CROPPING SYSTEMCropping system in organic farming ≠ Conventional system Multiple cropping (Tumpang Gilir) = plant more than one crop on the same land in one year with the purpose to get more yield from more than one crop and from more than one time.The purpose and benefit of multiple cropping: a. harvest frequency, yield and farmer income can be increased b. Decrease risk of failure c. Decrease unemployment d. Increase soil fertility e. Minimun tillage f. Control soil erosion

TYPES OF MULTIPLE CROPPING

Companion plant (tanaman pendamping)

Mixed cropping (tanaman campuran) Intercropping (Tumpang sari) Crop rotation (rotasi tanaman) Relay planting (tanaman sela)

The different between organic farming cropping system and conventional cropping system

No Process Conventional Organic

1 Seed preparation Seed come from genetic engineering

Seed come from naturally crop growth

2 Soil tillage -Often used tractor-Maximum tillage

Manual tillage

3 Nursery Use chemical fertilizer & pesticide

Without using chemical fertilizer & pesticide

4 Planting Mono culture Multi cultureCrop rotationCompanion plantingCrop repellentRelay plantingGreen fertilizerBio pesticide

5 Irrigation Use usual irrigation water Use water that free from chemical

No Process Conventional Organic

6 Fertilization Use chemical fertilizer Use organic fertilizer

7 Insect, pest and weed control

Use chemical pesticide Based on natural balance

8 Harvest and post harvest

Contain residual chemicalUse chemical post harvest

Healthy foodWithout use of chemical post harvest

MIXED CROPPING

Combination of two or more crop in one land Factor affecting mixed cropping: Crop old Crop morphology Crop tolerant on light and shade Nutrition demand Root morphology Companion planting

Long old crop combined with short old crop High growth crops combined with short growth

crops Shade tolerant crops combined with high growth

crops - bean- celery - bean – lettuce - sun flower-lettuce Nutrition demand: - heavy feeder: use Nitrogen very high (leafy

crops, cabbage, corn, lettuce). - light feeder: carrot, radish - soil builders: bean, peanut, soybean Root morphology: bean-celery, bean-carrot, bean-

onion, carrot-lettuce, corn-potato, onion-cabbage

Group of crops based on nutrition demandHEAVY FEEDERS LIGHT FEEDERS SOIL BUILDERSAsparagus Carrot AlfalfaBroccoli Onion BeanCabbage Garlic PeanutCauli flower Potato SoybeanCelery Sweet potato

Corn China cabbage

Lettuce

Spinach

Kangkung

Cucumber

CROP ROTATION

HISTORY: Has been practiced in Britain, and Europe since many centuries. Eighteenth century: four course rotation: Roots- barley-Seed-Wheat Nineteenth century: six course rotation: Roots-barley-seeds-potatoes-wheat-oats Now: two years leaf crops and two years of straw crops

DEFINITIONS OF CROP ROTATION is a traditional method used to cleanse, protect

and replenish the soil. It is a cycle of growing different crops in the same area.

Ideally, these different crop are not related botanically

Ideally, two successive crops do not make the same demands on the soil for nutrients, nor do they share diseases or insect pests.

Legumes will be alternated with non legumes A longer rotation before the same crop is grown

again is better than a shorter rotation Rotations are both spatial (crops move) and

temporal (time moves).

BENEFIT OF CROP ROTATION

Pest & disease management – disrupts disease life cycles and the build-up of insect populations. These generally depend upon a specific host plant family to live on and reproduce ex cabbage maggot, carrot wireworm, brassica club-root, potato root eelworm/nematode

Weed control – different species germinate at different times of the year, and the variation in crop depth and surface area covered, as well as bed treatments, can prevent weeds from getting a hold.

Soil fertility & nutrient replacement - as the nutrients in the soil are slowly released, each plant uses them at a different rate, and with more demanding plants or ‘heavy feeders’ (ex corn) in a crop rotation, the soil has time to build up its nutrient store again. This prevents ‘soil exhaustion’, otherwise resulting in ‘crop starvation’, reduced yield and as poor food value.

Pests are most easily kept in balance when the soil grows different crops over a number of years

Plants of lower order of evolution (alfalfa, clover, cabbage) have been shown to be better feeders on less soluble nutrient sources than those of a higher order of development (lettuce or cucumber)

Rotations preserve and improve the soil structure Rotation increase in soil nitrogen Rotation increase bacterial activity Rotation increase release of CO2 Rotation control of weeds, insects and disease

Typical Cycle within a Year

Spring Autumn Winter SummerLeaf Root Legume Fruiteg cabbage eg beetroot eg lupin eg cucumbers

A Recommended 4-Year Crop Rotation Plot A Plot B Plot C Plot DYear 1 Root Crops Legumes Leafy Veges FruitYear 2 Legumes Leafy Fruit Root cropsYear 3 Leafy Fruit Root crops LegumesYear 4 Fruit Root Crops Legumes Leafy

AB

D

E

FC

D

A

B

C

D

4 YEARS CROP ROTATION

PLOT OF CROP ROTATION

Root Crops (carrot, potato, sweet potato)

Legume (bean, soybean, peanut, green bean)

Leavy Vegetables (Cabbage, Broccoli, lettuce etc)

Plot A

Plot B

Plot C

Plot DFruit (corn, tomato, capsicum)

CROP ROTATION BASED ON CROP TAKEN

BEDENGAN MUSIM TANAMI II III IV

1 LEAF FRUIT ROOT LEGUME2 FRUIT ROOT LEGUME LEAF3 ROOT LEGUME LEAF FRUIT4 LEGUME LEAF FRUIT ROOT5

6

7

8

dst

TYPE OF MULTIPLE CROPPING Inter-planting or Intercropping is the practice

of planting more than one crop together either in blocks, rows or spaces. It uses all of the available space in the garden at all times.

Catch-cropping is a small, quick maturing crop among or alongside main crops which take longer to develop. It is an aspect of inter-planting. Some vegetables most effective for catch-cropping are: lettuce, dwarf bean, cress, mustard, chives, celeriac, radish, turnip, corn salad, early carrots.

Companion Planting is a particular application of inter-planting. The companion assists the main crop in several ways ex. opening up the soil, supporting growth, improving flavour, protecting it from being attacked by pests because of its fragrance or a substance it exudes. The benefit are:

(a) attract or repel insects (b) enhance the growth, health and flavour of

neighbouring plants ex. tomatoes, cabbages, beetroot, carrots, parsley. Some plants release oils and minerals into the soil (ex. marigolds, beans, peas, lupins) which enhance the growth of some plants and inhibit others ex. potatoes and tomatoes as neighbour inhibit each others growth, sunflowers inhibit most competitors, but are fine with beans growing up them!

(C). Companion planting often have higher harvests than monocultures because different companion plantings often have fewer pest problems than monocultures because pests have a harder time finding suitable hosts, or because different plantings provide better habitat for natural enemies

(d) Companion planting is an important part of pest management.

(e) Companion planting helps bring a balanced eco-system to our landscape, allowing nature to do its' job.

CROP PATTERNS

Legumes are generally beneficial preceding crops The onions, lettuces and squashes are generally

beneficial preceding crops Potato yields best after corn Carrots, beets and cabbages are generally

detrimental to subsequent crops

Type of companion Plant

Peas, beans, and legumes trap nitrogen from the air with nodes on their roots. When these crops have finished producing you can dig them into the soil so that the nitrogen is available for the next crop.being leafy vegetables, (cabbages, broccoli,) require a lot of nitrogen to grow, so that's why follow summer pea crops with winter cabbages is a known best practice because it can use this free nitrogen source.

Most Popular Companion Plants

Basil: is grow better with Pepper, Tomato, MarigoldBush Beans: with Beets, Cabbage, Carrots, Celery, Corn, Cucumbers, Eggplant, Lettuce, Pea, Radish, Strawberry, .Pole Beans:Carrots, Corn Cucumber, Eggplant, Lettuce, Pea, Radish, Savory, Tansy Beets, OnionBeets : Bush Beans, Cabbage, Onion, SageCabbage Family Bush Beans, Beets, Celery, Onions, Tomato, All Strong Herbs, Marigold, NasturtiumStrawberry

Companion Planting Chart for VegetablesVegetable Really likes to be with… Really dislikes to be with…Asparagus Basil, Tomato, Nasturtium, Parsley Onion, garlic, potato

Beans Carrot, cabbage, cauliflower, cucumber, marigold

Chives, leek, garlic

Broad Beans Brassicas, carrot, celery, corn, lettuce, potato

Fennel

Beets Brassicas, lettuce, onion, sage Bean (pole)

Broccoli Celery, chamomile, dill, rosemary Oregano, Strawberry

Brussel Sprouts Potato, Thyme Strawberry

Cabbage Beetroot, potato, oregano, sage Strawberry, tomato

Carrot Bush beans, pole beans, lettuce, onion, pea, radish, tomato

Chives, dill, parsnip

Cauliflower Beans, celery, oregano Nasturtium, peas, potato, strawberry, tomato

Celery Cabbage, leek, onion, spinach, tomato Parsnip, potato

Corn Bean, cucumber, melon, pea, pumpkin, potato, radish

Tomato

Cucumber Bean, celery, lettuce, pea, radish Cauliflower, potato, basil

Eggplant Bean, capsicum, potato, spinach

Leek Carrot, celery, strawberry

Lettuce Carrots, radishes, strawberry Beans, beetroot, parsley

Melon Corn, radish Potato

Onion Bean sprout, broccoli, cabbage, lettuce, strawberry tomato

Bean, pea

Pea Beans, Carrot, corn, cucumber, radish

Onion family

Potato Bean, corn, cabbage, pea, eggplant

Cucumber, pumpkin, squash, sunflower

Pumpkin Corn Potato

Spinach Celery, cauliflower, eggplant

Tomato Asparagus, celery, carrot, parsley, marigold

Corn, fennel, potato

Zucchini Nasturtium

Good neighbors companion plantingMain Crop Companion crops

Beans Fix nitrogen, plant with carrots, celery, corn, peas, potatoes, brassicas, cucumbers

Broccoli Cucumber, garlic, lettuce, onion, potato, tomatoCabbage Celery, onion, potatoesCarrots Lettuce, onions, tomatoesCelery Beans, cabbage family, leek, onion, spinach, tomatoesCorn Beans, cucumber, peanut, peas, potato, pumkin, soybean

Cucumber Peas, carrotsGarlic Cucumbers, peas, lettuce, celeryLeeks Carrots, celery, onions

Lettuce Broccoli, carrots, cucumbers, onionsOnions Carrots, leeks, brassicas, tomatoes, lettuce

Main Crop Companion crops

Peas Carrots, celery, corn, cucumber, potato, radish, spinach, tomatoes

Potato Cabbage family, carrots, celery, corn, peas

Radish Carrot, cucumber, lettuce, melon, peas, spinach

Spinach Peas, beans, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, onion, peas

Soybean Corn

Sweet potato Potatoes, beans

ORGANIC FARMING COMPONENTS Land: free from chemical fertilizer &

pesticide pollution - new agriculture land - conversion land from conventional Cultivation: - row planting - crop rotation - alley planting - cover crop - strip cropping Marketing: trust from the consument Miss perception: good performance Certification: International is hard