start by chronic inflam. from beginning Symptoms

Similar to acute and chronic orchitis The gland is tender and very painful in palpation Fistula may arise between seminal gland and rectum Peritonitis may occur with bad sequellae Semen is deteriorated with pus and bacteria as well many dead spermatozoa

The gland is swollen with faint lobulations and tender with palpation Abscess and atrophy may follow the inflammation

Diagnosis:

From symptoms

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Laboratory diagnosis for semen collected under aseptic condition for bacteriological study

Agglutination test for brucella infection Tuberculin test for TB infection

Treatment

-Systemic antibiotic treatment and analgesics -Discard animal infected with brucella or TB through slaughter

Abnormalities and Affections of Prostate Gland

Utriculus of the prostate: Hereditary abnormalities affecting the pars disseminata of the prostate gland in which remnant of Mullerian ducts are present

Hyperplasis : Rarely observed Inflammation : Rarely observed

Atrophy : Rarely observed but can accompany bilateral castration or severe affections of both testes due to lack of testosterone hormone

Abnormalities and Affections of Bulbo Urethral Galands

Rarely occurred due to their location and their complete covering with the bulbocavernosus muscle

Sometimes pyaemic infection may accompany general pyaemia of the animal

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