INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING

(SKKK1023-03)

Semester 1

Session 2014/2015

WATER SUSTAINABILITY CAMPAIGN (PART 1)

TOPIC:

FAMILIARIZATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Team Name : Creative Problem Solver (CPS)

Team Members : Muhamad Iqbal Bin Noor Azizi A14KK0071

Koh Zhe Yan A14KK0048

Nur Hayati Bt Muchtar A14KK0109

Tan Yue Dian A14KK0143

Section : 03

Lecturers : Professor Dr. Khairiyah Mohd. Yusof

Dr. Hashim Hassan

1.0 Abstract

Water Sustainability Campaign (WASCAM) was carried out to investigate the

concept of water sustainability. In this paper, we were discussing on the idea of water

conservation and sustainable environment, water consumption, benchmarking and

engineering-based solutions in general. The methodology used was literature researching

from the sources such as journals, articles and surfing the internet for information resources.

Furthermore, recommendations and suggestions were identified during literature reviewing as

our references in purposing the best solutions in the end of this study. In short, we have

identified the differences of three countries from different continents from the aspects of

water conservation, water consumption, and water management in which the benchmarking is

made.

2.0 Table of Content

Chapter Title Page1 Abstract 12 Table of content 2

3

Introduction 3.1 Background of study3.2 Problem Restatement 3.3 Objectives of the Stage 1

3333

4

Literature Review 4-7

4.1 Water Sustainability Development 4.1.1 Definition 4.1.2 Social 4.1.3 Environment 4.1.4 Economy4.2 Water Conservation 4.2.1 Definition 4.2.2 Concept of Water Conservation 4.2.3 Important of Water Conservation 4.3 Water Consumption 4.3.1 Definition 4.3.2 Bare minimum water usages for a typical person 4.3.3 Water consumption in Malaysia4.4 The cost for getting the clean water

44444555566667

5 Methodology 86 Results, Analysis and Discussion 97 Conclusion 10

AppendixGantt ChartReferences

11-121112

3.0 Introduction

Safe drinking water is scarce! However, we take it for granted, we waste it! Today, all around the world, still many people spend their entire day searching for water. Our country will also face this problem as we do not use our water properly.

3.1 Background of study

The consulting teams formed is to help our government to tackle this problem in a small area. Survey will be carried out and the result or information obtained will become the reference for authorities to solve this problem. This study is more about the sustainability of water for our future generation. Action must be done in a more specific area rather than giving general solution .So, these consulting teams will go through all the investigation stage to identify the cause of water crisis and come out with the data as well as strategies.

3.2 Problem Statement

The water consumption increase cause the water tariff plan to be increased which become a big problem at Johor. The unconscious and the ignorant of KTHO’s students used their water excessively and without care made this problem become worse. They do practise wrong water usage habit which trend to higher water consumption. Besides, the higher amount of water consumption cause the increasing of the cost of getting clean water .So, the water usage pattern of KTHO’s students must be obtained for this problem. Getting the ways to minimise the water usage is also significant for this survey.

3.3 Objectives of the Stage 1

To understand more about sustainability of water. To investigate the water usage pattern. To do comparison of water usage with others countries. To find the bare minimum water usage for a typical person.

4.0 Literature Review

4.1 Water Sustainability Development

4.1.1 Definition

The word sustainability is derived from the Latin sustinere (tenere, to hold; sub, up). Sustain can mean “maintain", "support", or "endure”. Sustainability development means that development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

4.1.2 Social

Sustainability issues commonly related to the environment but it is not necessary focusing to environment only but it also can generally expressed to social development as well as in ethical terms of stewardship but implementing change is a social challenge which among other things, international and national law, urban planning and transport, local and individual lifestyles and ethical consumerism. Besides, the relationship between human rights and human development, corporate power and environmental justice, global poverty and citizen action, suggest that responsible global citizenship is an in escapable element of what may at first glance seem to be simply matters of personal consumer and moral choice. Social justice is the one of sustainability development that needed to build peace among the community. Social disruptions like war, crime and corruption divert resources from areas of greatest human need, damage the capacity of societies to plan for the future, and generally threaten human well-being and the environment.

4.1.3 Environment

At the global scale and in the broadest sense environmental management involves the oceans, freshwater systems, land and atmosphere, but following the sustainability principle of scale it can be equally applied to any ecosystem from a tropical rainforest to a home garden.

4.1.4 Economy

For the area of sustainability of water at economy, green economy is the major activities that has carried out. Green economy may help the water sector to achieve sustainable development in economy area and result in improve of human-being life style by lowering the impact of to our environment .In the fields of agricultural, industrial and environmental needs into water planning as one of the ways to sustain our water. To improve the efficiency of green economy, sustainable water management will require technological innovation driving increased efficiency and productivity. Sustainable economic development can actually balances our eco-system in all the aspect. However, the productivity of economy items should not come at the cost of the whole natural resources. This is due to the reason that, we need to make sure that all our resources is enough for the usage of the future generation.

4.2 Water Conservation

4.2.1 Definition

Water conservation refers to the preservation, control and development of water resources and prevention of pollution. It is generally defined as "the socially beneficial reduction of water use or water loss." (Baumann, et al. 1980). This mean that water sources for future generations depends on how we manage and use it. From other sources, water conservation stated as strategies and activities to manage and protect water environment as sustainable sources to ensure availability for future generations.

4.2.1 Concept of water conservation

Water conservation have two main concepts which net social benefit is one of them. Consequently, water conservation implies that water used is optimized over a medium to long term time horizon. This mean the resources that we have now is for a long time period but if we use unwisely the resources will be extinction. This will be lead to extinct the future generations because they does not have any resources to survive in future. This also can lead to the unbalanced environment which the resources used exceed its natural replacement rate. Besides, reducing water use or water loss is the other main concept of conservation. This implies that more water is used than is needed, attention to water demand is as important as water supply and water can be used more efficiently. So that, water conservation can manage easily.

4.2.2 Importance of water conservation

There are several importance of water conservation which to minimize the usage of resources especially the water because the resources of water on earth are limited and are reducing every year. Therefore, alternative ways have to be done to conserve the water for the next future generations. Other than that, statistics around the reveal that the fresh water supply is practically nonexistent. Preventing the pollution is the one of important of water conservation so that the resources can be used without being wasted. But, demands for water always increasing over the years while resources are becoming more and more limited. That is why important to protect our natural eco-systems because it will be treasure for the next generation but many individuals are unaware that this issue needs attention. Furthermore, the increase in water demand is a contribution of various factors including growing population, increased agricultural needs, industrial use of water and water needed for electricity production. Water needs are increasing every year and the proven fact is that clean water is not available to 1 out of 5 people on earth. The increased demand in water combined with the pollution of water has had many adverse effects on the environment, growth and economy of many countries.

4.3 Water Consumption

4.3.1 Definition

Water use is classified into in-stream use (hydroelectric power, swimming) and water withdrawal (household use, industry use). When water is withdrawn without returning back to the source, consumption is made. The amount of water consumption is equal to the difference between water intake and water discharge. (Safe Drinking Water Foundation, 2009)

4.3.2 Bare minimum water usages for a typical person

There are certain basic needs of water for the survival of human. These minimal needs denote the minimum quantities of water required to survive, maintain, and carry on day-to-day activities at a personal level. (Parkas Tata, 2010)

The bare minimum per person for drinking and sanitation is about 20 litres a day. However, the water usage per person in highly developed counties with clean water supply is 100 litres per day. (Every Little Drop, 2010)

Table 1.0 Minimum Amount of Water Required Per Person per Day

Level of allocation UseAmount (litres per

person per day)

Minimum ‘survival’ allocation (sustainable for only a few days)

5-7

Drinking 3-4

Food preparation and clean-up 2-3

Medium term allocation (sustainable for a few months)

15 - 20Drinking 3-4

Food preparation and clean-up 2-3

Personal hygiene 6-7

Laundry 4-6

(Lars Ribbe, Sept 24, 2013)

4.3.3 Water consumption in Malaysia

The water consumption in Malaysia is very high and increases annually. According to the findings of a study from New Sunday Times, Malaysians wasted the most water compared with other consumers in the region. A Malaysian uses an average of 226 litres of water per day, compared with 155 litres in Singapore and 90 litres in Thailand. (“Malaysians waste a lot of water - Wat-er waste”, 2010) Malaysians’ water consumption per capita per day increases about 7.6 litres per year. However, Malaysia’s water reserve per capita per day is decreasing at a rate of 5.8 litres per year since 2005. The agriculture sector in Malaysia

consumes a lot of water which is 54 trillion litres per year in crop production. As Prof. Chan Ngai Weng of Universiti Sains Malaysia remarked, “If Malaysians can reduce their water consumption by 10 to 20 %, then the country does not need to build a dam at least for the next 10 years.” (Christopher Teh Boon Sung, 2011)

4.4 The cost for getting the clean water.

As we know, water is a vital need for living things in Earth. However, there are some people take granted for the availability of water even though the water crisis happened around the world. Therefore, this issue become a growing political issue around the world. This issue can be proved since there are 783 million people do not have access to clean water. For example in sub-Saharan Africa, hundreds of millions of people suffer from a lack access to clean and safe water.

As the demands for clean water is increasing every day, the societies are challenged to provide the clean water to the community. So that, there are many societies struggled to allocate enough this resources to meet the needs of all people world. Insufficient investment in infrastructures and the increasing of populations have caused over a third of the world’s people without access to clean water. In order to overcome the problem, a joint program was made by Indian government, UNICEF and local non-governmental organizations are supplying clean water to over 550 million Indians with 2.2 million hand pumps. Besides, the annual cost for this program is $4.00 per person. As the result from this program, India's rural access to potable water rose from 30% in 1980 to 80% in 1992 which gave positive progress to the Indians.

However, the international community is still far from achieving the Millennium Development Goals. For instance, the proportion of people without improved sanitation only decreased by 8% only over 16 years (between 1990 and 2006). As the estimation made for the population growth, 2.4 billion people will not get the basic sanitation by 2015. Trough investment in safe water and access to improved sanitation which costs USD 11.3 billion per person in a year. This investment helps to achieve the target of the Millennium Development Goals. This cost is a small price compared to the price for the big project but it can save millions lives, improved the quality of life and health and some accruing benefits. For every 1 US Dollar invested, there is a projected USD 3-34 benefits gained. Estimation that made by the Wold Health Organization (WHO) in achieving the target of the Millennium Development Goals which access to safe water and improved sanitation, it would give an economic benefit of USD 84.4 billion per year.

The cost for water system is also greatly need high cost as it depends on the involvement of the people being served. The short-term and long-term sustainability costs will be lower if there more involvement from the community in this program. Consequently, the community will receive a large of benefits because it will help the local community to deal with upcoming problems in the future. The range cost installation water system is less than $5.00 to $100 per person. In addition, According to Mr Jolly, Chairman of the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, sponsored by the W.H.O., bringing water and

sanitation to all would cost $10 billion a year. He also said that the cost to protect water resources is far cheaper than the cost for clean up the pollution.

In conclusion, the clean water is an essential ingredient to economic growth and development – and investing in water and sanitation has high economic and social returns.

5.0 Methodology

In order to obtain the data for further analysis to complete our objectives, a few strategies have been planned:

5.1 Obtain a letter of permission from lecturer.

The letter allows our access to the information of water bill in Pejabat Harta Bina.

5.2 Approach the person-in-charge in Pejabat Harta Bina.

We will ask the permission of Pejabat Harta Bina to collect data from the water bill of KTHO for 3 months.

We will ask for the plan of KTHO’s water piping system.

This is essential to calculate the average water usage per day in KTHO.

5.3 Approach the person-in-charge in Pejabat KTHO.

We will get the population of KTHO from the office.

This is essential to calculate the average water usage per person per day in KTHO.

If the water meter is shared among KTHO and other colleges, this is used to calculate the average water usage per day of KTHO students.

5.4 Collect data from households’ water bill of different states.

This is to estimate the average water consumption per person per day in Malaysia.

The data will be compared with the results from KTHO.

5.5 Questionnaire

A survey through questionnaire will be carried out among the students of KTHO to know their water usage pattern.

60 copies of the questionnaire will be equally distributed to male and female KTHO students.

This method is chosen because it is easier to distribute and saves time.

6.0 Results, Analysis and Discussion

6.1 Benchmarking

Benchmarking is a point of reference from which measurements maybe made. Benchmark is something that serves as a standard by which others may be measured or judged. It is a standardized problem or test that serves as a basis for evaluation or comparison. In the process of benchmarking, management identifies the best firms in their country, or in another country where similar processes exist, and compare the results and processes of those studied to one’s own results and processes. The objectives of benchmarking are to determine what and where to improve, to analyse how to achieve higher performance level and use this information to improve performance.

6.1.1 Water consumption in Malaysia

Total water consumption for a person per day is about 351 000 litre which higher than Australia and South Africa. This prove that Malaysia has highest water consumption rate in Southeast Asia although the population of Malaysian is half of population of South Africa. This shows that Malaysia does not have awareness about to use the water efficiently and properly.

6.1.2 Water consumption in Australia

The total population in Australia is higher than Malaysia which is about 18 436 peoples but they can manage the water usage better than Malaysia. This is because Australia is the driest inhabited continent on Earth.

6.1.3 Water consumption in USA

The total water consumption for a person per day is the highest among the three country. The water is mainly consume for the purpose of industrial product.

6.1.4 Water consumption in South Africa

Both South Africa and Australia have the same residential water consumption per person per day even though the population of South Africa are the highest. They have limited resource for clean water and the water is not safe for drinking.

7.0 Conclusion

Based on the literature review, we have learnt more about the sustainability of water and the importance of sustainable water development to our future generations in order to understand the problem more. In conclusion, sustainability is quoted as a part of sustainable development which means development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In addition, sustainability can be differentiated into 3 pillars: economy, social, and environment.

We have planned our strategy to investigate the water consumption and water usage pattern of students in KTHO. The water bill and KTHO population are essential to calculate the average water consumption per person per day whereas the water metre can show us the water usage pattern of KTHO based on the water supply.

Benchmarking is done between Malaysia and three different countries: South Africa, Australia and USA. USA has the highest average water consumption per person per day whereas South Africa consumes the least water. We chose South Africa because it lacks of safe drinking water compared to Malaysia. USA was chosen because its water consumption is the highest in the world and with high living standards. Lastly, we chose Australia to investigate the water consumption of the driest inhabited continent in the world that still wasted half of its water supplied.

The bare minimum water usage for a typical person is found through literature review which is 20 litres per person per day. These minimal needs denote the minimum quantities of water required to survive, maintain, and carry on day-to-day activities at a personal level. However, this information shows that Malaysians consume more water than they need because the water consumption in Malaysia is 226 litres per person per day.

Appendix

Gantt Chart

Individual PR and PI

Team PR and PI

Individual Peer Teaching

Team Peer Teaching

Plan strategies

Write report

Presentation slides

Practice for presentation

Presentation

Peer rating form

25-Sep27-Sep29-Sep 1-Oct 3-Oct 5-Oct 7-Oct 9-Oct 11-Oct 13-Oct 15-Oct 17-Oct

Gantt Chart (WASCAM part 1)Action Plan

References

Prakasam Tata, Ph.D., QEP (2010).Introduction. Basic Needs and Minimal Requirements of Water for People 1.Retrieved from https://cis.uchicago.edu/outreach/summerinstitute/2010/documents/sti2010-tata-basic-water-needs

Lars Ribbe. (2013, Sept 24). Water, Food and Energy security in Shared River Systems. Paper presented at the Case study Eastern Nile Basin for 8th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, Cologne University of Applied Science. Retrieved from http://www.dubrovnik2013.sdewes.org/presentations/SDEWES-2013-1072

Every Little Drop. (2010). How Much Water Does A Person Need?Retrieved from http://everylittledrop.com.au/knowledge-center/how-much-water-does-a-person-need/

Safe Drinking Water Foundation. (2009). Water Consumption.Retrieved from http://www.safewater.org/PDFS/resourcesknowthefacts/WaterConsumption

Administrator. (2010, October 8). Malaysians waste a lot of water - Wat-er waste. New Straits Time. Retrieved from http://www.fomca.org.my/v2/index.php/fomca-di-pentas-media/fomca-di-pentas-media-2010/318-malaysians-waste-a-lot-of-water-wat-er-waste

Christopher Teh Boon Sung. (2011, September 30). Water consumption and crop water use in Malaysia. Retrieved from http://christopherteh.com/blog/2011/09/cropwateruse/

Administrator. (2013). What is Sustainable Development? Environmental, economic and social well-being for today and tomorrow. Retrieved from https://www.iisd.org/sd/

Administrator. (2014). Sustainable Development. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/

John Csiszar. (2010). The Importance of Saving Water. Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/147766-the-importance-of-saving-water/

Carly Zinderman. (2014). Reasons to Protect and Conserve Water Resources.Retrieved from http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/reasons-protect-conserve-water-resources