Presented By:Zafreen Chaudary

California Personality InventoryAnd Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

California Personality Inventory The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) is

a Self-reported Inventory created by Harrison G. Gough and currently published by Consulting Psychologists Press. The test was first published in 1956, and the most recent revision was published in 1987. It was created in a similar manner to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)—with which it shares 194 items. But unlike the MMPI, which focuses on maladjustment or clinical diagnosis, the CPI was created to assess the everyday "folk-concepts" that ordinary people use to describe the behavior of the people around them

Introduction:

It is a true- false test, which measure normal personality. It is available in two forms such as:

1. CPI- 4342. CPI-260 It is easy to administer and the

immediacy of computer generated reports

California Personality Inventory California personality Inventory

Available in two versions they both are identical in the component and interpretive strategies of the scale but the only difference is its number of items one consist of 434 and the other one have 260 items

Purpose of CPI

The purpose of the California Personality Inventory to evaluate interpersonal behavior and social interactions within normal individuals. It is applicable for the population of age 13 and above.

Scoring

There are 20 folk measures of personality such as:

7 work related scales 3 broad vectors 3 basic personality scales

a. Good Impression (GI)b. Communality (Cm)c. Well- Being (WB)

Scoring

These scales provide information on test –taking attitudes and therefore function as validity scales.

Item-endorsement frequencies were contrasted to ferret out the best statement for each scale.

Persons who reported many social activities Vs those reporting few of no social activities.

Vectors

There are Three Vectors: Vector 1 which is also called V.1. It has

two polarities towards people or toward one’s inner life and similar to the extraversion-introversion dimension

Vector 2 which is also called V.2. It has two polarities they are rule favoring or rule questioning and reflects a conventional or unconventional dimension

Vector 1 and Vector 2

These two vectors provided four lifestyles such as:

1. Implementer Lifestyle2. Supporter Lifestyle3. Innovator Lifestyle4. Visualizer Lifestyle

Four lifestyles

Implementers are extroverted and rule favoring.

Supporters are introverted and also rule favoring

Innovators are extroverted and rule questioning

Visualizers are introverted and also rule quesioning

Vector 3 or V.3

Vector three assessed a 7- point continuum variously referred to as:

1. Self realization2. Psychological competence3. Ego integration The manual of CPI provides information

about each lifestyle, including adjective correlates obtained from spouses, peers, and professional evaluators.

Assets of CPI

The CPI is useful for predictions of the following:

Psychological and physical health High school and college achievement Effectiveness of police and military

personnel Leadership and management

success

Effectiveness of CPI

The CPI is particularly effective at identifying adolescents or adults who follow a delinquent or criminal lifestyle.

THE WECHSLER ADULT

INTELLIGENCE SCALE

INTRODUCTION The first Wechsler intelligence scale known

as the Wechsler Bellevue intelligence scale, was developed in 1939, two years after the 1937 version of stanford-Binet

WAIS developed in reaction to problems with the 1937 stanford- Binet

SB items had been selected for use with children and were not really appropriate for adults and it also had lots of timed tests, which made it difficult for older adults

Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale

The Wechsler-Bellevue tests were innovative in the 1930s because they:

gathered tasks created for nonclinical purposes for administration as a "clinical test battery",

used the point scale concept instead of the age scale, and included a non-verbal performance scale.

The Point Scale Concept

With earlier SB tests, there were a number of different kinds of tasks and items at different age levels, more verbal at older ages.

In Wechsler Intelligence Scale , all items of the particular type are grouped together, and presented in order of increasing difficulty .

Points are assigned to each item, allowing for a calculation of a score for each type of task, or for each content area.

The Non-Verbal Performance Scale

Earlier forms of SB largely dependent on verbal ability, especially in the test for the older age ranges

Wechsler Scale include measures of performance, as well as scales reflecting verbal ability

Comparison of verbal and nonverbal scores provides a great deal of information, for example, in identifying children with learning disabilities

performance scale is less affected by language and cultural factors

WAIS-R

The WAIS-R, a revised form of the WAIS, was released in 1981 and consisted of six verbal and five performance subtests. The verbal tests were:

Information, Comprehension, Arithmetic, Digit Span, Similarities, Vocabulary.

The Performance subtests The Performance subtests were: Picture Arrangement, Picture Completion, Block Design, Object Assembly, Digit Symbol. A verbal IQ, performance IQ and full

scale IQ were obtained.

No Difference between WAIS and WAIS-R This revised edition did not provide

new validity data, but used the data from the original WAIS; however new norms were provided, carefully stratified

WAIS- III The WAIS-III, a subsequent revision of the

WAIS and the WAIS-R. Published in 1997 developed for use with individuals aged 16 through 89. It provided scores for

Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, Full Scale IQ, along with four secondary indices (Verbal

Comprehension, Working Memory, Perceptual Organization, and Processing Speed).

WAIS-III takes 60 to 90 minutes to administer Wechsler believed in a single factor

of intelligence, but thought that it consisted of specific, interrelated elements

to get a measure of overall intelligence, simply aggregate the capabilities on each of the separate elements

WAIS-III

VERBAL IQ Included seven tests and provided two

subindexes; verbal comprehension and working memory.

The Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) included the following tests:

Information Similarities VocabularyThe Working Memory Index (WMI) included: Arithmetic Digit Span

PERFORMANCE IQ Included six tests and it also provided two

subindexes; perceptual organization and processing speed.

The Perceptual Organization Index (POI) included:

Block Design Matrix Reasoning Picture CompletionThe Processing Speed Index (PSI) included: Digit Symbol-Coding Symbol Search

WAIS-IV

The current version of the test, the WAIS-IV, which was released in 2008, is composed of 10 core subtests and five supplemental subtests, with the 10 core subtests comprising the Full Scale IQ. With the new WAIS-IV, the verbal/performance subscales from previous versions were removed and replaced by the index scores.

WAIS-IV

The General Ability Index (GAI) was included, which consists of the

Similarities, Vocabulary Information subtests from the Verbal

Comprehension Index and the Block Design, Matrix Reasoning and Visual Puzzles subtests from the Perceptual Reasoning Index.

WAIS-IV

The GAI is clinically useful because it can be used as a measure of cognitive abilities that are less vulnerable to impairments of processing and working memory.

Indices and scales There are four index scores representing major

components of intelligence: Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) Working Memory Index (WMI) Processing Speed Index (PSI) Two broad scores are also generated, which can be

used to summarize general intellectual abilities: Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), based on the total combined

performance of the VCI, PRI, WMI, and PSI General Ability Index (GAI), based only on the six

subtests that the VCI and PRI comprise.

Subtests:Verbal Comprehension Core Major Function

Measured

Similarities X Abstract verbal reasoning

Vocabulary X The degree to which one has learned, been able to comprehend and verbally express vocabulary

Information X Degree of general information acquired from culture

Comprehension Ability to deal with abstract social conventions, rules and expressions

Perceptual Reasoning Core Major Function Measured

Block Design X Spatial perception, visual abstract processing, and problem solving

Matrix Reasoning X Nonverbal abstract problem solving, inductive reasoning, spatial reasoning

Visual Puzzles X Spatial reasoning

Picture Completion Ability to quickly perceive visual details

Figure Weights Quantitative and analogical reasoning

Working Memory Core Major Function Measured

Digit span X Attention, concentration, mental control

Arithmetic X Concentration while manipulating mental mathematical problems

Letter-Number Sequencing Attention, concentration, mental control

Processing Speed Core Major Function Measured

Symbol Search X Visual perception/analysis, scanning speed

Coding X Visual-motor coordination, motor and mental speed, visual working memory

cancellation Visual-perceptual speed

Standardization

The WAIS-IV was standardized on a sample of 2,200 people in the United States ranging in age from 16 to 90. An extension of the standardization has been conducted with 688 Canadians in the same age range.

Other test variants and uses  For individuals under 16 years, the Wechsler

Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC, 6–16 years) and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI, 2½–7 years, 3 months) are used.

Intelligence tests may also be utilized in populations with psychiatric illness or brain injury, in order to assess level of cognitive functioning, though some regard this use as controversial. Rehabilitation psychologists and neuropsychologists use the WAIS-IV and other neuropsychological tests to assess how the brain is functioning after injury.

Cont…… Specific subtests provide information on a specific

cognitive function. For example, digit span may be used to get a sense of attentional difficulties. Others employ the WAIS-R NI (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised as a Neuropsychological Instrument), another measure published by Harcourt. Each subtest score is tallied and calculated with respect to neurotypical or brain-injury norms. As the WAIS is developed for the average, non-injured individual, separate norms were developed for appropriate comparison among similar functioning individuals.