courses uploads attachment 258

8/21/2019 Courses Uploads Attachment 258

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AER 101 Introduction to AeronauticsInstructor : Prof. Dr. Galal Bah at Salem

Textbook : John D. Anderson, Jr,

Introduction to Flight , 4th Edition ,

2000 .

Term Work : 25 +25 = 50 Marks

Prof. Galal Bahgat SalemAerospace Dept., Cairo University

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AER 101 A Introduction to Aeronautics 2 + 1

History of Flight

a ure o ero ynam c orces

Airplane components and Configurations

Sco e of Aeronautical En ineerin

Fluid Properties and Characteristics

Atmosphere ,Bernoullis Equations, Boundary Layer Concept, SkinFriction, Pressure Drag, Flow Separation, Streamlining


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AER 101B Introduction to Aeronautics 2 + 1

Geometric and Aerod namic Characteristics of Airfoils

Dimensional Analysis and Aerodynamic ForceCoefficients

Elements of Airplane Performance: Drag-Speed Curve,

Cruising Flight Performance, Climbing Performance,

Glidin Performance

Elements of Propulsion: Propellers, Piston Engines,

Reaction Principle, Jet Engines, Rocket Motors

Elements of Airplane Stability and Control


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Chapter 1

What is Flight ?

topography

- -

resistance ( low density ) medium which is air

. . ,

1.225 Kg/m3, with shipping in water of density

1000 K /m3


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Short History of Flight

. m a ng r s

Peo le attem tin to fl b usin artificial win s

strapped to their arms and-or legs The flapping of wings generate lift

The Greek myth of Daedalus and his son Icarus

imprisoned on the island of Crete in the

The idea of strapping a pair of wings to arms fellout of favor

It was replaced by concept of wings flapped upand down by various mechanical devices,


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Powered by human arm, leg, or body movement

These are called Ornithopters

Ornithopters first designed by Leonardo da

Vinci ( 1452-1519 )


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Why Dont Ornithopters Work?

G. A. Borelli (1680 ) realized the fact that (

power/weight) ratio of a man is much less

than that of bird Hence man will never be able to fly like a

bird, by his own power only

2. Lighter-than-Air Balloons[Unpowered Flight]

Firstly hot air balloons discovered by theMontgolfier Brothers in France (1783)


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used by Charles

Archimedes principle of buoyancy

Unmanned BalloonManned Balloon


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3. Lighter-than-Air Dirigibles (Airships)[Powered]

Firstly invented by Count von Zeppelin inGermany (1900)

balloons, controlled and directed (usingstabilizin surfaces and ro eller droved

Large bags of gas inside the rigid airframe

Count von Zeppelin (1929), flew around the worldin 21 days

Hydrogen fired in Hindenburg dirigible in 1937


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4.Sir George Cayley (1799)

First ioneered the conce t for the modern air laneconfiguration in 1799

- Fixed wings, tail, fuselage

-

separation of lift and propulsion Recognized that the function of thrust was to overcome

aerodynamic drag

Drew the first lift-drag vector diagram in the history

. .provide both lift and propulsion


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Lift Resultant Aerodynamic

Force

DragThrust


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5.Heavier-than-Air Unpowered Gliders (Sailplanes)

Gliders first designed and flew by Otto Lilienthal,

,

Lilienthal is known as the gliders man

-


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He died in 1896, after stalling a glider he was flying


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. - -

Samuel P. Langley was contracted to build a flying

machine for the U.S. government

Began a series of aerodynamic experiments in 1887

uccess u n y ng severa sma sca e, unmanne ,

powered aircraft, which he called aerodromes

These were the first steam- owered heavier-than-air

machines to successfully fly

Langleys attempt to build a manned aerodrome failed

Lunched and crashed on Oct. 7 and December 8, 1903


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Langleys aerodrome shortly after launch


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The Wright Brothers

Wright brothers (Orville&Wilbur) were the

17 Dec.,1903 (Flyer I ) - -

Propulsion was achieved by a four-cylinder in-

line engine designed and built by Orville Wright It produced close to 12 hp and weighed 140 Ibs

It drove two propellers via a bicycle-like chain

oop


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The control feature of Wri ht fl er is one of the basicreasons for its success

Flyer I had a wing span of 12 m , flew a distance of 256

m, an as ng sec

Wri ht Fl er En ine


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Wright Flyer engine


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Hydrostatics of Lighter-than-Air Flight

The basic laws of hydrostatics (fluid at rest) are:-

planes, as well as the density

-

Hydrostatic equation z

datum


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-Integrating, in case of constant density:

This is the hydrostatic equation

non-uniform

on a body immersed

in a fluid at rest

z

p + g zB


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The resultant fluid-pressure force is called the

uoyancy orce , ac ng ver ca y upwar , anequals to the weight of the displaced fluid

= g

where density of fluid

g acceleration of gravity

V volume of immersed bodyN.B. The basis of Heavier-than-air Flight will

discussed later


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Anatomy OF THE AIRPLANE

The Main Components of the Airplane


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Prof. Galal Bahgat SalemAerospace Dept., Cairo University30


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fuselage, wing, tail assembly, control surfaces,

landin ear and ower lant s

1.The Fuselage

It is the central structural member of the

.

It is generally streamlined to reduce drag.

,

as illustrated in figure



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2.The Wing

. It includes the flaps for lift augmentation during

,

the airplane during turning. -

The airfoil shape, wing planform shape, and

upon the airplane mission.

The fi ure illustrates win sha es and

placements



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.

The tail assembly (empennage) represents the

collection of structures at the rear of the airplane

The tail assembly consists of:

1- The vertical stabilizer (fin) and rudder which

provide directional stability in yaw2-The horizontal stabilizer and elevator which

provide longitudinal stability in pitch

The figure illustrates different forms of tailassembly



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Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem

Aerospace Dept., Cairo University

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4.Landin Gear

The landing gear (undercarriage) supports the

during the takeoff and landing

The wheels are attached to shock-absorbing

struts that use oil or air to cushion the blow oflanding

S ecial t es of landin ear include skids for

snow and floats for water For carrier landings, arrester hooks are used



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4 Power Plants


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4.Power Plants

necessary to propel the airplane to overcome

The power plant consists of the engine (andro eller if resent and accessories

The main engine types are:

-

-Reaction engines such as turbojet, turbofan,

turbo ro ram et ulse et and rocket en ine

The figure shows several some of engine

lacements



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The figure shows a cutaway drawing of an



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Basic Elements of Aircraft Structure

The wing



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Wi t t b i ll i ll i ft


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Wing structure basically same in all aircraft

Modern aircrafts have all metal and composite

fabric wings ,

ribs and (possibly) stringers (see figure)

extended lengthwise of the wing (crosswise of

fuselage)

Most wing structures have two spars, the frontspar and the rear spar



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Front spar near the leading edge, whilethe rear spar at about two-thirds the

distance to the trailing edge

The ribs are the arts of the win which

support the covering and provide the airfoil

sha e A skin covers the wing framework



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The Fuselage


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The Fuselage



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The fusela e structural elements are:

1-Bulkheads, which form the cross-sectional

shape of the fuselage

2-Longerons, which are heavy strips that runthe length of the fuselage and are attached to

the outer edge of the bulkheads

3-Fuselage skin, which is attached to theongerons

N.B. Keelson is a strong beam placed at the

o om o e use age. e ee son s requen yused in military fighter aircrafts



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Aerod namic Basis of Heavier-than-Air Fli ht

This is the real flight

since the buoyancy force is not sufficient

when a fluid is in motion, its pressure varies not

onl with hei ht as in the case of rest but alsowith its velocity

The relation between , V, and z is ex ressed b

Bernoulli equation (1738) :



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p + (1/2) V2 + gz = constant


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p + (1/2) V2 + gz = constant

Where p static pressured namic ressure

g z head pressure

e s ape o an a rp ane-w ng cross sec on

(known as aerofoil or airfoil) was evolved from

,



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When a fluid flows over a body (or a surface) or


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When a fluid flows over a body (or a surface), or

w en a o y s orce o move roug a u ,the fluid velocity relative to the body surface may

surface shape and altitude)

decrease or increase according to Bernoullis

equation The resultant will be a net fluid force F acting

on the body which is completely different than

the Buoyancy force (and may be many timesgreater than it)



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How does an Airplane fly?


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e ey to t e generat on o t s t e spec a y-designed streamlined body, called the wing,

- ,

called airfoil

suitable angle of attack, and with a relatively-

hi h s eed, the air flowin around its surface isaccelerated and/or decelerated according to

Bernoullis equation

The integration of the air-pressure distributionover the surface of the wing results in a resultant



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aero ynam c orce

The component of R perpendicular to flight


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the Lift L

is called drag D



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Basically, the four forces acting on an airplane are

wei ht thrust lift and dra



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Weight: The weight includes the airplane itself,


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Weight: The weight includes the airplane itself,

e pay oa , an e ue . nce e ue sconsumed as the airplane flies, the weightdecreases. Wei ht acts in a direction towardsthe center of the Earth.

Thrust: The driving force of whatever propulsivesystem is used, engine driven propeller, jetengine, rocket engine, and so forth, is the thrust.

of the airplane.

Lift: This force is generated by the flow of air

around the airplane, the major portion resultingfrom the wing. It represents the component of



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flight direction.

Drag: This force arises from the flow of air

around the air lane and is the com onent of the


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around the air lane and is the com onent of the

resultant aerodynamic force opposite to the flight

direction

For un-accelerated (Steady) level flight:

L = W



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Aeros ace en ineerin means air lane missiles(Rockets), and satellite design, manufacturing,

testing, maintaining, repairing, overhauling, and

The Main Topics A.E. are:

(2) Airframe Design

(4) Flight Mechanics & Control



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The Associated Topics are:


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Electronics ( + Flight navigation = Avionics )MeteoroloMetallurgyProduction EngineeringFluid-power engineering (pneumatic,

hydraulic, pressurization, and air-conditioning

Instrumentation

Flight regulations & Airworthiness



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The Associated Topics are:


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Electronics ( + Flight navigation = Avionics )MeteoroloMetallurgyProduction EngineeringFluid-power engineering (pneumatic,

hydraulic, pressurization, and air-conditioning

Instrumentation

Flight regulations & Airworthiness



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Aerodynamics


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Aerodynamic design of the flight vehicle/spacevehicle for:

Maximum lift production

Minimum dragMax. available space for structure and payload

Determination of the aerodynamic forces on the

conditions (speed, attitude, and a altitude)

-

Flight testing



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-

Max. thrust/weight of engine.

Min. specific fuel consumption (sfc)

speeds of flight

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Power-plant testing



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Structural analysis

Airframe design & construction for:sufficient strength and with less weight

Airframe manufacturing techniques

Airframe testin techni ues



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Control surfaces operation and

Aircraft stability analysis

Maneuverability considerations

Air lane s stems and instrumentation



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