INFORMATION PRACTICES

PRESENTATIONTOPIC

CONTRIBUTIONS OF: STEPHEN HAWKING ALEXANDER FLEMING

STEPHEN HAWKINGHe is well known for his BLACK HOLE and BIGBANG THEORY.He is an antheist i.e., a non believer of GOD.

STEPHEN HAWKING - DISABILITY

In his third year at Oxford, He noticed that he seemed to be getting more clumsy, and he fell over once or twice for no apparent reason. But it was not until he was at Cambridge, in the following year, that his father noticed, and took him to the family doctor. He was referred to a specialist, and shortly after his 21st birthday, he went into hospital for tests. He was in for two weeks, during which he had a wide variety of tests.He had motor neurone disease for practically all his adult life. Yet it has not prevented him from having a very attractive family, and being successful in his work. He has been lucky, that his condition has progressed more slowly than is often the case. But it shows that one need not lose hope.

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GROUNDBREAKING FINDINGS FROM ANOTHER YOUNG COSMOLOGIST, ROGER PENROSE, ABOUT THE FATE OF STARS AND THE CREATION OF BLACK HOLES TAPPED INTO HAWKING'S OWN FASCINATION WITH HOW THE UNIVERSE BEGAN. THIS SET HIM ON A CAREER COURSE THAT RESHAPED THE WAY THE WORLD T HINK ABOUT BLACK HOLES AND THE UNIVERSE.WHILE PHYSICAL CONTROL OVER HIS BODY DIMINISHED (HE'D BE FORCED TO USE A WHEELCHAIR BY 1969), THE EFFECTS OF HIS DISEASE STARTED TO SLOW DOWN. IN 1968, A YEAR AFTER THE BIRTH OF HIS SON ROBERT, HAWKING BECAME A MEMBER O F THE INSTITUTE OF ASTRONOMY IN CAMBRIDGE.

RESEARCH ON BLACK HOLES

15 YEARS LATER,, HE PUBLISHED HIS FIRST BOOK, THE HIGHLY TECHNICAL THE LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE OF SPACE-TIME (1973), WITH G.F.R. ELLIS. HE ALSO TEAMED UP WITH PENROSE TO EXPAND UPON HIS FRIEND'S EARLIER WORK.IN 1974, HAWKING'S RESEARCH TURNED HIM INTO A CELEBRITY WITHIN THE SCIENTIFIC WORLD WHEN HE SHOWED THAT BLACK HOLES AREN'T THE INFORMATION VACUUMS THAT SCIENTISTS HAD THOUGHT THEY WERE. IN SIMPLE TERMS, HAWKING DEMONSTRATED THAT MATTER, IN THE FORM OF RADIATION, CAN ESCAPE THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE OF A COLLAPSED STAR. HAWKING RADIATION WAS BORN. THE ANNOUNCEMENT SENT SHOCK WAVES OF EXCITEMENT THROUGH THE SCIENTIFIC WORLD, AND PUT HAWKING ON A PATH THAT'S BEEN MARKED BY AWARDS, NOTORIETY AND DISTINGUISHED TITLES.

AS HAWKING‘ LOST HIS ABILITY TO DO WORK. THE PREDICAMENT CAUGHT THE ATTENTION OF A CALIFORNIA COMPUTER PROGRAMMER, WHO HAD DEVELOPED A SPEAKING PROGRAM THAT COULD BE DIRECTED BY HEAD OR EYE MOVEMENT. THE INVENTION ALLOWED HAWKING TO SELECT WORDS ON A COMPUTER SCREEN THAT WERE THEN PASSED THROUGH A SPEECH SYNTHESIZER. TODAY, HAWKING DIRECTS PROGRAM THROUGH CHEEK MUSCLE ATTACHED TO SENSOR.THROUGH THE PROGRAM, AND THE HELP OF ASSISTANTS, STEPHEN HAWKING HAS CONTINUED TO WRITE AT A PROLIFIC RATE. HIS WORK HAS INCLUDED NUMEROUS SCIENTIFIC PAPERS, ALSO INFORMATION FOR THE NON-SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY.IN 1988 HAWKING, A RECIPIENT OF THE COMMANDER OF THE ORDER OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE, CATAPULTED TO INTERNATIONAL PROMINENCE WITH THE PUBLICATION OF A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME. THE SHORT, INFORMATIVE BOOK BECAME AN ACCOUNT OF COSMOLOGY FOR THE MASSES. IN 2001, HAWKING FOLLOWED UP WITH THE UNIVERSE IN A NUTSHELL, WHICH OFFERED A MORE ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO COSMOLOGY'S BIG THEORIES. FOUR YEARS LATER, HE AUTHORED THE EVEN MORE ACCESSIBLE A BRIEFER HISTORY OF TIME.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME

IN 2007, AT THE AGE OF 65, HAWKING MADE AN IMPORTANT STEP TOWARD SPACE TRAVEL. WHILE VISITING THE KENNEDY SPACE CENTER IN FLORIDA, HE WAS GIVEN THE OPPORTUNITY TO EXPERIENCE AN ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT GRAVITY. PICTURES OF THE FREELY FLOATING PHYSICIST SPLASHED ACROSS NEWSPAPERS AROUND THE GLOBE.IN 1992, OSCAR-WINNING FILMMAKER ERROL MORRIS RELEASED A DOCUMENTARY ABOUT HAWKING'S LIFE, APTLY TITLED A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME.OF COURSE, AS IT IS WITH ANY CELEBRITY, FAME HAS BROUGHT WITH IT AN INTEREST IN HAWKING'S PERSONAL LIFE. IN 1990, HAWKING LEFT HIS WIFE, JANE, FOR ONE OF HIS NURSES, ELAINE MASON. IN 2003, NURSES LOOKING AFTER HAWKING REPORTED THEIR SUSPICIONS TO POLICE THAT ELAINE WAS PHYSICALLY ABUSING HER HUSBAND. HAWKING DENIED THE ALLEGATIONS, AND THE POLICE INVESTIGATION WAS CALLED OFF.

SPACE TRAVEL AND FAME

IN 2006, HOWEVER, HAWKING AND ELAINE FILED FOR DIVORCE. IN THE YEARS SINCE, THE PHYSICIST HAS APPARENTLY GROWN CLOSER WITH HIS FAMILY. HE'S RECONCILED WITH JANE, WHO HAS REMARRIED, AND PUBLISHED A 2007 SCIENCE BOOK FOR CHILDREN, GEORGE'S SECRET KEY TO THE UNIVERSE, WITH HIS DAUGHTER, LUCY.IN APRIL, HAWKING, WHO HAD ALREADY ANNOUNCED HE WAS RETIRING AFTER 30 YEARS FROM THE POST OF LUCASIAN PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS AT CAMBRIDGE, WAS RUSHED TO THE HOSPITAL FOR BEING WHAT UNIVERSITY OFFICIALS DESCRIBED AS "GRAVELY ILL." IT WAS LATER ANNOUNCED THAT HE WAS EXPECTED TO MAKE A FULL RECOVERY.THE GRAND DESIGN IS HAWKING'S FIRST MAJOR PUBLICATION IN ALMOST A DECADE. WITHIN HIS NEW WORK, HAWKING SETS OUT TO CHALLENGE SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S BELIEF THAT THE UNIVERSE HAD TO HAVE BEEN DESIGNED BY GOD. HIS NEW WORK, CONCLUDES THAT THE BIG BANG WAS THE INEVITABLE CONSEQUENCE OF THE LAWS OF PHYSICS AND NOTHING MORE.

STEPHEN HAWKING – HIS WORKS

Antimatter

The BigBang Black Holes

  •Do Black Holes Really Exist?  •Can Anything Escape From a Black Hole?

Cosmic Background Radiation

Cosmic Rays Cosmological

Constant

Dark Matter•Hot and Cold Dark Matter •Machos•Neutrinos •Wimps

E=mc2

Gravity Hubble’s Law

Imaginary Time Nebulae

Planetary Motion Quarks

Quasars Radioactivity

Schrödinger’s Cat Spectroscopy and Red shift

Singularity Superstrings

Wormholes

The Uncertainty Principle

AWARDS

1975 Eddington Medal 1976 Hughes Medal of the Royal Society 1979 Albert Einstein Medal 1982 Order of the British Empire (Commander) 1985 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1986 Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences

1988 Wolf Prize in Physics 1989 Prince of Asturias Awards in Concord 1989 Companion of Honour 1999 [9] Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the

American Physical Society 2003 Michelson Morley Award of Case Western

Reserve University 2006 [10] Copley Medal of the Royal Society

ALEXANDER FLEMING

He is worldly known for the invention of penicillin.Penicillin is an antibiotic made from fungus named as penicillium notatum.Structure of penicillin-

DISCOVERY OF LYSOZYMESIn 1922,sir Alexander had a cold when he was working with Petri dishes with bacteria on them. He accidentally sneezed on one of the dishes and it was sprayed with mucus. He was going to remove it, but he was curious to see what would happen. So he left the mucus on the dish and he later examined it. Alec discovered the mucus had dissolved the bacteria and killed it. Sir Alexander tried the same experiment with tears. He studied the human and animal samples and all the samples had the bacteria-killing substance. He called the substance a lysozyme.

In 1914 sir Alexander joined R.A.M.C.

The Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) is a specialist corps in the British Army which provides medical services to all British Army personnel and their families in war and in peace.

DURING WORLD WAR I…

Professor Wright and

Alexander :discussing

about the diseases in

world war 1

SERENDIPITY

It means an accidental discovery.By 1927, Fleming was investigating the properties of staphylococci. He was already well-known from his earlier work, and had developed a reputation as a brilliant researcher, but his laboratory was often untidy. On 3 September 1928, Fleming returned to his laboratory having spent August on holiday with his family .On returning, Fleming noticed that one culture was contaminated with a fungus, and that the colonies of staphylococci that had immediately surrounded it had been destroyed, whereas other colonies farther away were normal.

Fleming grew the mould in a pure culture and found that it produced a substance that killed a number of disease-causing bacteria. He identified the mould as being from the Penicillium genus, and, after some months of calling it "mould juice" named the substance it released penicillin on 7 March 1929. After further experiments, Fleming was convinced that penicillin could not last long enough in the human body to kill pathogenic bacteria, and stopped studying it after 1931, but restarted some clinical trials in 1934 and continued to try to get someone to purify it until 1940. 12 years later penicillin was used in world war II and proved to be really helpful for humans.Soon a large acale production of penicillin began.

AWARDS AND RECOGNITION..

Memberships in 87 Scientific Academies and Societies .The Nobel Prize with Howard Florey and Ernst B. Chain for Physiology or Medicine in 1945. Collected 25 Honorary Degrees

26 Medals 18 Prizes 13 statuesFleming and Florey

were knighted in 1944.

DEATH…

He dies of a heart attack in London on March the 11th 1955. He was 73 years, 7 months and 5 days old when he died .

TIME LINE

1.Sir alexander born on 8 august 1881.

2.in 1893 he went to

the Kilmarnock academy

3.In 1895 he went to London and studied at Regent street polytechnic.

4.In 1897 he left the school and worked as a shipping clerk.

5.In 1901 he joined saint Mary school.

6.In 1914 he joined R.A.M.C.

8.IN 1922 HE DISCOVERED LYSOZYMES.

9.IN 1928 HE DISCOVERED PENICILLIN.

7.FLEMING MARRIED IN 1952.

10.HE was knighted in 1944.

12.He was given the noble prize award in 1955.

13.He died in 1955.

THANK YOU

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NITIN TEOTIASUBMITTED TO:-

Mrs. RACHNA